eco-efficiency measures to mitigate climate …...07.07.200907.07.2009 seite 1seite 1 eco-efficiency...

07.07.2009 Seite 1Seite 107.07.2009

Eco-Efficiency Measures to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts and Industrial Risk Management

Dr. Atiq RahmanExecutive Director of Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS),

Chairman of Climate Action Network – South Asia (CANSA)Visiting Professor: Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University and

Harvard University, Boston, USA

Hyderabad, IndiaHyderabad, India66--7 July 20097 July 2009

07.07.2009 Seite 2Seite 2

Outline of the Presentation

A. BackgroundB. Eco-efficiency Measures and

Industrial Risk ManagementC. Industrialization and Industrial

Pollution D. Climate Change Impacts in

Bangladesh E. Responding to Climate ChangeF. Conclusion


Bangladesh is Vulnerable to

1. Demographic pressure2. Disasters3. Climate Change4. Industrial Governance


1. Background

Area 1,47,570 Sq. km

Population 142 Million (Approximate)

Growth rate 1.5%

Fertility rate 2.56 children born/women

Per Capita Income US$ 599

Annual GDP Growth Rate Average 6.3% from 2002/03 to 2007/08

Share of Industry in GDP 30%

Growth trend of Industry 7 to 8% pa

Industrial production growth rate 6.2%


Growth of Industries


Year Number of Factories

1992-93 1537

1996-97 2503

1999-00 3200

2000-01 3480

2001-02 3618

2002-03 3760

2003-04 3957

2004-05 4107

2005-06 4220

2006-07 4490

Growth of Garments Industries

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-200

1

2001

-200

2

2002

-200

3

2003

-200

4

2004

-200

5

Year

US$

(mill

ions

)

Woven

Knit

Export of RMG in BD


Pollution: A Major Challenge

Early Initiation of Rapid IndustrializationEmerging threat of Climate ChangeEco-efficiency Measures: A ResponseNeeds Additional Risk Management


B. Eco-Efficiency Measures in Bangladesh

Emerging ConcernsCompetence, efficiency, better management, pollution abatement, green business and profit making with social and environmental responsibilities

Greening the Economy and Business Innovation, technology generation, efficiency and improved managementEnabling Political Environment and InvestmentGlobal market forces and local realityPrivate and Public PartnershipEmerging benefit from Green Economy


The Key Challenges of Greening Economy, Industries and Business

The 3 Rs for caring the Earth and Ecosystems: »Reduce»Reuse and »Recycle

Environmental quality and risk management-ETP and standard setting-Safety and Security-Strong monitoring and supervision

Competence and compliance of global, national and local concerns Green business, equity and profit making

07.07.2009 Seite 10Seite 10

Corporate and Business Concerns

Fundamental Objective of Business is Continuity and Highest Profit Practice of High Quality Products for Market Leadership win in Intense Competition.Stable Socio-Economic Structure and Good Practice of Commerce and Market Sustainable Business Transaction ProcessServing customers/consumersGood Reputation GoodwillImage building and branding

07.07.2009 Seite 11Seite 11

CIVIL SOCIETYGOVERNMENT

PRIVATE SECTOR

Security FoodEnergyWaterEmployment/LivelihoodShelter

GoodsNutrition ClothingInformation & Communication

Services HealthEducation Rule of Law

FreedomDecision Making ParticipationPolitical Democracy

AccessNatural ResourcesFinancial ResourcesInstitutions

Investment/SavingCreditSkillOrganization

HUMAN RIGHTS Support HRNo HR abuseFreedom of

Association

LABOUR RIGHTSElimination of Forced LabourAbolition of Child LabourElimination of Discrimination

ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Precautionary PrincipleEnv. Responsibility Env. Friendly

Technology

Key Development Needs Nine Universal Principles in Global Compact

Key Sectoral Interactions

Global Compact: Business for Development

07.07.2009 Seite 12Seite 12

Doing Business within Sustainable Development Framework

07.07.2009 Seite 13Seite 13

Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibilities: Opportunities and Challenges

Key OpportunitiesHighest ProfitExpansion of MarketSocio-Economic StabilityEnvironmental SustainabilitySocial ConstancyImage Building Knowledge ExpansionInfrastructural DevelopmentEmployment OpportunityCommunity Development

Key Constraints Key Constraints

Appropriate Knowledge of Technology and Market

Financial instability

Infrastructural Constraint

Worker’s Unrest

Social Instability

Image diminish

Compliance Constraint

Poor Health & Safety Measures

Environmental Pollution

Natural and Manmade Disasters

Market Loss

07.07.2009 Seite 14Seite 14

Industrial Pollution in Gazipur

There are about 24,000 registered small-scale industrial units in Bangladesh

It is generally accepted there were an equivalent number unregistered,

Many of these industries are highly polluting and as a consequence of their rapid and largely unregulated development.

