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ECHo Experiment
Loredana Gastaldo for the ECHo collaboration
Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik
Heidelberg University
ECHo
Contents • Electron capture process: The case of 163Ho
• Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters
• Recent results
• ECHo experiment
ν 1 meV
n p p p n n
e-
e-
e-
e- n p p p n n n
e-
e-
e-
p
eν
A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum
Electron Capture
n p p p n n
e-
e-
e-
e- n p p p n n n
e-
e-
e-
p
eν
Atomic de-excitation: •X-ray emission •Auger electrons •Coster-Kronig transitions
A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum
Electron Capture
n p p p n n
e-
e-
e-
e- n p p p n n n
e-
e-
e-
p
eν
Atomic de-excitation: •X-ray emission •Auger electrons •Coster-Kronig transitions
A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum
Calorimetric measurement
Electron Capture
. . . . . . . eν
n p p p n n
e-
e-
e-
e- n p p p n n n
e-
e-
e-
p
eν
Atomic de-excitation: •X-ray emission •Auger electrons •Coster-Kronig transitions
Electron Capture
( )( )
( )( )
∑ Γ+−
Γ
−−−Α=
H2
H2HC
H
2H2
CEC
22
CECC
4
201EE
BEQ
mEQdEdW
Hπϕν
A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum
Calorimetric measurement
The case of 163Ho
C16366
*16366
e*163
6616367
DyDy
DyHo
E+→
+→ ν • QEC ≅ 2.5 keV • τ1/2 ≅ 4570 years
MI
MII
NI NII
mν=10 eV mν=0 eV
The case of 163Ho
• QEC ≅ 2.5 keV • τ1/2 ≅ 4570 years C
16366
*16366
e*163
6616367
DyDy
DyHo
E+→
+→ ν
Neutrino mass sensitivity
∆EFWHM = 1 eV, fpp = 10-5, QEC = 2600 eV
From M. Galeazzi et al., arXiv:1202.4763v2 [physics.ins-det]
Neutrino mass sensitivity
From M. Galeazzi et al., arXiv:1202.4763v2 [physics.ins-det]
∆EFWHM = 1 eV, fpp = 10-5, QEC = 2600 eV
Neutrino mass sensitivity
∆EFWHM = 1 eV fpp = Aβ τr = 10-5
Nev = 1014 , QEC = 2600 eV
From M. Galeazzi et al., arXiv:1202.4763v2 [physics.ins-det]
Neutrino mass sensitivity
∆EFWHM = 1 eV fpp = Aβ τr = 10-5
Nev = 1014 , QEC = 2600 eV fpp < 10-5
From M. Galeazzi et al., arXiv:1202.4763v2 [physics.ins-det]
Neutrino mass sensitivity
∆EFWHM = 1 eV fpp = Aβ τr = 10-5
Nev = 1014 , QEC = 2600 eV ∆E FWHM < 10 eV
From M. Galeazzi et al., arXiv:1202.4763v2 [physics.ins-det]
fpp < 10-5
Neutrino mass sensitivity
Nev > 1014
∆EFWHM < 10 eV τr ∼ 0.1 µs Aβ ≈ 10 s -1 ≥105 detectors
Neutrino mass sensitivity
Low temperature Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter
Nev > 1014
∆EFWHM < 10 eV τr ∼ 0.1 µs Aβ ≈ 10 s -1 ≥105 detectors
MMCs: Concept
Thermal bath
Ctot
G
totCEΔT ≅
GC=τ tot
t
T T∆
E
Thermal bath
Ctot
G
E
• Working temperature below 100 mK small specific heat large temperature change small thermal noise • Very sensitive temperature sensor
totCEΔT ≅
GC=τ tot
t
T T∆
MMCs: Concept
abssensSS ΔΦ ΔΦ
C+CE
TMΔT
TM
∂∂
∝→∂∂
∝
• Paramagnetic Au:Er sensor
MMCs: Concept
abssensSS ΔΦ ΔΦ
C+CE
TMΔT
TM
∂∂
∝→∂∂
∝
• Paramagnetic Au:Er sensor
MMCs: Concept
Talk of Philipp Ranitzsch
∼ 1 %
Mea
sure
d en
ergy
E [k
eV]
Photon energy E [keV]
∆E [e
V]
maXs: 1d-array for soft x-rays (T=20 mK)
Rise Time: 90 ns Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
∆EFWHM = 1.6 eV @ 6 keV
250 µm
∼ 1 %
Mea
sure
d en
ergy
E [k
eV]
Photon energy E [keV]
∆E [e
V]
maXs: 1d-array for soft x-rays (T=20 mK)
Rise Time: 90 ns Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
∆EFWHM = 1.6 eV @ 6 keV
250 µm
ECHo experiment: First detector prototype
Meander
Absorber
Source
Sensor
• Absorber for calorimetric measurement ion implantation @ ISOLDE-CERN • Two pixels have been simultaneusly measured • 55Fe calibration source was collimated only on one pixel
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum
∆EFWHM = 7.6 eV @ 6 keV
• Fast rise-time
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum • Fast rise-time • Good energy resolution
Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
∆EFWHM = 7.6 eV @ 6 keV
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum • Fast rise-time • Good energy resolution • Good linearity
∆EFWHM = 7.6 eV @ 6 keV
Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum • Fast rise-time • Good energy resolution • Good linearity • 163Ho spectrum
MII
MI
NII
NI
144Pm
OI
∆EFWHM = 7.6 eV @ 6 keV
Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
EH lit. EH exp. ΓH lit. ΓH exp
MI 2.047 2.040 13.2 13.7
MII 1.845 1.836 6.0 7.2
NI 0.420 0.411 5.4 5.3
NII 0.340 0.333 5.3 8.0
OI 0.050 0.048 5.0 4.3
Most precise 163Ho spectrum
QEC =(2.80±0.08) keV
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum • Fast rise-time • Good energy resolution • Good linearity • 163Ho spectrum
MII
MI
NII
NI
144Pm
OI
∆EFWHM = 7.6 eV @ 6 keV
Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
EH lit. EH exp. ΓH lit. ΓH exp
MI 2.047 2.040 13.2 13.7
MII 1.845 1.836 6.0 7.2
NI 0.420 0.411 5.4 5.3
NII 0.340 0.333 5.3 8.0
OI 0.050 0.048 5.0 4.3
Most precise 163Ho spectrum
QEC =(2.80±0.08) keV
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
Talk of Philipp Ranitzsch
• Fast rise-time • Good energy resolution • Good linearity • 163Ho spectrum
MII
MI
NII
NI
144Pm
OI
NI
NII
OI
First calorimetric measurement
of the OI line
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum
∆EFWHM = 7.6 eV @ 6 keV
Non-Linearity < 1% @6keV
Most precise 163Ho spectrum
Rise Time ~ 130 ns
(a) F. Gatti et al., Physics Letters B 398 (1997) 415-419 (b) E. Laesgaard et al., Proceeding of 7th International Conference on Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (AMCO-7), (1984). (c) F.X. Hartmann and R.A. Naumann, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 3 13 (1992) 237.
Cryogenic detector
Si(Li) detector
Proportional Counter
F. Gatti et al., Physics Letters B 398 (1997) 415-419
MII
MI
NII
NI
144Pm
OI
ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
ECHo experiment: 163Ho source • Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >106 Bq >1017 atoms
ECHo experiment: 163Ho source • Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >106 Bq >1017 atoms
163Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way natDy(p,xn) 163Ho natDy(α, xn) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 159Tb(7Li, 3n) 163Er (ε) 163Ho
ECHo experiment: 163Ho source • Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >106 Bq >1017 atoms
163Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way natDy(p,xn) 163Ho natDy(α, xn) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 159Tb(7Li, 3n) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 163Ho can be produced by via (n,γ)-reaction on 162Er • Purity: No radioactive contaminants
removed target material • Chemical form: depends on the absorber preparation : ion implantation dilute alloys
Two sources already produced Helmoltz Zentrum Berlin Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble
High efficiency purification methods
ECHo experiment: 163Ho source • Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >106 Bq >1017 atoms
163Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way natDy(p,xn) 163Ho natDy(α, xn) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 159Tb(7Li, 3n) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 163Ho can be produced by via (n,γ)-reaction on 162Er
Two sources already produced Helmoltz Zentrum Berlin Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble
ECHo experiment: 163Ho source • Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >106 Bq >1017 atoms
163Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way natDy(p,xn) 163Ho natDy(α, xn) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 159Tb(7Li, 3n) 163Er (ε) 163Ho 163Ho can be produced by via (n,γ)-reaction on 162Er • Purity: No radioactive contaminants and removed target material
High efficiency purification methods • Chemical form: depends on the absorber preparation (ion implantation, dilute alloys)
Two sources already produced Helmoltz Zentrum Berlin Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
Multiplexing and read-out
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
ECHo experiment: µ-wave multiplexing
Talk of Philipp Ranitzsch
ECHo experiment: 64-pixel chip 9.
1 m
m
15.5 mm
ECHo experiment: 64-pixel chip 9.
