ece8708_ch11 mobile standard and specification

8/13/2019 ECE8708_ch11 Mobile Standard and Specification

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Yimin Zhang, Villanova University 1

ECE 87 8 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Wireless Systems and Standards

Yim in Zha ng , Ph.D.

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Villanova Universityhttp :/ / y im inzha ng .c om / ECE8708


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D-AMPS/IS-54

CDMA/IS-95

GSM 900

GSM 1800GSM 1900

DECT

Paging PHS

PACSPDC PCS 1900

Evolution Overview

Japan US Europe JapanUSEurope

1st

2nd

3G

AMPS

RADIOCOM

NMT450 TACS

NMT900 NETZ-C

CT0…3

IMT-2000

Wireless Cordless


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Terminology AMPS AMPS (( A Advanceddvanced MMobileobile PPhonehone SSystem): North American cellularystem): North American cellular

phone standard, operates in 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Aboutphone standard, operates in 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands. About85% of AMPS subscribers are in the U.S.85% of AMPS subscribers are in the U.S.

GSMGSM ((GGrouperoupe SSpecialepeciale MMobile): Digital cellular standard in Europe.obile): Digital cellular standard in Europe.

DCSDCS 18001800 (Digital Communication Service): an extension of GSM(Digital Communication Service): an extension of GSMstandard, operates at 1800 MHz.standard, operates at 1800 MHz.

DECTDECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications): a cordless(Digital European Cordless Telecommunications): a cordlesssystem supporting voice and data.system supporting voice and data.

NMTNMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): one of the first cellular systems,(Nordic Mobile Telephone): one of the first cellular systems,operates in 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Used in Scandinavianoperates in 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Used in Scandinaviancountries (Norway, Sweden, Finland).countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland).

TACSTACS (Total Access Communications System): derivative of AMPS(Total Access Communications System): derivative of AMPSdeveloped in U.K. 91% of TACS subscribers come from Europe.developed in U.K. 91% of TACS subscribers come from Europe.

TACS/NTTTACS/NTT: Japanese digital transmission scheme, operates in: Japanese digital transmission scheme, operates in

800 MHz and 1500 MHz bands; based on TDMA/FDD.800 MHz and 1500 MHz bands; based on TDMA/FDD.


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Generations of Mobile Systems

11stst Generation (1G): Analog TransmissionGeneration (1G): Analog Transmission AMPS AMPS

TACS (ETACS)TACS (ETACS)

NMTNMT

22ndnd Generation (2G): Digital TransmissionGeneration (2G): Digital Transmission GSMGSM

CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone) DECTDECT

CDMACDMA

33rdrd Generation (3G): Unification of technologiesGeneration (3G): Unification of technologies

FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)

cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)


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First Generation - History

AMPS: Advance Mobile Phone System

- 1978 First cellular experimental analog

systems - AT&T AMPS system(Chicago, IL); channel spacing is 30KHz

- 1983 First commercial analog systemat Chicago, IL; total 40 MHz spectrumin 800 MHz band

- 1989 Additional 10 MHz (extended

spectrum) band

- 1991 Motorola developed AMPS-likesystem N-AMPS (narrowband AMPS);channel spacing is 10 KHz


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First Generation - History

ETACS: European Total AccessCommunication System, orTACS

- Developed in Mid-1980s; virtuallyidentical to AMPS

- The channel spacing is 25 KHz

- The mobile identification number(MIN) accommodates country

codes.

N-AMPS developed by Motorola(3*capacity, still analog) in 1991


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Second Generation – USDC/ CDMA/GSM

• IS-54 “dual mode” digital cellular in 1990, also known as USDC

(United States Digital Cellular), D-AMPS (Digital AMPS), and NADC(North American Digital Cellular)

– TDMA/FDD

– Support 3 full-duplex users on each AMPS channel

• IS-136 in 1994 (against competition from PCS1900)

• Design objectives:

– Higher Capacity

– Backward compatibility


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Second Generation – USDC/CDMA/GSM

• Qualcomm CDMA proposal in 1989 and IS-95 in 1992

• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

• Design objectives:

- Standardized Pan-European mobile system

- Equivalent traffic capacity to pre-existing 25kHz European

analog cellular bandwidth (200kHz/8)

- Wireless counterpart for ISDN


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Second Generation Share


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User 1

• Slot 1

• Slot 4

User 2

• Slot 2

• Slot 5

User 3

• Slot 3

• Slot 6


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Data: total 260 bits

Sync: 28 bits

SACCH: 12 bits - Slow Associated Control Channel

- provides a signaling channel in parallel with the digital speech

- carries various control and supervisory messages between thesubscriber unit and the base station

