eco beruang 2

[ ] COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank to my member group of this presentation for

the valuable guidance and cooperation. We work together very close as a team to complete

our presentation. They inspired me greatly to work in this group. Also I would like to thank

to our classmate, they willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to our

assignment. I also would like to thank them for teaching me some example that related to the

topic of our presentation.

In addition, I would like to take this opportunity to thank to our lecturer, Pn Izatul

Farrita Binti Mohd Kamar for offering this topic presentation, Commercial Building. It gave

us an opportunity to participate and learn about the definition, properties, necessary and many

more knowledge. Finally, an honourable mention goes to our families and friends for their

understandings and supports on us in completing this presentation. Without helps of the

particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this.

Page | 1


INTRODUCTION

Construction industry is indeed by far the largest industry available in this country

and also in other countries too. Provides a huge amount of employment throughout every

sectors. More than one quarters of the population approximately. Inside the construction

industries lies a wide variety of parties involved; among many are Architects, Engineers and

also Quantity Surveyor. The most accurate term for these parties is called the Design Team.

Hence, the industry has immense potential in generating more employment

opportunities in particular for the forthcoming ten major infrastructure projects and provides

a good platform for dedicated people to contribute to the development for the future of the

community. Construction Industry work covers work on new or existing commercial,

industrial or domestic buildings or structures.

In this scheme, construction industry means:

the construction or erection of a building or structure that is or is to be fixed to the

ground and wholly or partially fabricated on-site;

any preliminary site preparation work (including pile driving) for the construction or

erection of any such building or structure;

the alteration, maintenance, repair or demolition of any building or structure,

excluding electrical or metal trades maintenance or repair work;

the laying of pipes and other prefabricated materials in the ground, and any associated

excavation work;

the construction, erection, installation, extension, alteration or dismantling of a

transmission or distribution line, or plant, plant facility or equipment used in

connection with the supply of electricity; or an air-conditioning, ventilation or

refrigeration system;

the construction, erection, installation, extension, alteration, service, repair,

replacement of parts or dismantlement of a lift or escalator;

electrical or metal work associated with other engineering projects

Page | 2


COMMERCIAL BUILDING

DEFINITION

Commercial buildings are buildings that have at least 50 per cent of their space

devoted to commercial use. These buildings essentially are any buildings where people don't

live. They can include warehouses, offices, department stores, schools and even churches.

Most commercial buildings have the same set of general functions despite the wide range of

commercial building types. Local authorities commonly maintain strict regulations on

commercial zoning, and have the authority to designate any zoned area as such. A business

must be located in a commercial area or area zoned at least partially for commerce.

COMMERCIAL - BUSSINESS

While commercial architects perform many of the same tasks as the residential

architect, their responsibilities are increased many-fold by the size of the building envelope,

its location and the myriad infrastructure services it must provide to the tenants.

A commercial office tower may look like a condominium, but it has significantly

different infrastructure needs, such as passenger and freight elevators, loading docks,

washrooms, meeting rooms, cafeterias, and parking garages, among many others. Only after

all these are in place does the commercial interior designer join the team. Commercial

architects must also work with engineers and trades specialists on factory construction,

meeting needs for security, safety and cleanliness to the point of sterility, in addition to all the

issues mentioned above.

Commercial Design - Community Infrastructure

Still other commercial architects and designers specialize in health care facilities like

hospitals, clinics and rehabilitation facilities. Their knowledge of materials that are easy to

keep clean and sterile is a key factor in creating health care environments that help people get

well faster. Government is another major employer of commercial architects and interior

designers, on secondary infrastructure projects such as public transit systems, libraries.

Page | 3


Commercial Design - Hospitality and Retail

Hospitality and tourism architecture and design promotes not just comfort but luxury

in entertainment premises, whether on land, on the water or in the air. Modern dance clubs,

hotels and casinos showcase the teamwork of commercial architects, interior designers, and

lighting and sound technicians.

Retail architecture has seen a 180-degree turn in the 21st century from the enclosed

multi-story megamall to the smaller, more open rectangular mall with plenty of outdoor

parking, more typical of the 1950s than the 1990s. The other phenomenon of contemporary

retail design is the "big box" store, which has not yet yielded to the online retail experience.

Page | 4


WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTS?

Development is the systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet

specific objectives or requirements. Development also an extension of the theoretical or

practical aspects of a concept, design, discovery, or invention.

Development can be defined as the process of economical and social transformation

that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. The

process of adding improvements to a parcel of the land such as grading, subdivisions,

drainage, access, roads, utilities.

TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT

1) Traditional/ RIBA Plan

Traditional considers that the project commences of inception and ends at completion

of the construction or the handing over the project to the client. The cost control only

be considered for the construction of the project.

