Ecology Study Guide (ch. 13-16) Definitions: 1. Ecology 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biome 6. Biotic 7. Abiotic 8. Biodiversity 9. Biogeochemical cycles 10. Nitrogen fixation 11. Carrying capacity 12. Energy pyramid 13. Habitat

14. Niche 15. Keystone species 16. Symbiosis (all 3) 17. Predation 18. Competition 19. Succession (1oand 2o) 20. Pioneer species 21. Climax community 22. Trophic level 23. Food web 24. Producer/autotroph 25. Consumer /heterotroph 26. Decomposer

27. Detritivore 28. Chemotroph 29. Particulates 30. Smog 31. Greenhouse effect 32. Habitat fragmentation 33. Introduced species 34. Umbrella species 35. Sustainable development 36. Ecological footprint 37. Renewable and nonrenewable

resources 38. Biomagnification

Basic Ecology (13.1, 13.2, part of 14.1, 15.3, part of 16.1) 1. Know the components and order of the levels within the biosphere. 2. Differentiate between habitat and niche; be able to give examples of each. 3. Be able to explain ecosystems and their biotic/abiotic factors. 4. Understand each of the biomes learned in class, and what two things make up a climate. 5. Be able to explain how a keystone species may affect an environment. 6. Know the reasons why populations could increase/decrease. 7. What do we know about earth’s carrying capacity? Energy and the Ecosystem (13.3, 13.4, 13.5) 1. Know the basic components of an ecosystem. 2. Be able to explain the role of producers, consumers, and decomposers. 3. Be able to read a food chain diagram and identify the type of consumer and trophic levels if given

a picture similar to the one below. 4. Be able to calculate energy as you move up trophic levels (*remember only 10% moves up each level). 5. Know the basic stages of the water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Community Interactions (part of 14.1, 14.2) 1. Be able to explain predation and competition. 2. Be able to explain the various forms of symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism). 3. Be able to explain how the competitive exclusion principal plays a role competition. Succession (14.5) 1. Be able to explain the process of primary and secondary succession. What are the differences?

Which takes place at a faster rate? 2. Be able to identify organisms that are characteristic of each stage of succession. Environmental Issues (16.2- 16.5) 1. Give examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources. What is the importance of resource

management? 2. Be able to explain the causes, effects, and solutions to:

x Air Quality o Air pollution, smog, acid rain, green house effect

x Water Quality o Water pollution o Understand biomagnification, the accumulation of toxins, and how they travel up

the food chain/trophic levels. Do fat soluble pollutants get stored in an organisms body?

x Threats to biodiversity o Non-native species- how do they distrupt the ecosystem? o Assess the consequences of the loss of biodiversity

3. Explain how an umbrella species can protect an entire ecosystem 4. Define sustainable development and describe some of its methods.

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12B Ecosystems Variations and

Adaptations of Organisms

In: Explain what adaptations animals in the ecosystem to the right must have in order to survive:

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Desert Adaptations Abiotic Factors of a Desert:

Plant Adaptations: Animal Adaptations:

OUT: Compare how plant and animal adaptations in a hot/dry environment to a cold environment:

Tundra Adaptations Abiotic Factors of a Tundra: Plant Adaptations: Animal Adaptations:

Rainforest Adaptations Abiotic Factors of a Rainforest: Plant Adaptations: Animal Adaptations:

Flow of Matter

& Energy

Food Chains & Food Webs

Food Web Simulation: What happens when one organ-ism is taken out of the food chain? How does it affect others? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Producer/Autotroph Description: Picture:

Label each trophic level with the correct identifier: decomposer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, producer, herbivore, carnivore, fungi, main energy source, plant, autotroph, heterotroph

Describe what would be the affect on the rest of the food chain above if a drought occurred and drastically reduced the number of producers.

