ecofriendly materials

8/10/2019 Ecofriendly Materials

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ECOFRIENDLY / SUSTAINABLEBUILDING MATERIALS


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Sustainable materials or ecofriendly materials are materials that dont

deplete non-renewable resources during their manufacturing or

construction and without disrupting the established steady-state

equilibrium of the environment and key natural resource systems.

They are also called green materialsbecause they are good for

environment.

Using locally produced building materials shortens transport distances,

thus reducing air pollution produced by vehicles.

Often, local materials are better suited to climatic conditions, and these

purchases support area economies.


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WHY DO WE NEED TO USE SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS ?

Building and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tons of

raw materials each year or 40 percent of total global use.

Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of

dwindling non renewable resources internationally.

In addition, integrating green building materials into building projects can

help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction,

transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal

of these building industry source materials.


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PROPERTIES OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

Pollution Prevention Measures in Manufacturing

Waste Reduction Measures in Manufacturing

Embodied Energy Reduction

Reduction of Construction Waste

Readily recyclable or reusable when no longer needed

Sustainably harvested from renewable resources

Can be salvaged for reuse, refurbished, remanufactured, or recycled

Manufactured from waste material such as straw or fly ash or waste- reducing

process

Minimally packaged and/ or wrapped with recyclable packaging

Locally extracted and processes

Energy efficient in use

Less energy used in extraction, processing, and transport to the job site

Generates renewable energy

Water efficient


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A materials life cycle can be organized into three phases: Pre-Building;

Building; and Post-Building.

These stages parallel the life cycle phases of the building .The evaluation ofbuilding materials environmental impact at each stage gives us the overall

impact of the building on the environment.


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U value

A U value is a measure of heat loss or

heat gain through a building element

such as a wall, floor or roof.

It can also be referred to as an overallheat transfer co-efficient and measures

how well parts of a building transfer

heat.

They are useful as it is a way of

predicting the performance of an entire

building.

Important terms related to sustainable materials


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Embodied Energy

The embodied energy of a material

refers to the total energy required to

produce that material, including the

collection of raw materials.

This energy typically comes from the

burning of fossil fuels, which are a

limited, non-renewable resource.


Portland Cement 94 lbsack 381,624 BTU

Lime, hydrated 100 lb

sack 440,619 BTU

Common brick 1 block

13,570 BTU

Concrete block 1 block29,018 BTU

Earth (Adobe) block 1 block

2,500 BTU

The combustion of fossil fuels also has severe environmental consequences,from localized smog to acid rain.

The greater a materials embodied energy, the greater the amount of energy

required to produce it, implying more severe ecological consequences


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Volatile organic compounds

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

are a large group of carbon-based

chemicals that easily evaporate at room

temperature.

There are thousands of different VOCsproduced and used in our daily lives.

Some common examples include:

Acetone

Benzene

Ethylene glycol

Formaldehyde

Methylene chloride

Perchloroethylene

Toluene


Low-emitting materials

They are products that do not releasesignificant pollutants into the indoor

environment. These products contain

zero- and low-volatile organic

compounds (vocs).


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GREEN RATING SYSTEMS LEED :The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building

Rating System represents the U.S. Green Building Councils effort to provide a

national standard for what constitutes a green building. Through its useas a design guideline and third-party certification tool, it aims to improveoccupant well-being, environmental performance and economic returns ofbuildings using established and innovative practices, standards andtechnologies.

This Rating System document states the basic intent, requirements and

documentation submittals that are necessary to achieve each prerequisite andvoluntary credit. All prerequisites must be achieved in order to qualify forcertification. Points add up to a final score that relates to one of four possiblelevels of certification.

GRIHA : Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment GRIHA attempts tominimize a buildings resource consumption, waste generation, and overall

ecological impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks. It evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over its

entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes agreen building

The rating system, based on accepted energy and environmental principles, willseek to strike a balance between the established practices and emergingconcepts, both national and international.


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NATURAL

Anything naturally occurring and accessible topeople in a certain area makes the material

natural

Mud, stone and clay are among the most basic

natural building materials used to create sheltersand other structures to suit their local weather

conditions.

Generally lower in embodied energy provided

they have not been imported from far away areas

Less processing required and ecofriendly

When Locally available natural materials are

incorporated into building products, the products

become more sustainable.


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In many areas, indigenous stone is available from the local region, such as

limestone, marble, granite, and sandstone.