MAIN PARTIES INVOLVED DURING BUILDING PROCESS

1. INCEPTION

Client sees consultants

2. FESIBILITY STUDY & CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROPOSAL

Consultants make proposal & check viability of project

3. DETAIL DESIGN

Consultants make detail design for documentations and local authorities approval and

construction purposes

4. TENDER AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

Consultants prepare document for tendering process and selection of the most

appropriate contractor

5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Main contractor (with supports from NSC and DSC) constructs the building

6. HAND OVER – COMPLETION

Project hand over to Client

Page | 5


DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

PRE CONTRACT STAGE

1. Stage : Inception

Phase : Brief Feasibility Viability

Duration : 1

Task : Look for suitable site, Analysis of market potentials, objectives for the project

established

2. Stage : Design & Costing

Phase : Outline proposal, sketch design, detail design, contract

Documentation, Procurement

Duration : 1

Task : Proposal for approval, initial cost budget prepared,

employment of consultants, quality & standard of construction agreed

3. Stage : Construction

Phase : Project Planning, Installation, commissioning

Duration : 3

Task : Project completed on time within budget & specified quantity

4. Stage : In-use

Phase : Maintenance, repair, modification

Duration : 80

Task : Feedback from project appraisal in practice will help to

reduce possible defects

Page | 6


5. Stage : Demolition

Phase : Replacement

Duration : -

Task : Through decay & obsolescence

POST CONTRACT STAGE

1) Project information

Providing the owner with guidance about building maintenance will allow

them to manage the building to achieve ongoing weather tightness and pass

maintenance information on to successive owners. Warranties, guarantees,

compliance certificates, technical data sheets and other manufacturers' information on

installed materials and components should be collected by the consultant on behalf of

the owner. A list of names and contact details for the contractor, subcontractors and

suppliers involved in the project can also be included. Additional information can be

added to provide more detailed maintenance and monitoring guidance, if appropriate

to the scale and complexity of the building.

2) Site operation

Once the contract has been signed the contractor can start on site. The Project

Manager should agree operational procedure and site administration issues, for

example, Clarify site boundaries, survey adjacent properties.

Note: a party wall surveyor may be required to agree any restrictions and or awards.

Security, means of escape

Accommodation and site welfare facilities

Health and safety issues

3) Completion

Handover to client and user occupation, correction of defects, completion of

contract requirements and settlement of the final account.

Page | 7


4) Feedback

Lessons for the next project and for the future.

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT

Developer – any construction must have developer or client

Types of development – either modern or traditional way

The process – the team involvement and procedures

DEVELOPER

Developer is one person or a firm that improves raw land with labor and capital, and arranges

for utilities and essential services, in order to sell subdivided parcels of land or to build

structures for rent and or sale. An individual or organization that responsible to develop a

construction and has sufficient budget to cater the construction works. Any construction must

have developer or client to construct. The developers have public agencies that public

developers, in addition there is also a private developer, an organization private. Example

developers in Malaysia are SIME Property, YTL Corporation, Guthrie, Lebar Daun

Properties, PKNS, Worldwide.

DEVELOPER’S ROLE

1. To define the potential of development

2. To obtain the development site

3. To obtain the authorities for development

4. To prepare the development finance

5. To ensure that the process of construction is in the right flow

Page | 8


OWNING AND FINANCING

Owning

Owning is a developer, or private customers and governments. The owner is the person

responsible for developing the project. Divided into two, namely the government and private

sectors and also for get the profit. It is also exposed to the risk of managing the project.

Financing

Financing a loan to get the money to build the project. No offer of credit to finance the

project and the financial system has many important for roles .For example financing is

banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, individuals and grant funding.

DESIGN PROCESS

Design process is prepared for the layout of the project area, first step is site benchmarking.

After this prepare the design of building project example design of building project such as

Page | 9


architectural and structural. Also have a feasibility studies, and then advice client on cost

target and implications for construct the buildings. Design process must also prepare tender

documents and tender report before start the project and also have done the tender

recommendation. After that, design process also supervises works during construction and

then owning must have cost checking against and design before the construct the project.

APPROVAL PROCESS

When a new construction product is ready for market, the manufacturer must take certain

steps to ensure its acceptance in the marketplace. The product must be tested to confirm its

specifications. Those specifications must meet minimum quality standards. This process is

critically important for new recycled-content construction products.

Local authorities

Approve scheme of works and design.

Approve building plans

Approve plan for internal and external services

Approve plan for infrastructure works

State and federal

Approve application for land and distribution

Approval for drainage & sewerage system

Page | 10


CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the

building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale

construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project

manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer

or architect. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those

involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the

environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site

safety, availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction

delays and bidding

Contractor is responsible for enforcing building diligent and work hard .Contractor also

having a contractual relationship with the customer. Besides the contractor must also obey

any orders arising from customers and contractors also wants customer. Process bounded to

the terms of the agreement in the contract. Perfecting also work according to the

specifications will also getting payment from customers based on the amount offered in the

tender document pre-project.

