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Ecological Studies, Vol. 131 Analysis and Synthesis
Edited by
M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany O.L. Lange, Wfuzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Bayreuth, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany
Ecologica! Studies
Volumes published since 1992 are listed at the end of this book.
Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC
Erik J eppesen Martin S~ndergaard Morten S~ndergaard Kirsten Christoffersen Editors
The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes
With 117 illustrations
t Springer
Erik Jeppesen Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology National Environmental Research Institute DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark
Morten Sl/lndergaard Freshwater Biological Laboratory University of Copenhagen DK-3400 Hillerl/ld Denmark
Martin S!I!ndergaard Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology National Environmental Research Institute DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark
Kirsten Christoffersen Freshwater Biological Laboratory University of Copenhagen DK-3400 Hiller!l!d Denmark
Cover iIIustration: As it will appear from this book, submerged macrophytes may have an important impact on the nutrient dynamics, trophic structure, and trophic interactions of shallow lakes. Within certain nutrient limits, submerged macrophytes may via a number of feedback mechanisms maintain a clearwater state despite increased nutrient supply. Drawing by Bjl'lm Bachmann and Erik Jeppesen.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakeslErik Jeppesen
... [et al.]. p. cm.-{Ecological studies; v. 131)
lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4612-6871-0 ISBN 978-1-4612-0695-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0695-8 1. Lake et:ology. 2. Lake plants-Ecology. I. Jeppesen, Erik.
II. Series. QH541.5.L3S77 1997 577.63-dc21 97-22884
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-V erlag New York Berlin Heidelberg in 1998 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1998
Ali rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Production coordinated by Princeton Editorial Associates and managed by Francine McNeill; manufacturing supervised by Jeffrey Taub. Typeset by Princeton Editorial Associates, Princeton, NJ.
987 654 3 2 I
ISBN 978-1-4612-6871-0 ISSN 0070-8356
SPIN 10632906
Preface
Submerged macrophytes have been the object of intensive research, and a large body of literature exists on their growth, reproduction, and physiology. Several studies have focused on the interactions between submerged macrophytes and other autotrophic components and the impact of the plants on the dynamics of nutrients, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, oxygen, and pH. Comparatively few studies have dealt with the ability of submerged macrophytes to modulate the structure and dynamics of pelagic and benthic food webs. Recently, however, the amount of research into the structuring role of submerged macrophytes in food webs has markedly increased, and the results obtained so far suggest that submerged macrophytes are of significant importance for the food web interactions and environmental quality of lakes, even at relatively low areal plant coverage. For example, plants affect the interactions between predacious, planktivorous, and benthivorous fish and between fish and invertebrates, including key organisms such as large zooplankton and snails. Changes in these interactions in turn may have cascading effects on the entire food web in both the pelagial and the littoral zone.
To provide a forum for discussion of recent results in this growing field of research and to define future research needs, a workshop was held on 16 to 20 June, 1996, at the Freshwater Centre in Silkeborg, Denmark. The present book is a result of the workshop. It is divided into three parts. The first part consists of 10 thematic chapters (Chapters 1 to 10) describing how submerged macrophytes influence various biological and biogeochemical interactions in lakes. These chapters are
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VI Preface
written by authors having specialized knowledge within the field treated. Cascading effects through the food web as a result of changes in resource and predator/grazer control are given main emphasis in several of these chapters. The authors were given the option of either writing a state-of-the-art review or discussing the subject based on mainly their own investigations. The second part consists of 18 case studies (Chapters 11 to 28) related to the thematic chapters, and the third part (Chapters 29 to 31) summarizes three of the workshop's cross-subject discussions. The authors were here given the option of writing a summary of the discussion or treating the subject more extensively, using the workshop discussions as their starting point.
We thank translator Anne Mette Poulsen of the National Environmental Research Institute for her efficient help in planning and arranging the workshop and in the subsequent editing phase. We are also grateful to assistant editor Janet Slobodien of Springer-Verlag and the staff of Princeton Editorial Associates for fruitful and efficient cooperation. Finally, we thank the Strategical Environmental Research Programme, the Danish Natural Science Research Council, and the National Environmental Research Institute for the financial support that made this workshop possible.