Although existing legislation specifies stringent effluent standards, they are not adequately adhered to or enforced

07.07.2009 Seite 15Seite 15

Bangladesh Map showing Dhaka and Gazipur

Dhaka was the industrial base from British to Pakistan regimes

Gazipur is a newly growing industrial belt near Dhaka

07.07.2009 Seite 16Seite 16

Kaliakoir Industrial Cluster

07.07.2009 Seite 17Seite 17

Main feature of the area

07.07.2009 Seite 18Seite 18

07.07.2009 Seite 19Seite 19

Immediate Impression

Water bodies are highly coloured in places due to the dye and the high sulphide levels, which makes the water black.

There is a foul smell near water bodies, particularly in the dry season

v

07.07.2009 Seite 20Seite 20

Turag in dry season

Dissolved oxygen (DO) level were within national limit in December.

In some sites, DO level starts deteriorating from early January.

Later in March,06, DO level in all sites were below national limit

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

Dec,06 Jan A,06 Jan B,06 Feb A,06 Feb B,06 Mar A,06 March B,06

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n (m

g/L)

Site 11Site12Site 13Site 1Site 19Site 14Site 15Site 16Site 17Site 18Site 20Site 21Site 22Site 23Site 24Site 25

07.07.2009 Seite 21Seite 21

Mokosh beel and Khal in Dry season

DO measurements were found to be below the national limit (except for site 3 which carries clean water from Kalia daha beel) from December, 05 to March, 06.v

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Dec, 05 Jan A,06 Jan B,06 Feb A,06 Feb B,06 Mar A,06 March B,06

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n (m

g/l)

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Site 6

Site7

Site 8

Site 9

Site 10

07.07.2009 Seite 22Seite 22

Water Quality

Biological oxygen demands (BOD) is more than a hundred times than the national standard

Chemical oxygen demands (COD) was found to be nearly 5 times higher than the national standard.

Sulfide concentrations and pH were also high and exceed national standards.

High concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium were also found in the sediments near the industries

07.07.2009 Seite 23Seite 23

These conditions are unsuitable for aquatic life and wild life

Effecting the livelihoods of the peopleFood crop productionLand value has decreased

Impact

07.07.2009 Seite 24Seite 24

Health Problems

““I did not see many patients with skin diseases in the past, and dysentery and diarrhea have increased a lot in the area…….. Farmers, children and fishers are mainly affected as they work in the water”

07.07.2009 Seite 25Seite 25

C. Climate change and Natural Disaster

• Critical geographical location• Great Himalayan in the North• Bay of Bengal

• Big river systems and deltaic floodplains

• Low elevation from the sea level and long coast

• Frequent natural disasters• High population density and

poverty• Dependency on natural

resources

07.07.2009 Seite 26Seite 26

D. Climate Change Impacts in Bangladesh

Multiple Vulnerability of the Country

•Sea level Rise

•Cyclone (Intensity & Frequency)

•Deeper Penetration of Saline Water

•Erratic Rainfall

•Flood (Intensity & Frequency)

•Drought

•River Bank Erosion

•Health

•Food Security

07.07.2009 Seite 27Seite 27

Sea L

evel R

ise

Sea L

evel R

ise

07.07.2009 Seite 28Seite 28

CycloneCyclone

07.07.2009 Seite 29Seite 29

Err

ati

c R

ain

fall

Err

ati

c R

ain

fall

07.07.2009 Seite 30Seite 30

FloodsFloods

07.07.2009 Seite 31Seite 31

Riv

er

Ban

k E

rosi

on

Riv

er

Ban

k E

rosi

on

07.07.2009 Seite 32Seite 32

Changes in Drought PatternsChanges in Drought Patterns

07.07.2009 Seite 33Seite 33

Impacts on HealthImpacts on Health

Source: IPCC AR4, 2007

07.07.2009 Seite 34Seite 34

Impacts on Food Security

IPCC estimates that, by 2050, rice production in IPCC estimates that, by 2050, rice production in Bangladesh could decline by 8 percent and wheat Bangladesh could decline by 8 percent and wheat by 32 percentby 32 percent

