ECOLOGYECOLOGY

Prof. Prof. Dr. Ir. Nastiti Siswi IndrastiDr. Ir. Nastiti Siswi Indrasti

Introduction Introduction

Ecology (Greek, Ecology (Greek, oikosoikos,, meaning house; meaning house; logylogy, the , the study of) study of) the study of the relationship between the study of the relationship between organisms and their environmentorganisms and their environment

An An ecosystemecosystem is a group of plants or animal, is a group of plants or animal, together with part of the physical environmental with together with part of the physical environmental with they interact. An ecosystem is defined to be nearly they interact. An ecosystem is defined to be nearly self-contained, so that the matter which flows into self-contained, so that the matter which flows into and out of it is small compared to the quantities that and out of it is small compared to the quantities that are internally recycled in a continuous exchange of are internally recycled in a continuous exchange of the essentials of lifethe essentials of life

BiotaBiota are all the living elements of an ecosystem or are all the living elements of an ecosystem or a given areaa given area

Estimates of Primary ProductionEstimates of Primary Production

An An autotrophautotroph is an organism that obtains its cell carbon from is an organism that obtains its cell carbon from an inorganic source (COan inorganic source (CO22, HCO, HCO33) and its energy ) and its energy from the sun from the sun

(actually, a photoautotroph as distinct from a (actually, a photoautotroph as distinct from a chemoautotroph, which gets its energy from the oxidation of chemoautotroph, which gets its energy from the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds)inorganic chemical compounds)

A A heterotrophheterotroph is an organism that obtains both its cell carbon is an organism that obtains both its cell carbon and its energy from organic matterand its energy from organic matter

A A chemotrophchemotroph is an organism that obtain its energy from the is an organism that obtain its energy from the oxidation of simple inorganic compounds, such as FeS and oxidation of simple inorganic compounds, such as FeS and H2S, and its cell carbon from inorganic and/or organis matter. H2S, and its cell carbon from inorganic and/or organis matter. ChemotropsChemotrops are relatively insignificant in the energy relations are relatively insignificant in the energy relations of an ecosystems, but play a significant role in the movement of an ecosystems, but play a significant role in the movement of mineral nutrient in the ecosystem of mineral nutrient in the ecosystem

Estimates of Primary ProductionEstimates of Primary Production

The The food chainfood chain is an idealized pattern of flow of energy in a is an idealized pattern of flow of energy in a

natural ecosystem. In the classical food chain, plants are natural ecosystem. In the classical food chain, plants are

eaten only by primary consumers, primary consumers are eaten only by primary consumers, primary consumers are

eaten only by secondary consumers, and so on.eaten only by secondary consumers, and so on.

The The food webfood web is the actual pattern of food consumption in a is the actual pattern of food consumption in a

natural ecosystem. A given organism may obtain natural ecosystem. A given organism may obtain

nourishment from many different trophic levels, thus giving nourishment from many different trophic levels, thus giving

rise to a complex, interwoven series of energy transferrise to a complex, interwoven series of energy transfer

ProductivityProductivity is the rate of fixation of energy into tissue. is the rate of fixation of energy into tissue.

Primary productivityPrimary productivity is energy fixation by plants; is energy fixation by plants; secondary secondary

productivityproductivity is at higher trophic levels is at higher trophic levels

Food ChainFood Chain

Food WebFood Web

Estimates of Primary ProductionEstimates of Primary Production

Trophic levelsTrophic levels are levels of nourishment. A plant that are levels of nourishment. A plant that

obtains its energy directly from the sun occupies the obtains its energy directly from the sun occupies the

first trophic level (autotroph). An organism that first trophic level (autotroph). An organism that

consumes the tissue of an autrotroph occupies the consumes the tissue of an autrotroph occupies the

second trophic level (herbivore), and an organism second trophic level (herbivore), and an organism

which eats the organism that had eaten autrotrophs which eats the organism that had eaten autrotrophs

occupies the third trophic level (carnivore)occupies the third trophic level (carnivore)

TranpirationTranpiration is the controlled evaporation of water is the controlled evaporation of water

vapor from the surface of leaf tissuesvapor from the surface of leaf tissues

Transfer of EnergyTransfer of Energy

Transfer EnergyTransfer Energy

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle

Elements of Limnology Elements of Limnology

LimnologyLimnology is the study of the phisycal, chemical and is the study of the phisycal, chemical and

biological characteristic of river and lakes (i.e. fresh water)biological characteristic of river and lakes (i.e. fresh water)

A A benthic organismbenthic organism is a plant or animal that lives at or near is a plant or animal that lives at or near

the bottom of a lake, river, stream or oceanthe bottom of a lake, river, stream or ocean

The The epilimnionepilimnion is the upper layer of water in a lake is the upper layer of water in a lake

The The euphotic zoneeuphotic zone is that surface volume of water in the is that surface volume of water in the

ocean or a deep lake that receives sufficient light to support ocean or a deep lake that receives sufficient light to support

photosynthesis photosynthesis

The The hypolimnion hypolimnion is the lower layer of water in a lake or pond, is the lower layer of water in a lake or pond,

which will remain at a constant temperature during the which will remain at a constant temperature during the

summer monthssummer months

Elements of Limnology Elements of Limnology

PlanktonPlankton are any small free-floating organism living are any small free-floating organism living

in a body of water; in a body of water; phytoplanktonphytoplankton refers to the plant refers to the plant

species (algae), and species (algae), and zooplanktonzooplankton to the animal to the animal

species (crustacean, rotifers, protozoa) feeding on species (crustacean, rotifers, protozoa) feeding on

other forms of planktonother forms of plankton

The The metalimnion metalimnion is the middle layer of water in a is the middle layer of water in a

lake, where the thermocline occurs (temperature lake, where the thermocline occurs (temperature

and oxygen content fall off rapidly with depth)and oxygen content fall off rapidly with depth)

Light in LakeLight in Lake

Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Communities of Freshwater lakesCommunities of Freshwater lakes

EutrophicationEutrophication

EutropicationEutropication is the natural process of nutrient is the natural process of nutrient

enrichment that occurs, over time, in a body of enrichment that occurs, over time, in a body of

lake. The resulting biological growth, mainly lake. The resulting biological growth, mainly

algae, in the epilimnion dies and settles to the algae, in the epilimnion dies and settles to the

hypolimnion, where it decays and depletes the hypolimnion, where it decays and depletes the

oxygen from the wateroxygen from the water

EutrophicationEutrophication

Control of eutrophicationControl of eutrophication

Reduced the inflow of nutrientsReduced the inflow of nutrients Quantitative survey: nitrogen, phosphorus Quantitative survey: nitrogen, phosphorus

sources, limn logical studiessources, limn logical studies Alternative disposal on land, diversion around Alternative disposal on land, diversion around

the lakethe lake Nutrients from the waste water prior to Nutrients from the waste water prior to

discharge to surface watersdischarge to surface waters

Political EcologyPolitical Ecology

Scientific study is not enough; social, economic and Scientific study is not enough; social, economic and political issues must be considered.political issues must be considered.

Political ecology is the study of the relationship Political ecology is the study of the relationship between society and naturebetween society and nature

Political ecology holds that radical changes in Political ecology holds that radical changes in human social habits and practices are required in human social habits and practices are required in order to counter environmental degradation and order to counter environmental degradation and achieve sustainable developmentachieve sustainable development

Political ecology Implies an interest in cause-effect Political ecology Implies an interest in cause-effect relationship, study of the different interest groups relationship, study of the different interest groups involved in using the environment, of their economy, involved in using the environment, of their economy, habits and livelihoodshabits and livelihoods