Decomposer Description: Picture:

Consumer/Heterotroph Description: Picture:

Biological Magnification

Description: Picture:

__________________________ __________________________ ________________ ________________ __________________________ ________________ ________________ __________________________ ________________ ________________ __________________________ ________________

Trophic Levels Description: Picture:

Flow of Matter

& Energy

Pyramids of Ecology

Describe what happens to most of the energy an organism consumes: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Pyramid of Energy

Description:

Energy Flow:

Explain why are there fewer top-level predators in a food chain or food web: Pyramid of Numbers

Description:

Pyramid of Biomass

Description:

10% Energy Rule Explain in your own words the 10% energy rule in an ecosystem:

Interpreting Relationships Symbiosis

In: What type of relationship exists be-tween the two animals in the cartoon? Explain your answer.

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Mutualism Description: Picture:

Label each with the : Tickbird live on rhinos & eat ticks. Ticks get food, rhino free of ticks. ________________________________ Mosquito feeds off human. Human is hurt. ________________________________ Sea anemone protects the clownfish from predatory fish. ________________________________

Interpret the predator/prey relationship in the graph below:

Parasitism Description: Picture:

Predator/Prey Description: Picture

Commensalism Description: Picture:

Habitat Niche Description: Description:

:

Competition Description: Picture:

Population

Growth

Populations in Ecosystems

IN Activity: Make a list of limited resources found in an environment. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Population Growth Graph

Describe the graph. What hap-pens to the deer population over time?

Graphs! Exponential Growth: occurs when indi-viduals in a population reproduce at a ________________ rate. (J– Shaped) Can populations grow exponentially forever? Yes or No

Logistic Growth: occurs when a population’s growth ___________ or stops following a period of exponen-tial growth (S– Shaped)

OUT Activity: Explain why populations reach a carrying capac-ity. Why can’t populations keep growing exponentially?

Growth Rate Affected By: What causes the growth to slow?

Birth rates _______________ ______________ rate increases Both of these occur at once Immigration _____________ _________________ increases Both of these occur at once

Carrying Capacity When the _______ number

of organisms an ecosystem can sustain, it is called the ______________________. Carrying Capacity happens because in an ecosystem, there are _______________ factors (habitat, shelter, terri-tory, food, water)

Density _____?______ Factors Density Dependent Factors: Density Independent Factors:

What is Density? Number of ____________________ per unit ___________ Varies depending on species and its _____________________

What limits growth? Examples:

11D Succession 12F Change

Ecological Succession & Environmental Change

In: Describe an example of how natural or human disturbances can change an ecosystem.

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Ecological Succession Description: Picture:

Use numbers to sequence the pictures of primary succession: _____Pioneer species populates area. _____Large plants grow on soil. _____Volcanic eruption causes no soil to exist. _____Lichens die to help form soil.

OUT Question: Describe how the 2011 Texas drought caused environmental change. Explain how the drought impacted ecosystem stability.

Secondary Succession Description: Picture:

Impact on Populations & Species Description: Picture

Primary Succession Description: Picture:

Ecosystem Stability Description: Picture:

Environmental Change Description: Picture:

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: _______

Nitrogen Cycle Diagram (TEKS 12E)

DRAW A DIAGRAM of how matter moves through the nitrogen cycle. (Label & Color the diagram.) Use p.78 for help.

DESCRIBE BELOW the steps in your diagram of how matter moves through the nitrogen cycle.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: _______

Disruptions of the Nitrogen Cycle (TEKS 12E)

DRAW DIAGRAMS of how matter moves through ecosystems when the Nitrogen Cycle is disrupted. (Label & Color diagrams.)

EXPLAIN (DIAGRAM B) BELOW the consequences of disrupting the Nitrogen cycle.