Decrease production of livestock, Decrease production of livestock,

Increase of pest attackIncrease of pest attackDecrease production of fisheriesDecrease production of fisheries

07.07.2009 Seite 35Seite 35

Climate Change Impacts on Industries Climate Change Impacts on Industries and Societyand Society

Temperature rise, erratic rainfall and floods

Destroy large industries and SMEs Garments industries are severely affected by urban floods in BangladeshDisrupt of power supply and production

Employees are badly affected:

House and food securityWater supply and Health Loss of wage and incomePoverty increases

07.07.2009 Seite 36Seite 36

Climate Change, Industrial Water Climate Change, Industrial Water Pollution and Growing Health RisksPollution and Growing Health Risks

The country is already facing water crisis due to

Population growth, urbanization and industrializationLow flow of up-stream water during dry seasonIndustries pollute fresh water, wetland, river, canals and ground water

Climate change brings additional threats to:

Availability and quality of waterScarcity of fresh water will affect ecosystems, industrial production and human health

07.07.2009 Seite 37Seite 37

Climate Change, MDGs and Poverty Climate Change, MDGs and Poverty AlleviationAlleviation

Clim

ate Change Signal

Source: Saleem et al.., 2006

Poverty Alleviation/M

DG

sTemperature

(e.g. heat waves)

Hydrology(e.g. Floods &

Droughts)

Extreme Events(e.g. Cyclone &

Hurricanes)

07.07.2009 Seite 38Seite 38

Disaster ManagementDisaster ManagementImpact-Adaptation

Relationship

= ∑ ∫

X ∫ X ∫

Intensity of Event

BaselineConditions

AdaptiveCapacity

Impact Event

07.07.2009 Seite 39Seite 39

E. Responding to Climate ChangeE. Responding to Climate Change

Global policy and action for halting climate changeUNFCCC principle: Common but differentiated responsibilities of all nationsConference of the Parties (COP) and MOPKyoto Protocol: CDM, Carbon trading and JITechnology for low carbon development and greening the economyBali Action Plan: Four Building Blocks

»Mitigation and Adaptation »Fund and Compensation for the poor

Climate Change issues must be integrated into development and poverty alleviation

07.07.2009 Seite 40Seite 40

Responding to Climate Change: Responding to Climate Change: Con Con ……..

Industrial Sector must take action for Mitigation: low carbon development, pollution abatement, CDM, energy efficiency and renewableNew technology for greening production and economy

Promotion of Adaptation to Climate Change: Agriculture, water, industries and communitiesEnhancement of environmental soundness and social safety nets for food, water and human security

07.07.2009 Seite 41Seite 41

ConclusionConclusion

Limited literature on climate change linkages with industial system an ecoefficiency measures

Early findings show - Climate change has Positive and

negative impact with industrialization

07.07.2009 Seite 42Seite 42


Positive:Mitigation by ecoefficiency

-CDM-Lower carbon foot print-More efficient Process

-Energy-Water-Raw materials

07.07.2009 Seite 43Seite 43


Negative:Mitigation by ecoefficiency

-Health of workers-Poverty increase-Risk of Disaster increase

FloodCyclonesDrought

-Resource depletion-Biodiversity and habitat loss

07.07.2009 Seite 44Seite 44


Negative: Mitigation by ecoefficiency-Employment and livelihood-Food Security-Water Quality-Industrial Production Loss

07.07.2009 Seite 45Seite 45


Bangladesh in early stage of industrializationIndustry and service sector are growth areasRMG & textile are the rapidly growing industriesOvercome the challenges of

a) Multifibre Agreementb)Child labour control

07.07.2009 Seite 46Seite 46

ConclusionsConclusionsDisaster is a challenge Climate change is a major threat with some opportunities

-Eco efficiency-CDM-Process Improvement-Renewable Energy Utilization

-Better and inclusive Industrial Governance

Employment and

07.07.2009 Seite 47Seite 47


Response has to be “green economy” through sustainable development-Rapid Economic Growth-Social Justice and Economic Opportunities -Environmental Protection and Eco-efficiency Measures

07.07.2009 Seite 48Seite 48

Thank you

eco-efficiency measures to mitigate climate …...07.07.200907.07.2009 seite 1seite 1 eco-efficiency...

Documents