ecology of weed management in organic systems - cornell university
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecology of Weed Management in Organic Systems
• Chuck Mohler• Cornell University
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Outline• Intro – How to think about weeds and
weed management• Perennial weeds: exhausting reserves• Seed germination and tillage• Seed survival in the soil and tillage• Season of germination and crop rotation• Seed size. growth rate and the competition
between weeds and crops• Nutrients and weed management• Prevention• Conclusions
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Weeds are plants that thrive in disturbed environments
• For example, in a farm field• Our crops are mostly annual plants - they
live for one season• We kill off natural vegetation & disturb the
soil to make conditions suitable for crops• But this also creates habitats for weeds
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Understanding the biology of weeds is a key to their control
• Managing the weeds without harming your crops depends on the biological differences between the weeds and crops.
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Ecological weed management requires multiple tactics
• Conventional agriculture relies on a few big hammers (broad spectrum herbicides)
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Ecological weed management relies instead on many little hammers
• Crop rotation
• Enhanced crop competition
• Mulches
• Nutrient management
• Timing and type of tillage
• Cultivation
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• Requires an integrated approach• Based on the biological characteristics of
the weeds present in a particular field
Any little hammers
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System re-design1. Get to know the weed species you have –
who they are, how they make a living• And your soil, crops, cover crops, pests etc. too
2. Design your system to prevent the weeds from causing problems
• And supply nutrients, insure crop health etc.
3. Return to 1 (keep learning and tinkering)
Ecological management works best for people who find learning fun.
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Multiple ways to be a weed
• Annuals– Summer annuals– Winter annuals
• Perennials– Stationary perennials– Wandering perennials
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Perennial weeds-- where is the food stored?
• Stationary– Taprooted – dandelion, curly dock – Fibrous rooted – plantain
• Wandering– Bulb – nutsedge, wild garlic– Shallow storage organ – quackgrass, perennial
sowthistle– Deep storage organ – bindweeds, milkweed
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Common bindweed
Yellow nutsedge
Broadleaf plantain
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Stationary perennials
• Mostly a problem of hay fields and pastures
• Usually not competitive the first year• “Easily” eliminated by tillage• Establish from seed• Control in adjacent habitats
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Wandering perennials• Spread by
thickened storage roots or by rhizomes (underground stems)
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Apical dominance in perennials
Tillage
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Shoot above ground
Shoot below ground
New rhizomes
Old rhizome fragment
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Management of perennials
• Key is exhaustion of reserves.• Time relative to growth – 3 leaf rule• Shallow roots & rhizomes – chop & bury,• Deep roots & rhizomes – hit them low and
often• Competitive crops, frequently cultivated
crops, short season crops
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Annual weeds
• Live less than one year• Establish from seed each year• Seeds/seedlings are critical stages
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Seeds of most weeds are tiny – why?
• • Disturbed environments are risky• Tiny seeds spread the risk over many
offspring• Seedlings can be small because in a
recently disturbed environment they have little competition.
• Seedlings have limited resources
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Small seeded species only
emerge if near the soil surface
0
0.2
0.4 Velvetleaf
0
0.2
0.4
Lambsquarters
0
0.02
0.04
0 2 4 6 8Depth (cm)
Redroot pigweed
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Germination cues• Seedlings compete poorly with
established plants• So weed seeds need to know when other
plants are absent• Respond to cues associated with
– absence of plants– Near-surface conditions– soil disturbance
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Light promotes germination of most weed species
% GerminationSpecies Light DarkRedroot pigweed 98 14Annual bluegrass 89 1Purslane 28 12
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Redroot pigweed
Common purslane
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Warm temperatures
Redroot pigweed Location 68° F 95° FNew York 6 93 N. Dakota 23 80 Minnesota 15 100
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Day/night temperature fluctuation
%GerminationSpecies +Fluct. -FluctChickweed 93 47Curlydock 100 0
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Common chickweed
Curly dock
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Response to chemical environment
• Absence of volatiles (like ethanol and acetone)– Velvetleaf, tall morningglory
• Presence of nitrate – lambsquarters
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Velvetleaf
Lambsquarters
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Consequences
• Can use tillage to flush seeds out of the soil– Cultivated fallow
• Conversely, soil cover and absence of tillage suppresses germination of weed seeds– Stale seedbed– Mulch– Dense crop canopy
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Seed longevity
Loss per year (%)
Species Cultivated Uncultivated
Lambsquarters 31 8
Annual bluegrass 26 22
Common chickweed 54 32
Common groundsel High 45
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Seeds survive better deep in the soil
Depth in soil (inches)0 2 4 6 8 10
Seed
sur
viva
l (%
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Velvetleaf
Pigweed
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Death near the soil surface
• Seed predation• Wetting and
drying• Freeze-thaw
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Plowing vs. minimum tillage?• Small seeded species with short lived seeds
plow them under– Most will die before they find their way to surface
again– Example: hairy galinsoga
• Large seeded species with long lived seeds keep them near the surface
– Their mortality will be greater at the surface– And most that are tilled under will come back to
bother you later– Example: velvetleaf
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Weeds emerge at different times of
year
050
050
050
050
050
050
050
050 Groundsel
Knotweed
Chickweed
Annual bluegrass
Lambsquarters
Persian speedwell
Sheapards purse
Wild buckwheat
Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct.
