ecology ct

Ec o l o g y basics

P r e s e n t s

1.

IntroductionTo

Ecosystems

What is Ecology ?

ECOLOGY is a branch of biologythat studies ecosystems.

What is an ecosystem ?

An ecosystem is an interelatedsystem that includes all the autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the physical and chemical factors of the environmentat a given place and time.

autotrophs

heterotrophs environment

Arrows showa transfer of:

ENERGY &MATERIALS

What is an ecosystem ?

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

1. NAME THE 3 COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM.

2. NAME THE ONLY 2 THINGS THAT ARE TRANSFERRED WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM.

ec o l o g y basics

P r e s e n t s

2.

E N E R G Y

The Laws of Thermodynamics &

the Ecosystem

WHAT DO SCIENTISTS KNOW ABOUT HOW

____?____BEHAVES ?

WHAT DO SCIENTISTS KNOW ABOUT HOW

_ENERGY_BEHAVES ?

The First Law of Thermodynamics:

ENERGYcannot be created

or destroyed.

meaning:

1- The total or net amount of ENERGY in the universe is constant.

2- There is same amount of ENERGY now as there always has been.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics:

ENERGY tends to spontaneously degrade.

(. . .from a concentrated formto a dispersed form.)

WHAT ARE...CONCENTRATED FORMSOF ENERGY ?

LightElectricity

DISPERSED FORMSOF ENERGY?

Heat

What is an ecosystem ?(in terms of ENERGY ! )

A controlled series of ENERGYtransformations betweenin-coming LIGHT and out-goingHEAT.

Review Checkpoint

1. STATE THE 1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

2. STATE THE 2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

3. WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM IN TERMS OF ENERGY?

4. WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR MOST ECOSYSTEMS?

Ec o l o g y basics

3.

P r e s e n t s

The 3-Step ENERGY

PATHWAY THROUGH

AN ECOSYSTEM.

ENERGY in the ecosystemENERGY in the ecosystem

BEGINS WITH SUNLIGHTBEGINS WITH SUNLIGHT

bleepENERGY !

MANY FORMS OF ENERGY.

THE SUN GIVES OFF

2 pm10 am

noon

ocean surface

ocean surface

abso

rbed

reflec

ted

The3-Step

ENERGYPathway

LIGHTPH

OTO

SYN

THESI

S

1.

photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

chemicalchemicalenergyenergy

LIGHT

CHEMICALENERGYPH

OTO

SYN

THESI

S

RESPIRATIO

N

1.

2.

respiration

O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O

chemicalenergy

work forcells

HEAT

LIGHT

HEAT

CHEMICALENERGYPH

OTO

SYN

THESI

S

RESPIRATIO

N

1.

2.

3.

PHOTOSYNTHESISCO2 + H2O ---------> C(H2O) + O2

RESPIRATIONCO2 + H2O <--------- C(H2O) + O2

<---------

<--------- <

----

----

-

<--

----

---

environment

+ solar energy IN

+ energy for cell OUT

organisms

___________MUST be

be recycled.

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

CHEMICALS

W H Y ?

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

CHEMICALS essentialfor life are in short supply

and must be re-used.

SO4 NO3 PO4 SiO2

Sulfate Nitrate Phosphate Silicate

on land

in oceanExamples:

FERTILIZERS essentialfor life are in short supply


SO4 NO3 PO4 SiO2

Sulfate Nitrate Phosphate Silicate

on land

in oceanExamples:

CHEMICALS essentialfor life are in short supply


WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?

FERTILIZERS essentialfor life are in short supply


WHERE DO THEY COME FROM ?

THINK ABOUT IT !

___________cannot everbe recycled.

E N E R G Y

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

W H Y ?

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

The Second Law of Thermodynamics:

ENERGY tends to spontaneously degrade.

(. . .from a concentrated formto a dispersed form.)

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

1. What is the Source of Energy for most Ecosystems?2. a. Describe the entire Solar System. b. What part is good for Plants?3. a. Describe the Visible Spectrum. b. What part is good for Plants?4. Why are Green Plants Green to your Eye?5. List 3 things that can affect the amount of sunlight that penetrates the ocean.6. Discuss the selective absorption of the Visible Spectrum by seawater.

a. What color penetrates the deepest?b. What color penetrates the shallowest?

Ec o l o g y basics

4.

