ecological treatment and resource utilization of

Research ArticleEcological Treatment and Resource Utilization ofWastewater from a Chicken Transfer Station

Rongwei Xiong,1 Xiufang Gao ,1,2 Jinquan Huang,3 Yilin Mao,1 Peihua Jiang,1 and Li Jiang1

1Yangtze University, Wuhan, China2Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, China3Soil and Water Conservation Department, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xiufang Gao; [email protected]

Received 28 February 2021; Accepted 25 April 2021; Published 4 May 2021

Academic Editor: Huihui Du

Copyright © 2021 Rongwei Xiong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research was conducted at a chicken transfer station to assess ecological treatment and resource utilization. The study examinedthree aspects: wastewater ecological treatment, resource utilization maximization, and process optimization. Process design andoperation monitoring were carried out to treat and reuse wastewater from a chicken feeder station over two periods. The firstperiod was operated in 2014, adopting the mode of pretreatment plus a constructed wetland. Results show that the relevantindicators basically meet the regulatory requirements at that time. The second period carried out in 2017 improved upon theresults obtained during the first period. On the basis of strengthening the pretreatment and constructed wetland functions, fullrecycling of tailwater and zero discharge of wastewater was achieved. The aquatic plant water celery used for wetland wastewaterpurification function also reached the standard of safe vegetable consumption, producing systematic ecological and economicbenefits. The second phase of the project has high promotion and application value in the wastewater treatment of the chickentransfer station. This study demonstrates an improved approach to poultry production wastewater treatment by transformingwastewater into an agricultural product while achieving wastewater reuse and environmental pollution control.

1. Introduction

Wastewater from poultry breeding operations is one of themain sources of agricultural nonpoint source pollution inChina [1]. Poultry breeding wastewater contains high con-centrations of organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, suspendedmatter, and other pollutants. If discharged directly withouttreatment or used for agriculture, serious environmental pol-lution or human health events occur [2]. A very high propor-tion of poultry breeding in China occurs in the chickenindustry. Wastewater generated by chicken industry opera-tions cause environmental pollution and resource waste.

At present, the main methods of intensive poultry breed-ing wastewater treatment in China can be divided into threecategories: physicochemical methods, biological methods,and ecological methods [2]. Physicochemical methodsmainly include a flocculation method and an electrochemicalmethod. Biological methods mainly include anaerobic andaerobic digestion, among which anaerobic digestion is the

most widely used technology for aquaculture wastewater [3].Ecological methods include constructed wetlands and oxida-tion ponds [4]. Constructed wetlands for treating livestockand poultry breeding wastewater has developed rapidly inrecent years. Studies on the removal of chemical oxygendemand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phospho-rus (TP), and engineering applications of constructed wetlandshave been published [5, 6]. Current research on constructedwetlands emphasize the removal of pollutants, but do not fullyconsider the utilization of water resources and nitrogen andphosphorus nutrients. In addition, most research focus onthe treatment of chicken farmwastewater, chickenmanure fer-mentation wastewater, chicken claw processing wastewater,and broiler slaughtering wastewater [7–10]. Studies on the eco-logical treatment and resource utilization of chicken transferstation wastewater are very limited.

Compared with the common livestock and poultrybreeding wastewater, the characteristics of wastewater fromchicken breeding transfer stations differ from common

HindawiAdsorption Science & TechnologyVolume 2021, Article ID 5589493, 12 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589493

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589493

livestock and poultry breeding wastewater. Chicken breed-ing transfer stations do not involve feed feeding. Thestructure of related pollutants is relatively simple creatingfavorable conditions for recycling. The nitrogen and phos-phorus in the wastewater of the chicken transfer stationare classified as pollutants from the perspective of environ-mental protection [11]; from a resource perspective, nitro-gen and phosphorus are necessary nutrients for plantgrowth.