1 m
m
15.5 mm
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
Multiplexing and read-out
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
Cryogenics
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
Multiplexing and read-out
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
Low background environment
Cryogenics
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
Multiplexing and read-out
High precision determination of QEC
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
Cryogenics Low
background environment
B
q/m
uniform B-field
1 q νc = 2π m B
quadrupole E-field
+ =
Penning Trap
ν+ - modified cyclotron ν- - magnetron νz - axial
ECHo experiment: QEC determination
Penning Trap mass spectroscopy
Next future : SHIPTRAP (GSI) QEC determination within 100 eV In few years: PENTATRAP (MPI-K HD) QEC determination within 1 eV
Courtesy S. Eliseev, MPI-K HD
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
Multiplexing and read-out
Description of 163Ho EC spectrum Solid state effects
High precision determination of QEC
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
Cryogenics Low
background environment
Detectors MMC : ∆E ∼ 2 eV τR ∼ 100 ns
High purity 163Ho source
Multiplexing and read-out
Data analysis
High precision determination of QEC
ECHo experiment
Sub-eV Neutrino
mass
Cryogenics Low
background environment
Description of 163Ho EC spectrum Solid state effects
163Ho experiments ♦ Started R&D in 2011 ♦ Small scale experiment with ∼100 pixels within the next three years ♦ Large scale experiment to reach sub-eV sensitivity to neutrino mass
http://www.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/echo/
ECHo
163Ho experiments ♦ Started R&D in 2011 ♦ Small scale experiment with ∼100 pixels within the next three years ♦ Large scale experiment to reach sub-eV sensitivity to neutrino mass
http://www.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/echo/
ECHo
HOLMES ♦ Established in 2013 (ERC Advanced Grants for Prof. S. Ragazzi)
♦ Some R&D done already within the MARE experiment
http://artico.mib.infn.it/nucriomib/general-infos/holmes-approved
163Ho experiments ♦ Started R&D in 2011 ♦ Small scale experiment with ∼100 pixels within the next three years ♦ Large scale experiment to reach sub-eV sensitivity to neutrino mass
http://www.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/echo/
ECHo
HOLMES ♦ Established in 2013 (ERC Advanced Grants for Prof. S. Ragazzi)
♦ Some R&D done already within the MARE experiment
http://artico.mib.infn.it/nucriomib/general-infos/holmes-approved
OTHERS ♦ LANL + NIST (last two years) investigation for source production detector developement for calorimentric measurements
http://conference.ipac.caltech.edu/ltd-15 (Kunde, Schmidt, Croce, Fowler)
A. De Rujula arXiv:1305.4857v1 [hep-ph] 21 May 2013
Conclusion
Thank you! Department of Nuclear Physics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Fedor Simkovic Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Moumita Maiti Institute for Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Christoph E. Düllmann, Klaus Eberhardt Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Zoltán Szúcs Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Moscow, Russia Mikhail Krivoruchenko Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Tübingen, Germany Amand Fäßler Kepler Center for Astro and Particle Physics, University of Tübingen Josef Jochum Kirchhoff-Institut for Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany Christian Enss, Andreas Fleischmann, Loredana Gastaldo, Clemens Hassel, Sebastian Kempf, Philipp Chung-On Ranitzsch, Mathias Wegner Max-Planck Institut for Nuclear Physics Heidelberg, Germany Klaus Blaum, Andreas Dörr, Sergey Eliseev Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russia Yuri Novikov Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India Susanta Lahiri
∆EFWHM = 1.6eV @ 6 keV
55Mn
70 µm
First single pixel prototype
absorber: 5µm gold, ∅ 150µm
decay time: 0.7 ms
Sandwiched sensor
Proton induced reaction
natDy(p,xn) 163Ho
σ ~350 mb at 19 MeV
Contributors:
163Dy (24.9%)(p,n)163Ho (σ~0.4 mb) 164Dy (28.2%)(p,2n)163Ho (σ~1254 mb)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
5 10 15 20 25
Cros
s sec
tion
[mb]
Projectile Energy [MeV]
p+natDy
Ho-163Ho-162Ho-161Ho-160
α+Dy2O3
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Cr
oss s
ecio
n, m
b Energy, MeV
α+natDy
Er-165, 10.3hEr-163, 75mEr-161, 3.24hEr-160, 28.6hHo-163, 4750y
natDy(α, xn) 163Er (ε) 163Ho (σ ~500 mb at 40 MeV)
Irradiation parameters: Projectile : α EP = 40 MeV first target: 1 µA, 7 h irradiation second target: 3 µA, 11 h irradiation
Exhaustive Chemistry !!
Li-induced reaction
159Tb(7Li, 3n) 163Er (σ ~312 mb at 31 MeV)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
25 30 35 40
Cros
s sec
tion
[mb]
Energy [MeV]
7Li+159Tb
163 Er
162 Er
163Ho experiment: Calorimetric spectrum
QEC=2.5 keV QEC=2.8 keV
Determination of the QEC value from the intensity of the lines for mν=0:
abssensSS ΔΦ ΔΦ
C+CE
TMΔT
TM
∂∂
∝→∂∂
∝• Paramagnetic Au:Er sensor
MMCs: Concept
Main differences to calorimeters with resistive thermometers
no dissipation in the sensor
no galvanic contact to the sensor
Inverse Temperature T−1 [K −1]
M
agne
tizat
ion
M [
A/m
]
Au:Er 300 ppm
Temperature T [mK]
Spe
cific
hea
t C
[1
0−4 J
mol
−1K−1
]
Au:Er 300 ppm