P r e s e n t s

FOOD CHAINS

and

TROPHIC LEVELS

ENERGY flowing through anE C O S Y S T E Mcreates a simple

FOOD CHAINdiagram.

A food chain

(follow the ENERGYcoming from the SUN)

PRODUCERS1

A food chain

(auto

trophs c

aptu

re E

NERGY

com

ing fr

om th

e SUN

SUN)

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

12

A food chain

(her

bivore

s get

ENERGY

& MATE

RIALS

from

the

PRODUCERS th

ey e

at)

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

1st Order CARNIVORES

12

3

A food chain

(carnivores get ENERGY& MATERIALS from theHERBIVORES they eat)

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES


2nd Order CARNIVORES

12

34

A food chain

12

34

the numbersare called

Trophic levels

12

34

trophic levelstell how far awayeach feeding level

is fromTHE SUNTHE SUN

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES



12

34

Food chainsshow

trophic levels

55

44

33

22

11

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES



12

34

Zuma Beachfood chain

ZUMA

PHYTOPLANKTON

1.

ZUMA

2.

ZOOPLANKTON

PHYTOPLANKTON

ZUMA

ZOOPLANKTONPHYTOPLANKTON


3.

ZUMA


1st O

rder

CARNIVORES


4.

ZUMA


1st O

rder

CARNIVORES


Review Checkpoint

1. What is a FOOD CHAIN ?2. What are “trophic levels?”3. Give the ecological term for each trophic level.4. Give a Zuma example for each trophic level.5. Why are the number of “links” in a food chain usually limited to 3 or 4 ?

Ec o l o g y basics

5.

THE 10% RULE

and

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

ZUMA


The Laws of Thermodynamics andFOOD CHAINS !

The10 %

RULE !

The maximum amount of ENERGY that passes from one trophic level to the next is 10%.

90% of the ENERGY at eachtrophic level is used to keep the

organisms alive and is converted to HEAT.

Always startwith the SUN.

PHYTOPLANKTONThe 10% RULE !

90% of theENERGY capturedby PRODUCERS

is used to keep themselves

alive (converted to heat).

Max. 10 % toHERBIVORES

HEAT

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

1st OrderCARNIVORES

2nd OrderCARNIVORES

3rd OrderCARNIVORES

Producers are the BASEof the pyramid of biomass because

their ENERGY comes directfrom the SUNSUN.

ZOOPLANKTONPHYTOPLANKTONThe 10% RULE !

10%

HEAT

Max. 10 % toCARNIVORES

90%

90% was usedto keep the

HERBIVORESalive.

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

1st OrderCARNIVORES

2nd OrderCARNIVORES

3rd OrderCARNIVORES

HERBIVORESexist on only 10%of the ENERGY

from PRODUCERS.


1st O

rder

CARNIV

ORES

The 10% RULE !

90%

HEAT

Max. 10 % to2nd O. CARNIVORES

10%

10%

10%

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

1st OrderCARNIVORES

2nd OrderCARNIVORES

3rd OrderCARNIVORES

1st O. Carnivores are max.10%of HERBIVORES.


1st O

rder

CARNIV

ORES


The 10% RULE !

10%

10%

10%

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

1st OrderCARNIVORES

2nd OrderCARNIVORES

3rd OrderCARNIVORESThere isn’t much

ENERGY left near the top.

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

1st OrderCARNIVORES

2nd OrderCARNIVORES

3rd OrderCARNIVORES

The 10% RULE . . .

...resultsin this

ECOLOGICALPYRAMID

PRODUCERS - 1000HERBIVORES - 100

1st OrderCARNIVORES - 10

2nd OrderCARNIVORES - 1

3rd OrderCARNIVORES

0.1

The 10% RULE . . .

...is usedto helppredict

NUMBERS.

1000

100

10

1

0.1

The 10% RULE . . .

...is usedto helppredict

BIOMASS.

The ecologicalpyramid at

ZUMA.



1st O

rder

CARNIV

ORES10

%

10%

10%

Population sizeratios atZUMA.

10%

10%

10%

1,0001,000

100100

1010

11

individuals

individuals

individuals

individuals

individuals

individuals

indivi

dual

indivi

dual

Biomass atZUMA.

10%

10%

10%

1,0001,000

100100

1010

11

pounds

pounds

pounds

pounds

pounds

pounds

pound

pound

For every 1 lb. ofFor every 1 lb. ofhalibut, how manyhalibut, how many

lbs. of lbs. of ZalophusZalophuscan be supported ?can be supported ?