Resource utilization of nutrients is possible through thecultivation of organic agricultural products during wastewa-ter treatment, transforming waste into an agricultural prod-uct in addition to water pollution control. Water celery is aperennial herb economic vegetable crop with dense roots.The biological filter bed formed by its roots in the water bodyhas good adsorption, absorption, and retention effects onpollutants, so as to purify the water [12]. Water celery has agood purification effect on low concentration organic waste-water [13]. The water celery used in this study is from AnhuiShanquan Aquatic Vegetable Research Institute, which is aperennial plant. It has good pollution control characteristicseven in winter. It can be harvested many times a year andcan continuously and stably absorb wastewater nutrientswhich cause eutrophication. It is an ideal species of artificialwetland plants.

The research reported here was conducted at theHesheng chicken breeding transfer station in Xianning.Research on the ecological treatment and resource utilizationof wastewater and its optimization was carried out in a two-stage process design and operation. In the first stage of theproject, the A3/O+two-stage water celery constructed wet-land technology mode was adopted. Considering theimprovement of water quality and utilization rate of waterresources, the physicochemical+A/O+two-stage water celeryconstructed wetland technology mode was adopted in thesecond stage of the project to transform the first-stage treat-ment process. By comparing the operation effect of the twophases of the project, the removal rate of wastewater pollut-ants in the chicken transfer station by different pretreatmentsand water celery constructed wetlands was explored. Theproject provides a theoretical reference for improving thelivestock and poultry production wastewater treatment pro-cesses. This project also provided technical support for thechicken transfer station in the actual production process ofwastewater treatment.

2. Research Materials and Methods

2.1. Overview of Research Station. The Hesheng Wenshi live-stock and chicken breeding transfer station is located inHeshengqiao Town, Xian’an District, Xianning City. Theresearch area is shown in Figure 1. The station covers an areaof about 9700m2, including a 4000m2 sales platform, 700m2

of a first-stage constructed wetland, and 1400m2 of a second-stage constructed wetland. There are more than 40000broilers transferred and sold in the chicken transfer stationevery day, with a daily wastewater output of 80-100 tons.The content of COD, NH3-N, and TP in the wastewater is307-712.63mg/L, 13.60-46.11mg/L, and 8.36-15.91mg/L,

respectively. The wastewater mainly comes from the washingof the sales platform. The concentration of the three indica-tors is lower than that of the chicken farm wastewater, andthe wastewater does not contain feed additives. After thethree indicator concentrations are reduced by pretreatment,it can be used as a nutrient for the growth of aquatic vegeta-bles. The engineering application of wastewater treatment ata chicken transfer station was carried out. Phase I of the pro-ject adopted the technical mode of “A3/O pretreatment+two-stage constructed wetland depth treatment”; phase II of theproject adopted the technical mode of “physicochemical+A/O pretreatment+two-stage constructed wetland depthtreatment.”

2.2. Engineering Technology Pattern Design

2.2.1. Technical Route of Phase I Project. In the initial stage ofthe experiment, the A3/O pretreatment+two-stage con-structed wetland depth treatment technology is adoptedin the first phase of the project. The specific engineeringprocesses applied are shown in Figure 2. Chicken manuregenerated in the chicken breeding transfer station wascleaned and collected to make organic fertilizer. Wastewa-ter generated from table cleaning enters into the water col-lection pool. After the large volume of solid waste isremoved through the coarse grille, it enters into thethree-stage anaerobic tank for anaerobic nitrification andthen into the aeration tank to increase the dissolved oxy-gen in the water. At the same time, the gas produced bythe anaerobic fermentation of the water is released. Thetwo-stage constructed wetland further absorbs the pollut-ants in the tailwater after pretreatment. Reclaimed wateris pumped back to the platform after advanced treatmentin the water celery constructed wetland.

The design capacity of the phase I wastewater treatmentproject is less than the actual wastewater output. Wastewaterremains in the anaerobic tank for a short time, and the con-centration of each index of the effluent pretreated by theA3/O biological method is high. The tailwater is purified bythe water celery constructed wetland. The concentration ofammonia nitrogen in the water is still high, resulting in apeculiar smell, which is not conducive to the long-term recy-cling of the transfer station. Based on the above difficulties,phase I of the project was transformed from the process tech-nology route to focus on sewage treatment facilities andequipment. Rainwater was separated from wastewater inthe plant area. Rainwater is discharged into the ecologicalpond for purification, reducing the pretreatment load. Thehigh-efficiency physicochemical+A/O pretreatment technol-ogy replaced the original A3/O pretreatment technology;ozone disinfection equipment was added to ensure the safetyof reclaimed water.