Page | 11


COMPARISON BETWEEN COMMERCIAL BUILDING AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Commercial building is buildings that have at least 50 per cent of their space devoted

to commercial use. Residential building is called houses or homes, though buildings

containing large numbers of separate dwelling units are often called apartment buildings or

apartment blocks to differentiate them from 'individual' houses.

There are many comparisons between commercial building and residential building

such as their type of building, number of unit and building, financial and period of

construction. First, the type of building of commercial building is mosque, office building

and shopping complex. However the type of residential building is house for example

apartment and condominium.

Next, the number of units. A commercial building has one building and has a lot of

units. Compared to residential building, there has a lot building and units. Third, their

financial. The cost to construct residential building is high than commercial building. This is

because the uses of labour to construct residential building are more than the uses of labour to

construct commercial building. Forth, the period of building construction.

The commercial building period of building construction is more fast than period of

residential building construction. This is because the affect from number of labour. The

conclusion is, commercial building is better than residential building because commercial

building can save their financial to build the building.

Page | 12


ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING DESIGNS

Many methods and tools are available to perform an energy analysis. Energy

modelling is among the most robust. No matter which method is used, it’s important to

consider all fuel sources and uses of the building, as well as its intended operating patterns.

The energy analysis report must include all relevant inputs for the building fabric, the air-

conditioning and ventilation systems, the lighting and power systems, the vertical transport

systems and the supply hot water systems.

Inputs and outputs must be detailed on the energy analysis report produced in order to

demonstrate compliance with the chosen verification method so that in conjunction with the

relevant plans and specifications and any supplementary regulatory information. The goal is

not to model the perfect building, but to model a realistic building. The "perfect building”

scenario could receive a high 1 – 100 energy star score, but may not accurately reflect real-

life activity and energy use of the building. It’s better for the design team to use a realistic

simulation to gain confidence that the design can achieve designed to earn the energy star

recognition and other goals.

Other technical inputs for calculating the annual energy consumption of services in a

building must be in accordance with specification. The verification method sets out the

standard procedure for calculating annual energy consumption. It specifies the parameters

that must be used in the assessment. The parameters include total annual energy use from all

fuel sources such as electricity, natural gas, steam, chilled water, wood, propane, and so on. It

also regulated load assumptions, such as equipment and systems. Non-regulated load

assumptions, such as plug loads and process loads. It also include the size of building,

number of workers, hours of operation, location of construction, HVAC design for example

air-conditioning and the operating schedules, lighting systems and operating schedules,

equipment efficiency data from the manufacturer, right-sizing systems and passive design

strategies.

Page | 13


Not all modelling programs calculate additional energy uses required for domestic hot

water, exterior lighting, elevators, and similar systems, but these elements should also be

included in the simulation model. Although the values used within specification may not be

those that might actually be achieved in the building, as the building may change occupancies

over time, they are considered to be the most likely.

It is not the responsibility of the relevant building surveyor to provide the technical

input data details of specification as design advice. It is the responsibility of the designers,

engineers and energy raters to ensure that the appropriate inputs have been used prior to

providing the information to the relevant building surveyor. Therefore designers, engineers

and energy raters should fully understand specification. The relevant building surveyor

should simply be familiar with specification so they can ensure that any report provided as

part of an application for a building permit includes the relevant inputs required by the tables

in specification.

Page | 14


CONCLUSION

Commercial builders, including general contractors and specialty subcontractors, can

profit from applying project management techniques to control their operations. Projects may

range from small kiosks to giant supermarkets, malls, and specialty buildings, such as hotels,

hospitals and airports.

The process used for commercial construction is methodical and relatively standard

for broad categories of structures. This building process is readily modelled by a critical path

method schedule. That statement is key of the schedule is a model of the builder's plan for the

project.

This template includes the basic tasks required to construct a multiple-story

commercial space and shows the relationships between those tasks. It can use the template

strictly as a training tool or to guide development of custom schedules for projects or modify

it and use it as the basis for an initial project schedule.

Page | 15


APPENDIX

Page | 16


REFERENCES

Building Design Process: Pre-contract and post-contract stages. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://design-of-building.blogspot.com/2010/01/pre-contract-and-post-contract-

stages.html

Design guidance - Process - Construction - Post contract construction - Post Contract

Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://designguidance.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/process/construction/post-contract-

construction/

External moisture - A guide to weathertightness remediation: Post - Department of Building

and Housing. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dbh.govt.nz/external-moisture-post-

construction-stage

What is development? definition and meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.html

Page | 17

eco beruang 2

Documents

construction industry

construction economics

construction industries

metal work

commercial use

domestic buildings

topic presentation

largest industry available