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Seed dormancy• Seasonal emergence is controlled by seed
dormancy• Ragweed germinates mostly in the spring• Hot weather induces dormancy so it stops
germinating in the summer• Cold weather breaks dormancy
– Could germinate in mid-winter but soil is too cold• Germinates in spring when the soil starts to
warm
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Rotate spring, summer and fall planted crops
• This favors different suites of species in different years
• Prevents build-up of any one species.• Fall germinating species get wiped out by
spring tillage• Spring germinating species get wiped out by
summer tillage• Spring germinating species get suppressed
by competition from overwintering crops
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More advantages of crop rotation• Can use different cultivation methods in different
crops• Short season crops can be harvested before
weeds go to seed.– break the life cycle– Also allow extra soil disturbance to deplete perennials
• High value crops that are worth hoeing also can break reproductive cycle of some species
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Crop seeds are mostly much larger than weed seeds
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Seed size controls growth rate
Seedweight
Initialgrowth
rate
Relativegrowth
rateSpecies (mg) (mg/d) (mg/mg/d)Lambsquarters 0.41 0.14 0.35Velve tleaf 7.8 1.9 0.24Cockle bur 38 7.1 0.19Sunflower 61 12 0.20Soybean 158 24 0.16
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Enhance the crop’s head start!• Plant when crop will emerge and grow quickly• Breed for larger seed size?• Use transplants for small seeded vegetables• Don’t delay between seedbed prep and
planting• Or use a stale seedbed and kill the weeds
right before planting
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Take advantage of the crop’s head start
• High density planting• Space plants for quick canopy closure
– Trade-offs with cultivation• Use competitive cultivars
– Put the competitive cultivars in the weediest fields/beds
• In-row cultivation
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Using crop competition
Wee
d dr
y w
eigh
t (lb
/A)
0
40
80
120
160
RowsRandom
Uniform
Wheat density (plants/ft2)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yiel
d (b
u/A)
40
60
80
100
Rows Random
Uniform
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Nutrients and weeds
• A lot of mythology and not much data• Weeds are nutrient sponges
– Avoid pulsed release of nutrients• Most agricultural weeds are highly responsive
to N and P– Over fertilization leads to weed problems
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Response of corn to compost
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Response of weeds
to compost
Compost rate (ton/a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hei
ght (
cm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Lambsquarters Ragweed Foxtail Fitted curve
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Prevention
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Seed production
• A big lambsquarters can produce 100,000 seeds
• A big redroot pigweed can produce 250,000 seeds
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Hairy galinsoga, 40,000 seeds
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Most seeds come from a few large plants
0
20
40
60
80Nu
mbe
r of p
lant
s
S eed pro duct ion (seeds per plant )
Redro o t pigw eed
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
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Most agricultural weeds depend on humans for dispersal
• In feed grain -- velvetleaf• In manure• On tractor tires and tillage machinery• On combines• Contaminated seed
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Some key points• Breaking up perennials promotes sprouting• Tillage, surface conditions, and absence of plants
stimulates germination• Species have characteristic seasons• Seeds often persist in the soil for many years; they
die at a constant rate, survive better when buried • Produce many small seeds• Seed size controls depth of emergence, ability to
emerge through mulch, and growth rate• It is easy to bring in “new” weed species
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Opportunities for control• Breaking up perennials increases sprouts but
each sprout is weaker• Can use cultivation to flush weeds out of the soil• If seeds miss their annual opportunity, many may
die before next year; more die with tillage• The difference in seed size between crops and
weeds provides opportunities for control• Avoid seed production• Guard against invasion of “new” weeds