2.2.2. Technical Route of Phase II Project. The phase II projectadopted the technical mode of the physicochemical+A/Opretreatment+constructed wetland depth treatment. Thetechnical process of the phase II project is shown inFigure 3. The cleaning wastewater from the transfer salesplatform is removed by the coarse grille and solid-liquid

2 Adsorption Science & Technology

separator and treated by anaerobic aerobic biochemistry,alum coagulation, and PAM flocculation. After ozone disin-fection, it is discharged to the two-stage constructed wetlandwater celery for further absorption and repair. The waterquality of the effluent is tested to meet the needs of produc-tion water in the chicken transfer station. The treated wateris returned to the platform for reuse, completing the chainof water treatment and water resource recycling. Continuousrecycling of tailwaters results in zero liquid discharge ofpollutants.

2.3. Water Quality Monitoring and Data Processing. Thethree indexes of COD, NH3-N, and TP in the two phases of

the project are monitored regularly and irregularly. Thedichromate method (HJ 828-2017) is used for COD determi-nation, Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry (HJ 535-2009) isused for NH3-N determination, and the ammonium molyb-date spectrophotometric method (GB 11893-89) is used forTP determination. Original 2018 software is used for dataprocessing.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Comparative Analysis of Pretreatment Effect. Pretreat-ment is a key process to remove pollutants from wastewater.Results of pretreatment studies are shown in Figure 4.

A3/O pretreatment system

Physicochemical - A/O pretreatment Constructed wetland

Source of wastewater

Xianning City

Xian'an District

Tongshan County

Chongyang County

Tongcheng County

Chibi City

Jiayu County

The location of the chickentransfer station (Latitude andlongitude)

E 114.3672923N 29.97885915

Figure 1: Overview of the research area.

3Adsorption Science & Technology

Wastewater from the chicken transfer station has good bio-degradability. Biological methods were used in both pretreat-ment processes, which is suitable for the treatment oflivestock and poultry wastewater with its high removal effi-ciency and low treatment cost [14]. The A3/O process wasadopted for the pretreatment of the phase I project; three-stage anaerobic fermentation+aeration and nitrifying bacte-ria and photosynthetic bacteria are added. In the process ofmultistage anaerobic fermentation, particles are hydrolyzed,which can significantly reduce the content of solid matterand COD in water [15]. The effluent concentrations ofCOD, NH3-N, and TP in the first project pretreatment were118-178mg/L, 18.8-24.33mg/L, and 2.56-4.35mg/L, respec-tively, with average removal rates of 67.49%, 29.96%, and68.91%, respectively. From March to July, the COD removalrate increased with the increase of influent concentration,mainly due to the rise of temperature, high biological activity,and good decomposition effect of pollutants. Ammoniumions (NH4

+) and free ammonia (NH3) produced by biodegra-dation of nitrogen-containing substances are both directly or

indirectly inhibited in the anaerobic digestion system [16],resulting in low removal rate of NH3-N. The effluent concen-tration of the first project pretreatment is greatly affected bythe influent concentration, and the pollutant removal ratefluctuates greatly. The low temperature leads to the inhibi-tion of enzyme activity in the bacterial body, and the metab-olism speed is slow [17]. The pollutant removal effect of thetwo project’s pretreatment process in winter is slightly lowerthan that of other seasons.

