1

Chapter 52Chapter 52

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

BiologyEighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

• Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 52-1 Fig. 52-2Organismalecology

Populationecology

Communityecology

Ecosystemcosysteecology

Landscapeecology

Globalecology

Fig. 52-3

TroughPipePipe

“Dry” “Wet” “Ambient”

Fig. 52-4

2

• Biotic factors: living factors

• Abiotic factors: nonliving factors

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 52-5Kangaroos/km2

0–0.10.1–11–55–1010–20> 20Limits ofdistribution

Fig. 52-7

Current

1966

1970

1965 1960

19611958 1943

Dispersal

1958

1951

19431937

1956

1970

Fig. 52-8

RESULTS

Sea urchin

100

80

60Limpetd

cove

r (%

)

Both limpets and urchinsremoved

Only urchinsremoved

40

20

0

Limpet

Seaw

eed

Only limpets removedControl (both urchinsand limpets present)

August1982

August1983

February1983

February1984

Fig. 52-9 Fig. 52-11

Labradorcurrent

Gulfstream

Equator

Cold water

3

Fig. 52-10b

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator)

30ºN

60ºN

23.5ºN (Tropic ofCancer)

90ºN (North Pole)

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Atmosphere90ºS (South Pole)60ºS

30ºS

23.5ºS (Tropic ofCapricorn)

Fig. 52-10c

March equinox

60ºN30ºN

0º (equator)

30ºSJune solstice

Constant tiltof 23.5º

September equinox

December solstice

Fig. 52-10e

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Ascending

60ºN

30ºN

0º Ascendingmoist airreleasesmoisture

Aridzone

Aridzone

Tropics30º 23.5º 0º 23.5º 30º

0(equator)

30ºS

60ºS

Fig. 52-10f

0º

30ºN

66.5ºN(Arctic Circle)

60ºNWesterlies

Northeast tradesDoldrums 0

(equator)

30ºS

60ºS66.5ºS(Antarctic Circle)

Southeast trades

Westerlies

Fig. 52-12

Warm airover land rises.1

23

4

Air cools athigh elevation.

Cool air over watermoves inland replacing

Coolerair sinksover water.

moves inland, replacingrising warm air over land.

Fig. 52-13

Winddirection

Leeward sideof mountain

direction

Mountainrange

Ocean

4

Fig. 52-14

CurrentrangePredictedrangeOverlap

(a) 4.5ºC warming overnext century

(b) 6.5ºC warming overnext century

Fig. 52-15

LakesCoral reefsRiversOceanicpelagic andbenthic zonesEstuariesIntertidal zones

Tropic ofCancer

30ºN

Aquatic biomes

EquatorTropic ofCapricorn

30ºS

Fig. 52-16a

Littoralzone Limnetic

zone

Photiczone

PelagiczoneBenthic

zone Aphoticzone

(a) Zonation in a lake

Fig. 52-16b

Benthic Aphotic

Pelagiczone

Continentalshelf

200 mPhotic zone

0

Oceanic zoneNeritic zone

Intertidal zone

(b) Marine zonation

2,000–6,000 mAbyssal zone

zone zone

Fig. 52-17-5

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Thermocline (躍溫層)

4º4º

4º

4ºC

4º4º

Thermocline

4º4º

4º

4ºC

4º4º

4º4º

4º4ºC

2º0º

4ºC5º6º

8º18º

20º22º

Turnover (翻轉)

Fig. 52-18a

An oligotrophic lake in GrandTeton National Park, Wyoming

5

Fig. 52-18b

A eutrophic lake in theOkavango Delta, Botswana

Fig. 52-18c

Wetland

Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

Video: Swans Taking FlightVideo: Swans Taking Flight

Fig. 52-18d

A headwater stream in the GreatSmoky Mountains

Fig. 52-18e

The Mississippi River far fromits headwaters

Fig. 52-18f

An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia

Video: Flapping GeeseVideo: Flapping Geese

Fig. 52-18g

Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

6

Fig. 52-18h

Oceanic Pelagic Zone

Open ocean off the island of Hawaii

Video: Shark Eating a SealVideo: Shark Eating a Seal

Fig. 52-18i

A coral reef in the Red Sea

Video: Coral ReefVideo: Coral Reef Video: Clownfish and AnemoneVideo: Clownfish and Anemone

Fig. 52-18j

A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

Video: Hydrothermal VentVideo: Hydrothermal Vent Video: TubewormsVideo: Tubeworms

Fig. 52-19

Tropical forest

Savanna

Desert

Chaparral

TemperategrasslandTemperate

30ºNTropic ofCancerEquator

Terrestrial Biome

Temperatebroadleaf forestNorthernconiferous forestTundra

High mountains

Polar ice

EquatorTropic ofCapricorn

30ºS

Fig. 52-20

Tropical forestTemperate grasslandDesert

Temperatebroadleafforestm

pera

ture

(ºC

) 30

15forest

NorthernconiferousforestArctic andalpinetundraAn

nual

mea

n te

m

Annual mean precipitation (cm)

0

0–15

100 200 300 400

Ecotone

Fig. 52-21a

A tropical rain forest in Borneo

Tropical Forest

7

Fig. 52-21b

A desert in the southwesternUnited States

Desert

Fig. 52-21c

A savanna in Kenya

Savanna (莽原)

Fig. 52-21d

An area of chaparralin California

Chaparral (夏旱灌叢)

Fig. 52-21e

Sheyenne National Grasslandin North Dakota

Temperate Grassland

Fig. 52-21f

Rocky Mountain National Parkin Colorado

Northern Coniferous Forest

Fig. 52-21g

Great Smoky MountainsNational Park in North Carolina

Temperate Broadleaf Forest

8

Fig. 52-21h

Denali National Park, Alaska,in autumn

Tundra (苔原)

Fig. 52-UN2

Mea

n he

ight

(cm

) 100

50

0

Sierra NevadaGreat Basin

PlateauAltit

ude

(m)

Seed collection sites

0

3,000

2,000

1,000

0