??

1 lb.1 lb.

For every 1 lb. ofFor every 1 lb. ofhalibut, 0.1 lbs.halibut, 0.1 lbs.

of of ZalophusZalophuscan be supported !can be supported !

0.1 lbs0.1 lbs

1 lb.1 lb.


1st O

rder

CARNIV

ORES


For a 30 lb.For a 30 lb.halibut, halibut, 30,000 lbs.30,000 lbs. of of phytoplanktonphytoplankton

are necessary !are necessary !

30 lbs.30 lbs.300 lbs.300 lbs.

3,000 lbs.3,000 lbs.

30,000 lbs.30,000 lbs.

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

1. What is the 10% rule ?2. Where does most of the ENERGY go at each trophic level ?3. What 2 things can the ecological pyramid help predict?4. If there are 14,963 kg of anchovies at Zuma, tell how many kg are predicted:

a. Zooplankton c. Halibutb. Phytoplankton d. Zalophus

Ec o l o g y basics

6.

P r e s e n t s

FOOD WEBS !Show all the possible FOOD CHAINS.

Show all the OMNIVORES.

Show multiple feeding preferences.

Decomposers(bacteria & fungi)

Oooops !

What’s wrongwith this foodweb ?

1. No producers.

2. Arrows point backwards.

FOOD WEBS:

WHAT DO THE ARROWS MEAN ?

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:

1- FLOW OF ENERGY.2- FLOW OF MATERIALS.

Ec o l o g y basics

7.

P r e s e n t s

MARINE FOOD WEBS

and

YOUR ZUMA RESEARCH

IN SHALLOW WATER THERE ARE TWO ECOSYSTEMS:

1. ONE BASED ON PHYTOPLANKTON.

2. ANOTHER BASED ON BENTHIC PLANTS.

WHERE SUNLIGHTHITS THE SEA FLOOR

THIS IS THE ONLYREGION WITH

DUAL ECOSYSTEMS

Let’s look at a marine food webdiagram that shows both ecosystems side-by-side.

How do your Zuma organismsfit on this food web ?

Here’s how to do it . . .

This is a blanklayout or template.

First, fill in the PHYTOPLANKTON-BASED ECOSYSTEM side of the

food web.

THIS IS THEPHYTOPLANKTON SIDE

Write the names of all the phytoplankton species

here.

PHYTO-PLANKTON

Write the names of all the zooplankton species

here.

ZOO-PLANKTON

PHYTO-PLANKTON

Write the names of all the suspension feeders

here.

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

ZOO-PLANKTON

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES ARESUSPENSION FEEDERS ?

Suspension feeders, or “filter feeders,”pump, strain, filter or otherwise collectplankton and particles of detritus from water.

Sand crabs, barnacles, mussels, clams,sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, and many tube-dwelling polychaete wormsare suspension feeders.

Emerita analoga

Bivalve mollusks

Barnacles mussels

clams

Write the names of all the carnivore species

here.

CARNIVORES

ZOO-PLANKTON

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

DECOMPOSERS

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES ARECARNIVORES ?

Animals that sting or have jaws, teeth,fangs and are quick and smart are carnivorous.

All fish.

All mammals.

All birds at Zuma (except 2)

All mammals.

All Cnidarians..Blepharipoda !

Next, fill in the BENTHIC PLANT-BASED ECOSYSTEM side of the

food web.

BENTHICPLANTS

THIS IS THEBENTHIC PLANT SIDE

Write the names of all the BENTHIC PLANT species

here.

BENTHICPLANTS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

CARNIVORES

DECOMPOSERS

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES AREBENTHIC PLANTS ?

Benthic plants do not grow insandy environments like Zuma Beach, but they enter our foodweb as debris washed in from neighboring shores.

Zostera

Macrocystis

Ulva

Write the names of all the BENTHIC HERBIVORE

species here.

BENTHICPLANTS

BENTHICHERBIVORES

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

CARNIVORES

DECOMPOSERS

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES AREBENTHIC HERBIVORES ?

RADULA

Wherever you find benthic plants you’ll find benthic herbivores. They’reslow, not too smart, and must eatconstantly so they stay close to plants.

Many snail-like molluscs use theirradula to scrape and eat seaweed.

Write the names of all the SCAVENGER species here.