It may be cut in quarries or removed from the surface of the ground (flag and

fieldstone).Ideally, stone from the building site can be utilized. Depending on the stone

type, it can be used for structural block, facing block, pavers, and crushed

stone.

STONE


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STONE

ADVANTAGES:

Using natural stone bypasses the initial carbon impact associated with the

production of materials such as steel and brick since it is a natural material.

Stone is recyclable. When a stone structure is torn down, the stone can be used

to build another durable structure.

DISADVANTAGES:

Imported stone causes one of the greatest cost in terms of environmental

impact.

Also, the process of quarrying involves a lot of energy and causes sitedegradation.


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Wood is considered a sustainable building material because it is derived from arenewable source and has low embodied energy. This reflects the minimal non-

renewable energy used in the production of timber and its application in

construction.

ADVANTAGESIt also has sound thermal properties, meaning that timber structures rely less

on carbon-emitting heating and cooling appliances than buildings constructed

of other materials

Wood can also be recycled, which is important in terms of storing carbon

through the life of a product and its transformation.

DISADVANTAGES

Major disadvantage of using wood as a building material is that it involves

cutting of trees

WOOD


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The delicate grain of bamboo, whether natural or amber-toned, make it a

distinctive, elegant, and subtle material for fine furniture and flooring.

ADVANTAGES:

Bamboo is a kind of grass. This means that it grows a lot faster than trees that

may take decades to become a renewable or profitable source of building

material.

Farmed bamboo stabilizes the earth with its roots, preventing erosion.

Bamboo absorbs, during its growth and life until harvest, a relative big amount

of CO2 from the atmosphere

DISADVANTAGES

It loses half of its strength when it is wet for

longer periods of time.

Transportation of bamboo over long distances

reduces its efficiency as a sustainable material.

BAMBOO


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BRICK

Brick plants today make use of non-fossil fuel resources, such asburning methane captured from landfills, sawdust and agricultural waste

products.

Areas that are mined for clay and shale can be reclaimed to a natural state, or

even turned into small lakes and parks for recreational uses.

Brick provides an energy-efficient envelope for a building that reduces the

amount of energy necessary to heat or cool the interior. Because of its

durability, brick also all but eliminates the need for exterior maintenance.

It does not emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including

Chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depletingsubstances.

Minimized waste, Efficient transportation.


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EARTH MATERIALS

Rammed earth is more often considered for use in walls, although it can also

be used for floors. Rammed earth and caliche block can be used forstructural walls, and offer great potential as low-cost material alternatives

with low embodied energy. In addition, such materials are fireproof. Caliche

block and rammed earth can be produced on-site.

In addition, brick seconds or brick that is damaged can be crushed andrecycled and either returned to the manufacturing process to make more

brick, or used as a landscaping material in its crushed form.

The end product has much embodied energy but is also very long-lasting.

Double wall construction can greatly

enhance insulation value.


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COMMERCIAL STATUS


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COMMERCIAL STATUSTECHNOLOGY:

Rammed earth and caliche block construction are not well known by most builders and

architects today, although there are some architects and builders who are experienced

with these materials.

SUPPLIERS:There are numerous suppliers of indigenous stone and local brick in many regions.

Caliche block and rammed earth are not available commercially, but can be created on

site

COST:

Brick: approximately Rs100.00 per square foot (4 inch material) and up depending on

thickness. Stone: Rs200.00 to Rs300.00 per square foot (material) depending on type.Compressed soil block: approximately Rs70 per square foot (9 inches thick).

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

FINANCING:

Stone and brick materials do not pose a problem for lending institutions, and are often

valued positively for increased property value and fire rating. Rammed earth,compressed soil block, and caliche block may pose problems for traditional financing.

PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE:

Stone and brick construction are considered desirable, although their use for interior

thermal mass is not common in many areas. Rammed earth and caliche block are little

known, and may not currently receive wide public acceptance.


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FLOORING

Treatments of Commercial carpeting and textiles may help prolong a productslife, but the long-term health and environmental impacts of those chemicals are

unknown, and in some cases may be cause for concern.

Project specifications today frequently require low volatile organic compound

(VOC) levels for flooring adhesives, and low-VOC choices abound as the

industry has shifted from solvent-based to water-based products. Many of these

meet multiple standards for emissions.