The Editors
Preface Contributors
Section 1. General Themes
Contents
V
Xl
1. Fish-Habitat Interactions Mediated via Ontogenetic Niche Shifts 3 Lennart Persson and Larry B. Crowder
2. Influence of Submerged Macrophytes on Trophic Interactions Among Fish and Macroinvertebrates 24 Sebastian Diehl and Ryszard Komij6w
3. Complex Fish-Snail-Epiphyton Interactions and Their Effects on Submerged Freshwater Macrophytes 47 Christer Bronmark and Jan Vermaat
4. Interactions Between Periphyton, Nonmolluscan Invertebrates, and Fish in Standing Freshwaters 69 John Iwan Jones, Brian Moss, and Johnstone O. Young
5. Impact of Submerged Macrophytes on Fish-Zooplankton Interactions in Lakes 91 Erik Jeppesen, Torben L. Lauridsen, Timo Kairesalo, and Martin R. Perrow
vii
viii Contents
6. Impact of Submerged Macrophytes on Phytoplankton in Shallow Freshwater Lakes 115 Martin S0ndergaard and Brian Moss
7. Role of Submerged Macrophytes for the Microbial Community and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Aquatic Ecosystems 133 Robert G. Wetzel and Morten S0ndergaard
8. Impact of Herbivory on Plant Standing Crop: Comparisons Among Biomes, Between Vascular and Nonvascular Plants, and Among Freshwater Herbivore Taxa 149 David M. Lodge, Greg Cronin, Ellen van Donk, and Adrienne J. Froelich
9. Interactions Between Grazing Birds and Macrophytes 175 Stuart F. Mitchell and Martin R. Perrow
10. Effects of Submerged Aquatic Macrophytes on Nutrient Dynamics, Sedimentation, and Resuspension 197 John W. Barko and William F. James
Section 2. Case Studies
11. Macrophyte Structure and Growth of BluegiU (Lepomis macrochirus): Design of a Multilake Experiment 217 Stephen R. Carpenter, Mark Olson, Paul Cunningham, Sarig Gafny, Nathan Nibbelink, Tom Pellett, Christine Storlie, Anett Trebitz, and Karen Wilson
12. Vertical Distribution of In-Benthos in Relation to Fish and Floating-Leaved Macrophyte Populations 227 Ryszard Koruij6w and Brian Moss
13. Horizontal Migration of Zooplankton: Predator-Mediated Use of Macrophyte Habitat 233 Torben L. Lauridsen, Erik Jeppesen, Martin S0ndergaard, and David M. Lodge
14. Changing Perspectives on Food Web Interactions in Lake Littoral Zones 240 Larry B. Crowder, Elizabeth W. McCollum, and Thomas H. Martin
15. Bacterioplankton and Carbon Thrnover in a Dense Macrophyte Canopy 250 Morten S0ndergaard, Jon Theil-Nielsen, Kirsten Christoffersen, Louise Schluter, Erik Jeppesen, and Martin S0ndergaard
16. Cascading Effects on Microbial Food Web Structure in a Dense Macrophyte Bed 262 Klaus Jurgens and Erik Jeppesen
Contents IX
17. Abundance, Size, and Growth of Heterotrophic NanoflageUates in Eutrophic Lakes with Contrasting Daphnia and Macrophyte Densities 274 Kirsten Christoffersen
18. What Do Herbivore Exclusion Experiments TeU Us? An Investigation Using Black Swans (Cygnus atratus) and Filamentous Algae in a Shallow Lake 282 Robert T. Wass and Stuart F. Mitchell
19. Switches Between Clear and Turbid Water States in a Biomanipulated Lake (1986--1996): The Role of Herbivory on Macrophytes 290 Ellen Van Donk
20. Macrophyte-Waterfowl Interactions: Tracking a Variable Resource and the Impact of Herbivory on Plant Growth 298 Martin S0ndergaard, Torben L. Lauridsen, Erik Jeppesen, and Lise Bruun
21. Influence of Macrophyte Structure, Nutritive Value, and Chemistry on the Feeding Choices of a Generalist Crayfish 307 Greg Cronin
22. Concordance of Phosphorus Limitation in Lakes: Bacterioplankton, Phytoplankton, Epiphyte-Snail Consumers, and Rooted Macrophytes 318 Robert E. Moeller, Robert G. Wetzel, and Craig W. Osenberg
23. Sources of Organic Carbon in the Food Webs of Two Florida Lakes Indicated by Stable Isotopes 326 Mark V. Hoyer, Binhe Gu, and Claire L. Schelske
24. Importance of Physical Structures in Lakes: The Case of Lake Kinneret and General Implications 331 Avital Gasith and Sarig Gafny
25. Clear Water Associated with a Dense Chara Vegetation in the Shallow and Turbid Lake Veluwemeer, The Netherlands 339 Marcel S. Van den Berg, Hugo Coops, Marie-Louise Meijer, Marten Scheffer, and Jan Simons
26. Alternative Stable States in Shallow Lakes: What Causes a Shift? 353 Irmgard Blindow, Anders Hargeby, and Gunnar Andersson
27. Clear and Turbid Water in Shallow Norwegian Lakes Related to Submerged Vegetation 361 B j0m A. Faafeng and Marit Mjelde
28. Macrophytes and Turbidity in Brackish Lakes with Special emphasis on the Role of Top-Down Control 369 Erik Jeppesen, Martin S0ndergaard, Jens Peder Jensen, Eva Kanstrup, and Birgitte Petersen
x Contents
Section 3. Interdisciplinary Discussions
29. Structuring Role of Macrophytes in Lakes: Changing Influence Along Lake Size and Depth Gradients 381 Avital Gasith and Mark V. Hoyer
30. Nutrient-Loading Gradient in Shallow Lakes: Report of the Group Discussion 393 Stephen R. Carpenter, Ellen van Donk, and Robert G. Wetzel
31. Alternative Stable States 397 Marten Scheffer and Erik Jeppesen
Index 407