BENTHICPLANTS

SCAVENGERS

BENTHICHERBIVORES

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

CARNIVORES

DECOMPOSERS

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES ARESCAVENGERS ?

Scavengers are opportunisticfeeders that will eat sessile animals,dead or injured animals, as well asplant materials. They take advantage of opportunities as theyhappen.

At Zuma Beach2 birds are scavengers:

Larus occidentalis &Larus delawarensis

Last, put the DETRITAL FEEDER species here, if any.

BENTHICPLANTS

SCAVENGERS

BENTHICHERBIVORES

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

CARNIVORES

DETRITALFEEDERS

DECOMPOSERS

ZOO-PLANKTON

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES AREDETRITAL FEEDERS ?

What isDETRITUS ?

Detritus in the ocean is made up of bits andpieces of decomposing plants, animals andtheir waste products. They are coated withbacteria and fungi, and represent a sourceof energy and materials for detrital feeders.

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHICH ZUMA SPECIES AREDETRITAL FEEDERS ?

sea cucumber

Brittle star

Amphipod

As particles of detritus sink down tothe ocean floor, a variety of slowmoving “vacuum cleaner” animalsfeed on it.

Sea cucumbers, brittle stars, free-living polychaete worms, andtiny benthic crustaceans such asamphipods and isopods feed ondetritus.

BENTHICPLANTS

SCAVENGERS

BENTHICHERBIVORES

SUSPENSIONFEEDERS

PHYTO-PLANKTON

CARNIVORES

DETRITALFEEDERS

DECOMPOSERS

ZOO-PLANKTON

How do your word-processthe names of organismsto fit on this food web ?

Here’s how to do it . . .

Begin in the upper left cornerby typing all the species of

phytoplankton you have seen.

Add the rest of thecategories and species you haveseen.

Use the drawing toolto add circles or boxesaround each category.

Finish your foodweb by addingyour arrows.

REVIEW CHECKPOINT:1. What are the 2 ecosystems found in shallow oceans like Zuma Beach ?2. What is the maximum depth for photosynthesis in clear ocean water?3. Name 3 different categories of food for suspension feeders to eat. 4. Name 3 different examples for each:

suspension feeders carnivoresdetrital feeders phytoplanktonherbivores zooplanktonscavengers benthic plants

5. What exactly is detritus ?

ec o l o g y basics

8.

P r e s e n t s

transportsystems in

plants.

transportsystems in

plants.

photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

requiredrequiredchemicals

carbondioxide

gasliquidwater

HOW DO TERRESTRIALANGIOPHYTES OBTAIN

WATER AND NUTRIENTS ?

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

1. LEAF2. STEM3. ROOT





1. L E A F

WATER MOLECULESARE COHESIVE

THEY STICK TOGETHERCOHESIVE

THERE IS ANUNBROKEN

COLUMN OF H2O RUNNINGFROM LEAVESTO STEMS TO

ROOTS

H2O

H2O

H2O

TRANSPIRATIONof H2O FROM

BOTTOM OF LEAF

PULLS H2O FROMXYLEM THROUGH

ENTIRE PLANT

Transpiration:• supplies water for photosynthesis • transports minerals from the soil

to all parts of the plant • cools leaf surfaces some 10 to 15 degrees

by evaporative cooling • maintains the plant's shape and structure

by keeping cells turgid

XYLEM

PHLOEM

Lower leaf epidermis & stomates.

H2O

TRANSPIRATION OF H2OTHROUGH the STOMATE

2. S T E M

XYLEM UP, PHLOEM DOWN in a STEM

LONGITUDINALSECTION

THROUGHPHLOEM

CELLS

XYLEM

PHLOEM

3. R O O T S

ROOT HAIRSINCREASESURFACE AREA FOR

ABSORPTIONOF WATER

AND NUTRIENTS.

ROOT PRESSUREROOT HAIRS HAVESO MUCH SURFACEAREA THAT THEYCREATE WATER

PRESSURE PUSHINGUPWARD IN THE

PLANT.

ROOT CROSS SECTION

xylem

phloem

CROSS SECTION OF A ROOT


Transpiration pulls H2OSugar Produced


Xylem upPhloem down




Xylem upPhloem down

Root Hairs push H2Onutrients enter

T H E E N D

Painting byRon B. Kitaj

ecology ct

Technology

respiration o

o chemical energy work

terms of energy

energy materials

source of energy

concentrated forms of

e n e r g y

o g y basics p r e s