Ideally artificial flooring or its treatment should be chlorine-free.

Using some percentage of pre-consumer recycled flooring from the trimmingprocess that has melted back into the base is one way to make eco-friendly

flooring.

After Chemical treatment of carpet pads, the waste water is highly toxic.


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Sustainable insulation with Polystyrene Foam

Polystyrene foams are durable materials, designed to offer superior, constantinsulation performance over their entire service life of more than 50 years.

Recent studies have demonstrated that building insulation is the most cost-

effective way to significantly alleviate the global warming effect of greenhouse

gases by drastically reducing CO2 emissions.

Buildings insulated with polystyrene foam boards achieve optimum levels of

energy efficiency, meeting the most stringent pieces of relevant legislation,

including the EU Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings.

The use of polystyrene foam reduces significantly heat losses and related CO2

emissions from heating and/or air conditioning, thus contributing strongly to

mitigate the effects of global warming. Polystyrene foam boards have no Global

Warming Potential: they contain no ozone-depleting substances, and deliver

optimal energy efficiency at an affordable price.


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Recycling Polystyrene Foam boardsPolystyrene is already one of the most recycled plastics. This optimizes costs

and reduces the need for virgin material.

Polystyrene has a long life time in buildings and so there is little current need

for recycling this material.

Stored energy can be recovered from polystyrene foam.

Since polystyrene foam does not degrade or deteriorate, it can be readily

recycled in several ways at the end of its useful lifetime:

Added back into new polystyrene foam insulation boards

Moulded into new applications such as plant pots, coat hangers, park

benches or fence posts

Environmental performanceStable and durable (no degradation by moisture, rotting, or mould)

Low environmental impact during production and installation

Easily and completely recyclable/recoverable, mechanically (EPS) or

thermally (EPS and XPS)

Sustainable insulation with Polystyrene Foam


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ADHESIVES, FINISHES AND SEALANTSTYPICAL VOC LIMITS REQUIRED

SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES, both enhance the durability of surfaces and structure, although they

do so at a cost as they are often hazardous in manufacture and application. Many construction

adhesive formulas contain more than 30% volatile petroleum derived solvents to maintain liquidity

until application which can be hazardous to both occupants and workers.


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ALTERNATIVE

Water-based adhesives are available from a number of manufacturers. Industry

tests indicate that these products work as well as or better than solvent based

adhesives and are available at comparable costs.

Also when such adhesives are purchased in bulk the containers can often be

returned to vendors for refill.

Stains and Sealants also normally emit potentially toxic volatile organic

compounds into the air. The most efficient method to manage this is to employ

materials that do not require additional sealing such as stone, ceramic and glass tile

clay plasters etc.

Environmentally preferable cleaning methods and products can reduce indoor air

pollution and waste generation.

Biodegradability is also a key factor.


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PAINTS AND COATS

The USGBC requires that paints and

coatings applied on site and used in interiors

comply with the standards given in the table

Most paint, even water based LATEX is

derived from petroleum. Its manufacture

requires substantial energy and water andcreates air pollution and solid and liquid

waste.

Also VOCs emitted from paints are often

associated with eye, lung, skin irritation,

headaches, nausea, kidney liver damage etc .ALTERNATIVE

Silicate paints are and alternative type of

paint that is solvent free and may be used on

stucco, concrete and stone.

GLASS


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GLASS

Windows are an essential element in construction because they provide ventilation,

light, views etc. The fabrication of windows, whether made of wood, aluminum,plastic or steel, as any other manufactured product, will require energy and will

likely to generate pollution.

Energy efficiency is one of the main consideration in reducing the environmental

impacts of a window.

Windows are available in variety of glazing options. Each option offers a different

thermal resistance or R- Value.

1. Single glazing and acrylic single glazing are

similar; R = 1.0

2. Single glazing with storm window and

double glazing are similar; R = 2.03. Double glazing with a low E-coating and

triple glazing are similar; R = 3.0

4. Triple glazing with a low E-coating; R= 4.0

By comparison, for a conventional insulated stud

wall R = 14.


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WASTE GENERATED

Most common building materials today have recyclable alternatives.

The reuse of recycled materials is beginning to stand out as an

innovative, highly effective, and artistic expression of sustainable

design.

Reusing materials from existing on site and nearby site elementssuch as trees, structures, and paving is becoming a trend in the built

environment, however more unorthodox materials such as soda cans

and tires are being discovered as recyclable building materials.