The pretreatment of the second phase project adopts thecombination process of alum coagulation, PAM flocculationphysicochemical method, and A/O biological method. Asolid-liquid separator is added in the second phase project,which can effectively reduce the pressure of subsequent treat-ment [18]. The A/O biological method is the main method ofurban sewage treatment in China. Through the anaerobicaerobic process, microorganisms decompose and transformmacromolecular pollutants which are removed using alumcoagulation and PAM flocculation, The effluent concentra-tion of COD, NH3-N, and TP in the second phase project

Createfertilizer

Pretreatment system

High-pressureflushingplatform

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The third-stage anaerobic tank

The first-stage anaerobic tank

The second-stage anaerobic tank

Aeration tank

Second-stage wetland

First-stage wetland

Advancedtreatment system

WastewaterTailwater

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Solid waste

Figure 2: Technical flow chart of the phase I project.

High-pressure flushingplatform

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Secondarysedimentation tank

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The second stage ofartificial wetland

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Solid waste Solid waste

Figure 3: Technical flow chart of the phase II project.


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Figure 4: Continued.


was 67.01-120mg/L, 9.73-16.67mg/L, and 0.75-1.56mg/L,respectively; the COD concentration in July-September isslightly higher than the secondary discharge standard of“Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plant,” and the NH3-N and TP concentrationreached the second level standard; the average removal ratesof the three indexes are 83.14%, 61.87%, and 89.93%, respec-tively. Compared with the first-stage pretreatment process,the second-stage pretreatment process has a more stableremoval rate and effluent concentration.

3.2. Analysis on Treatment Effect of Constructed Wetland. Inrecent years, constructed wetlands have been widely usedbecause of their advantages of high treatment efficiency,low investment cost, and good landscape. Constructed wet-lands can remove nitrogen and phosphorus pollutantsthrough plant root absorption and microbial transformation[19–21]. The absorption and transformation of the pollutantsin the tailwater by the constructed wetland further reducesthe concentration of the pollutants in the water. The aquaticplant water celery used in this study can absorb the pollutantsfor its own growth. It has been identified by the food safetyappraisal agency and reached the qualified food standard.The influent concentration and removal rate of the twophases of constructed wetland are shown in Figure 5.

The removal rate of pollutants in constructed wetlandschanged significantly with the seasons, and the removal rateincreases from March to June. During the high temperatureperiod from July to August, with the increase of water con-sumption, the wastewater stays in the constructed wetlandfor a short time, and the constructed wetland does not ade-quately treat the pollutants, resulting in a downward trend

of removal rate, but the total amount of pollutants removedby the constructed wetland is large. From September to Octo-ber, the removal rate increased with the decrease of temper-ature but decreased with the slow growth of plants inwinter. Although the removal rate is low in winter, the totalamount of wastewater is less than that in summer, and thepollutant removal per unit area is higher than that insummer.

The average removal rates of COD, NH3-N, and TP were39.83%, 42.03%, 27.54%, 70.95%, 32.16%, and 38.35%,respectively. The difference of influent concentrationbetween the two constructed wetlands is large, but theremoval effect of COD and TP by the constructed wetlandsis not significant, which shows that the water celery has awide range of adaptability to the purification effect of waterpollutants. The purification effect of water celery on ammo-nia nitrogen fluctuates obviously, from high concentrationto general condition; even at a low concentration, it can playa better role.

The apoptosis and decay of plants in winter lead to thereduction of the purification effect of the constructed wetlandand even secondary pollution of water bodies. The selectionof plants in the constructed wetland should not only considerthe purification effect, economic value, and landscape perfor-mance of plants but also consider the overwintering perfor-mance of plants. The overwintering performance of plantsgreatly determines the sustainable development of the con-structed wetland.

Many kinds of plants have been used for water purifica-tion research, mainly Canna and Cyperus alternifolius L.[22]. Plants have a good purification effect and have a certaineconomic value in the appropriate season, but near winter,







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Figure 4: Different pretreatment inlet and outlet water concentrations and removal rates.