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A. Draw a diagram of the CAUSE of a disruption to the nitrogen cycle. B. Draw a diagram showing the EFFECT of a disruption to the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen Cycle COMIC STRIP (TEKS 12E) Name: _____________________________________________ Period: _____

Nitrogen molecules just love to travel and spend time in different places. Create a comic strip/story board about nitrogen’s  adventures  to different

places. Your comic strip must be at least 9 comic strip boxes long, but more may be used. You must draw, color, and dialogue how nitrogen cycles

through the ecosystem. Use p.78 for help.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: _______

Carbon Cycle Diagram (TEKS 12E)

DRAW A DIAGRAM of how matter moves through the Carbon Cycle (Label & Color the diagram.) Use textbook p.77 for help.

DESCRIBE BELOW your diagram of how matter moves through the carbon cycle.

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A. Draw a diagram of the carbon cycle.

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: _______

Disruptions of the Carbon Cycle (TEKS 12E)

DRAW DIAGRAMS of how matter moves through ecosystems when the Carbon Cycle is disrupted. (Label & Color each diagram.)

DESCRIBE (DIAGRAM B) BELOW the consequences of disrupting the carbon cycle.

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A. Draw a diagram of the CAUSE of a disruption to the carbon cycle. B. Draw a diagram showing the EFFECT of a disruption to the carbon cycle.

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Chapter�16:�Human�Impact�on�EcosystemsͲ�Vocabulary�

16.1�Human�Population�Growth�and�Natural�Resources.�Give�examples�for�the�following:�

1. Nonrenewable�resources�are�natural�resources�that�are�used�more�quickly�than�can�be�formed.�

x Example:�________________________�and�_______________________.�2. Renewable�resources�are�ones�that�cannot�be�used�up,�or�can�be�replaced�as�fast�as�they�are�used.�

x Example�of�resources�that�cannot�be�used�up:�_______________�and�________________���___________________.�

x Example�of�resource�that�can�be�reͲgrown�as�quickly�as�it�is�used:�________________________.�3. Ecological�footprint�is�the�amount�of�land�necessary�to�produce�enough�food,�water,�shelter,�and�energy,�and�to�hold�the�

waste�of�an�individual�or�population.�

x What�is�the�average�U.S.�citizen’s�ecological�footprint?�________________________________________________________________________�

16.2�Air�quality.�Match�the�following:�

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5. _____�A�type�of�air�pollution�that�forms�from�the�waste�products�of�burned�gas,�coal,�and�oil.�

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Ecology Review Worksheet Place the levels of ecology organization inside the correct circles using the terms from 13.1 in the textbook. Fill in the bubbles with the proper words from section 13.2 in the textbook.

Fill in the chart with a description that describes how water moves through as ecosystem. Process Description 1. Precipitation

2. Evaporation

3. Transpiration

4. Condensation

In each series, identify which word does not belong and explain why?

A) Detritivore, Producer, or Decomposer? Explain. ______________________________________________

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B) Omnivore, Autotroph, Herbivore? Explain. __________________________________________________

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Such as Such as

includes

Ecosystem

C) Trophic level, Energy pyramid, Keystone species? Explain. ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ Directions: Add at least 12 arrows to the blank food web that shows the direction energy travels in a community of species.

Using the snake as an example, create 2 complete food chains in the spaces below. Label each trophic level.

14.2 Vocabulary: Define the words in the boxes

Symbiotic

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Example Example

Example

Food chain 1

Food chain 2

15. Draw a cartoon for each of the following terms. a. ecological footprint: b. acid rain c. global warming d. introduced species: Biodiversity and Habitat Fragmentation (16.4) 16. What is biodiversity? Give at least one reason why biodiversity is important to humans.

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a. What role does habitat fragmentation play in the loss of biodiversity? What is a solution?

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b. What are the consequences to a loss of biodiversity?

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Sustainable Development (16.5) 17. What is sustainable development?

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a. List and Describe at least two sustainable development methods.

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Umbrella Species and Protecting Earth’s Resources (16.5) 18. How can protecting an umbrella species protect an entire ecosystem?

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a. How are umbrella species and keystone species similar?

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b. How do governmental actions help to preserve natural habitats and protect resources?

Who implements laws that in place to protect resources and species?

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