Gunnar Andersson
John W. Barko
Irmgard Blindow
Christer Bronmark
Lise Bruun
Stephen R. Carpenter
Contributors
County Administration Board, S-205 15 Malmo, Sweden
Environmental Laboratory, USACE Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, USA
Department of Limnology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Department of Ecology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
xi
xii
Kirsten Christoffersen
Hugo Coops
Greg Cronin
Larry B. Crowder
Paul Cunningham
Sebastian Diehl
Bj0m A. Faafeng
Adrienne 1. Froelich
Sarig Gafny
Avital Gasith
Binhe Gu
Contributors
Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 Hiller0d, Denmark
Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of ColoradolNOAA, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA
Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516-9721, USA
Bureau of Fish Management, Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53703, USA
Zoologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maxirnilians UniversiHit, D-80333 Miinchen, Germany
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Kjelsaas, 0411 Oslo, Norway
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556, USA
Institute for Nature Conservation Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Institute for Nature Conservation Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Division of Environmental Sciences, St. 10hns River Water Management District, P.O. Box 1429, Palatka, FL 32178-1429, USA
Anders Hargeby
Mark V. Hoyer
William F. James
Jens Peder Jensen
Erik Jeppesen
John Iwan Jones
Klaus JUrgens
Timo Kairesalo
Eva Kanstrup
Contributors
Department of Biology, University College of Karlstad, S-65188 Karlstad, Sweden
xiii
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Floridallnstitute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653-3071, USA
Eau Galle Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, USACE Waterways Experiment Station, Spring Valley, WI 54767, USA
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Royal Halloway Institute for Environmental Research, Royal Halloway College, University of London, Huntersdale, Callow Hill, Virginia Water, Surrey GU25 4LN, UK
Max Planck Institute for Limnology, D-24302 PIOn, Germany
Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 15210 Lahti, Finland
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
XIV
Ryszard Komij6w
Torben L. Lauridsen
David M. Lodge
Thomas H. Martin
Elizabeth W. McCollum
Marie-Louise Meijer
Stuart F. Mitchell
Marit Mje1de
Robert E. Moeller
Brian Moss
Nathan Nibbelink
Contributors
Department of Hydrology and Ichthyobiology, University of Agriculture, 20-950 Lublin 1, Poland
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
1715 Broadview Lane, Apt. 209, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Kjelsaas, 0411 Oslo, Norway
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, 31 Williams Drive, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
Mark Olson
Craig W. Osenberg
Tom Pellett
Martin R. Perrow
Lennart Persson
Birgitte Petersen
Marten Scheffer
Claire L. Schelske
Louise Schliiter
Jan Simons
Contributors
Cornell University Biological Field Station, Bridgeport, NY 13030, USA
Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
Bureau of Integrated Science Services, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53716, USA
ECON, Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Department of Animal Ecology, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Water Quality Management and Aquatic Ecology, P.O. Box 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands
xv
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Floridallnstitute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 7922 NW 71 st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653-3071, USA
The Water Quality Institute, Agem Alle 11, DK-2970 H!3rsholm, Denmark
Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Free University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
XVI
Martin SliSndergaard
Morten SliSndergaard
Christine Storlie
Jon Theil-Nielsen
Anett Trebitz
Marcel S. Van den Berg
Ellen Van Donk
Jan E. Vennaat
Robert T. Wass
Robert G. Wetzel
Contributors
Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 HillerliSd, Denmark
Bureau of Integrated Science Services, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53716, USA
Freshwater Biology Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 HillerliSd, Denmark
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Free University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology (NIOO-CL), Rijksstraatweg 6, 3631 AC Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands
International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0206, USA
Karen Wilson
Johnstone O. Young
Contributors
Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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