Another popular trend regarding recycled building materials is the

use of site provided materials.


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CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

The broad intent of construction waste management credit is to avoid materialsgoing to landfills during construction by diverting the construction waste,

demolition and land clearing debris from landfill disposal, redirecting recyclable

recovered resources back to the manufacturing process and redirecting reusable

materials to appropriate sites.

Develop and implement a construction waste management plan that a minimumidentifies and quantifies the materials generated during construction that is to be

recycled or diverted from disposal and notes whether such materials will be sorted

on site or comingled.

Typical items would include brick debris, concrete, steel, ductwork, clean

dimensional wood paper-board and plastic used in packing..Etc.

As the contractor is responsible for the construction waste management he/she will

generally be responsible for completing the required LEED documentation.


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Many building materials are available in recycled form:

Metals- Steel and aluminium building elements are highly recyclable. Between 50 to

70 percent of the energy and pollution caused by steel production can be avoided byrecycling steel. Remitting aluminium avoids up to 85 percent of the energy and

pollution of aluminium manufacturing.

Heavy timber- Salvaged and re-sawed, heavy timber can be recycled.

Plastics- Although most plastics are recyclable, the process is often difficult to

accomplish. Different types of plastic must be separated, an expensive and labor-

intensive task. Plastic recycling is not yet a viable option for building materials, since

they are usually combined with additives, coatings, and colorants. Companies are

working to solve the problem, however, and more plastic may be reused in the future.

Glass- Remelting glass offers few energy and pollution savings. As a result, little

recycling of glass building products occurs.

Masonry products and ceramics- Recycling concrete, clay, and other similar

materials is difficult, but it can be done. Masonry products are often crushed and then

reused for granular fill in roads and sidewalks.


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BUILDING AND MATERIAL REUSE

Maintain existing walls, roofs and floors-The LEED intend is to protect virgin resources by reusing building materials

And products thereby reducing impacts associated with extraction and processing and

to extend the life cycle of existing building stock, conserve resources, retain cultural

resources, reduce wasteland reduce environmental impacts of new buildings as they

relate to materials manufacturing and transport.

Interior non structural elements-

Consider the use of salvaged, refurbished or reused materials from previously occupied

buildings, including structure envelop and elements.

Remove elements that pose contamination risk to building occupants and upgrade

components that would improve energy and water efficiency, such as windows,

mechanical system and plumbing fixtures.Mechanical , electrical, plumbing or specialty components and items should not be

included.

Windows, doors and similar assemblies may be excluded.

There is a potential to lower building costs and provide a mix of desirable building

characteristics.


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However the reuse of existing structural elements depends on many factors not least of

which are fire safety, energy efficiency, and regulatory requirements.Salvaged materials such as beams and posts, flooring paneling. Doors and frames,

cabinetry and furniture brick and decorative items should be considered.

Reuse is essentially the salvage and reinstallation of materials in there original form.

Recycling is the collection and remanufacture of materials into a new material or

product, typically different from the original.It should be noted that some materials should not be reused at all.

For example materials contaminated by hazardous substances such as asbestos, arsenic

and lead paint must be treated and/or disposed properly.

The owner/developer must provide a report prepared by a suitably qualified person

outlining to the extent to which major building elements from a previous building wereincorporated into the existing building.

The report should include preconstruction and post construction details

Highlighting and quantifying the reused elements, be it foundations, structural

elements or facades.

BUILDING AND MATERIAL REUSE


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Insulated Concrete FormsPreformed blocks made with expanded polystyrene (EPS) and metal rebar (can

be stacked to build frame); filled with concrete to create an insulated andexceptionally strong wall

Benefits of Insulated Concrete Forms

Ease of Use - building blocks are very easy to use; require less crew and

take significantly less time to build than a traditional house Energy Efficiency- insulation properties of polystyrene + high thermal

mass of concrete reduce the internal temperature fluctuations forefficient/comfortable indoor environment

Noise Reduction - reduction of noise transmission

Fire-resistance - highly rated for fire-resistance (four hour resistance rating)

Strength - exceptionally strong (built to hurricane/seismic standards)

Mildew/Rot- will not support the growth of mildew and mold

excellent structural choice for those exposed to severe weather such ashurricanes and tornadoes; blocks are made of concrete (does raise someenvironmental concerns)

ecofriendly materials

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