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they are basically in a withered state, so the purification effecton water quality is greatly reduced. The four-season watercelery used in this study is a cold-loving and temperature-tolerant plant, which is evergreen all year round and ever-green in winter. It can also survive at -5°C and has a strongoverwintering ability. At 0°C, there are new white roots grow-ing in the creeping roots of the water body. Although thestem grows slowly in winter, the roots are still full of vitalityand play the role of pollution control. In winter, there aredense root-like sponge blankets, with a longitudinal heightof more than 0.5m, and a single root length of 0.8m. Plantroots release oxygen to the rhizosphere environment andprovide a large attachment area for microorganisms [23].Roots also provide a good living environment for microor-ganisms, enabling the constructed wetland to purify pollut-ants in winter. Water celery does not die in winter, cangrow continuously, and does not need to be replanted, whichreduces the operation and maintenance cost of the con-structed wetland. At the same time, with the temperature ris-ing, the root system began to grow vigorously, thussupporting the stem and leaf to turn green rapidly [12].

3.3. Comparative Analysis of Operation Effect of Two Phasesof the Project. The influent concentration, effluent (reclaimedwater) concentration, and corresponding removal rate ofCOD, NH3-N, and TP in the two projects are shown inFigure 6. It is stipulated in the standard of “The Reuse ofUrban Recycling Water-Water Quality Standard for UrbanMiscellaneous Water Consumption” that the concentrationof NH3-N shall not exceed 10mg/L for cleaning and vehiclewashing and COD and TP shall not be required. In the firstphase of the project, the influent concentration of COD is307-621mg/L, with an average value of 473.67mg/L, theaverage concentration of reclaimed water is 89.08mg/L, withan average removal rate of 80.28%. The concentration of

reclaimed water reaches the secondary standard of pollutantdischarge of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatmentplants. The influent concentration of NH3-N was 25.33-40.32mg/L, with an average value of 30.78mg/L, and theaverage concentration of reclaimed water is 15.39mg/L, withan average removal rate of 49.13%. The concentration ofreclaimed water is higher than “The Reuse of Urban Recy-cling Water-Water Quality Standard for Urban Miscella-neous Water Consumption” and at a higher level, resultingin water body odor during recycling. The TP inlet concentra-tion is 8.36-15.91mg/L, with an average value of 11.69mg/L,and the average value of reclaimed water concentration is2.44mg/L, and the TP overall reaches the secondary stan-dard, with an average removal rate of 78.87%. The first phaseof the project removed COD, NH3-N, and TP, but theremoval rate is unstable and volatile. Removal rates were sig-nificantly affected by the influent concentration, and the lowtemperature resistance is weak. In winter, the removal rate ofpollutants is greatly reduced. The first phase of the projectmet the requirements of wastewater treatment that year butnot the requirements for reclaimed water reuse.

The concentrations of COD, NH3-N, and TP in the influ-ent water of the second phase project were 387-712.63mg/L,24.63-46.01mg/L, and 8.69-14.89mg/L, respectively; theaverage values of the concentration of the reuse water are48.47mg/L, 3.59mg/L, and 0.72mg/L, respectively, and theaverage removal rates of the three indexes are 90.37%,88.91%, and 93.76%, respectively. The concentration ofCOD and TP in the reuse water reached the level-B standard,the concentration of NH3-N reached the level-A standard,and it is far lower than the water quality standard of urbanmiscellaneous water. The quality and removal rate of reusewater in phase II greatly improved compared with the phaseI project, and the removal rate of pollutants is more stablethan in phase I. After physicochemical+A/O pretreatment




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and constructed wetland advanced treatment, reclaimedwater had no peculiar smell, and water quality met the needsof the production water of the station. Reclaimed water recy-cling achieved zero discharge of pollutants and recycling ofwater resources.

3.4. Project Benefit Analysis. The second phase of the projectintegrated wastewater treatment and resource utilization.Wastewater concentrations were greatly reduced after pre-treatment. The tailwater advanced treatment and water fertil-izer integrated resource utilization with the four-seasonwater celery constructed wetland. The purified and restoredtailwater resources met the water quality requirements ofthe platform, realized the recycling of tailwater resources,and accompanied high-quality organic vegetables, whileachieving zero pollutant discharge of wastewater. The idealgoal of water treatment is in line with the current nationalstrategic needs of environmental protection and resource uti-lization. The average daily output of wastewater in thechicken transfer station is about 100 tons. The annual watersaving is about 32000 tons after treatment of the existingoperation project and the deduction of plant absorptionand natural evaporation of the artificial wetland. Accordingto the calculation of 2.6 yuan per ton of the operationwater in Xian’an District, Xianning City, the annual watercost can save about 83000 yuan; the annual output ofwater celery per mu (667m2) is 13000-150000 kg, andthe water surface area of the first- and second-stage artifi-cial wetlands is 2100m2. The effective planting area ofwatercress is about 2mu, the annual biomass of watercresscan reach 26000-30000 kg, and the edible watercress vege-tables can reach 10000 kg. According to the annual average

wholesale price of watercress of 3 yuan/kg, and afterdeducting the planting, maintenance, and labor costs ofwatercress, the annual pure economic benefits of water-cress vegetables can be about 10000 yuan. Through thereuse of the tailwater resources by the constructed wet-land, the direct economic benefit can be about 93000 yuanper year.

The current operation of the project will make use of thetailwater resources nearby to avoid secondary pollution ofthe environment. Control of pollutant discharges from thesource greatly reduced the pressure of local river and lakegovernance and minimizes the cost of water ecosystem resto-ration. Recycling of water resources is conducive to protect-ing the total amount of water resources in China. Theutilization rate of water resources was improved, effectivelyreducing the water consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP,saving energy and reducing consumption. Utilizing water togrow an agricultural product saves land resources neededfor planting vegetables of the same economic value but alsoreduces the fertilizer application amount of the same vegeta-ble output and reduces the agricultural nonpoint source pol-lution. The functional plant used in the constructed wetland,water celery, is a four-season biological species, which bringsa good landscape effect while volatilizing and controlling pol-lution, and meets the requirements of national ecological civ-ilization construction. It can be used as an ecofriendlymaterial for the ecological restoration of black-odorouswatercourses in China. This mode meets the needs ofresource-saving and environment-friendly social develop-ment, greatly improves the technology mode of ecologicaltreatment and resource-based utilization of wastewater froma chicken breeding transfer station in China, and explores a







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Figure 6: In and out water concentration and removal rate in two phases.


new way for the treatment and resource-based utilization ofaquaculture wastewater in China.

4. Conclusions

Based on the technical route of pretreatment+constructedwetland depth treatment of wastewater, the ecological treat-ment and resource utilization mode and optimizationresearch of wastewater in the Hesheng chicken transfer sta-tion in Xianning were carried out. Through the analysis ofthe removal effect of main structures of the two wastewatertreatment projects on wastewater pollutants, the followingconclusions were obtained:

(i) The project of the physicochemical+A/O+water cel-ery constructed wetland has achieved the organiccollection of wastewater treatment and resource uti-lization, which can realize the zero discharge of pol-lutants in the chicken transfer station and therecycling of tailwater resources

(ii) The physicochemical+A/O pretreatment is betterthan the A3/O pretreatment. The physicochemical+A/O pretreatment process is ideal for the averageremoval rate of COD, NH3-N, and TP, which is suit-able for the wastewater treatment of a chicken trans-fer station

(iii) Four-season water celery has a wide range of adapt-ability to water pollutants, strong environmentaladaptability, and can survive the winter. The purifi-cation effect of pollutants is significant, and it canproduce significant economic, environmental, andlandscape benefits. It is an ideal functional plant spe-cies for wastewater treatment of a chicken transferstation

(iv) The wastewater treatment mode of a physicochemi-cal+A/O+water celery constructed wetland is anoptimized treatment mode according to the charac-teristics of the wastewater in the chicken transferstation. The operation results show that its compre-hensive benefits are significant, and it has a high pro-motion and application value in the wastewatertreatment of the chicken transfer station

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are avail-able from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest withrespect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of thisarticle.

Acknowledgments

The study was financially supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (41371464), Study Abroad

Fund of Yangtze University, and Study Fund of EngineeringResearch of Ecology and Agricultural Use ofWetland, Minis-try of Education.

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