- used by the mobile unit to report the results of signal strength

measurement of neighboring base station

CDVCC: 12 bits – Coded Digital Verification Color Code

- 8 bit information + 4bit coding

- MS must receive, decode, and retransmit the same CDVCC

Guard: 6 bits - guard bits to compensate for timing differences

Ramp: 6 bits - ramp bits to allow for power ramp up of RF signal

FACCH: Fast Associated

Control Channel

- important control of

specialized traffic data (e.g.,

handoff)

- within data traffic channel

FACCH: Fast Associated

Control Channel

- important control of

specialized traffic data (e.g.,

handoff)

- within data traffic channel


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Data: total 260 bitsSync: 28 bits

SACCH: 12 bits - Slow Associated Control Channel

FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel

- within data traffic channelCDVCC: 12 bits – Coded Digital Verification Color Code

- 8 bit information + 4bit coding

- MS must receive, decode, and retransmit the same CDVCC

Reserved: 12 bits


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Second Generation – USDCChannel coding:

uncoded information: 77 class-1 bits and 82 class-2 bits.


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Second Generation – USDCInterleaving

Use two speech frames x and y.


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Second Generation – USDCModulation

48.6 kbps over 30 kHz band

1.62 bps/Hz spectral efficiency

π/4-DQPSK is used.

Roll-off factor: 0.35

Equalization

symbol rate : 24.3 ksps

maximum rms delay is 4.12µs without equalization

Probability that rms delay exceeds 4µs is 25% of the location in 4 cities

DFE equalizer: 4 feedforward taps (1/2 symbol spacing), 1 feedback

tap


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Second Generation – USDCIS-136 – Final USDC standard

provide new features and services to be competitive with IS-95 and

GSM.

- short message capability

- private, user group

- sleep mode

- control channel changes from 10 kbps FSK to 48.6 kbps DQPSK

- IS-54 and IS-136 terminals are not compatible


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Second Generation – GSM- Before GSM, European countries used different cellular standards

throughout Europe.

- GSM is now the world’s most popular standard for 2nd generation

wireless communications in the world.

- First introduced in 1991.

- Several non-European countries in South America, Asia, Australia

adopted GSM.

- GSM uses removable Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to store

information of the subscriber’s identification information, network and

countries where the subscriber is entitled to service, private keys.


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Second Generation – GSM


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Second Generation – GSMG S M S y s te m

Rad io Ne two rk BSS )

M ob i le Sw i t c h i ng Ne two rk< S w i t c hi n g a n d M a n a g em e n t S u b s y s te m > S M S S )

M a n a g em e n t N e t w o r k< O p e r a ti o n a n d M a in t en a n c e S u b s y st em > O M S S )

M ob i le S t a ti onM ob i le E qu ipm e n tSubsc r ibe r I den t i ty M odul S IM )

Base T r ansce ive r S t a t ion BT S)Base S t a t ion Co n t r o l le r BS C)

M ob i le Sw i t c h ing Ce n t e r M S C)G a t e w a y M o b i le Sw i t c h ing Ce n t e r G M SC)In t e rna ti ona l Sw i t ch ing Cen te r ISC)H om e L oc a t ion Re g i s t er H L R )Vi s i t o r Loca t i on Reg i s t e r VL R)

O pe r a t ion a nd M a i n te na nc e Ce n t e r O M C)Equipm ent I den t i ty Reg i s t e r E IR)A u t he n t ic a t ion Ce n t e r A U C)

F ixed

mob i l e


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Second Generation – GSM■BTS: Provide the radio channel for signaling and user data traffic in this cell■BSC: Control of BTSs; Frequency administration■MSC : The major tasks of an MSC are routing incoming and outgoing calls and

the assignment of user channels on the A-interface.■HLR : An HLR can be regarded as a large database that administers the data ofliterally hundreds of thousands of subscribers.

■VLR : A VLR contains subscriber data, but only part of the data in the HLR andonly while the particular subscriber roams in the area for which theVLR is

responsible.

■ISC： Connections to other mobile or international networks are mostly routedover the International Switching Center (ISC) of the respective country.

■OMC： Administration and commercial operation; Security management;Network configuration, performance management■ AUC：Confidential data and keys are stored or generated in AUC

■EIR：Stores the serial numbers of the terminals


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Second Generation – GSM- GSM originally used two 25 MHz cellular bands.

- GSM uses FDD and a combination of TDMA and FHMA schemes to

provide multiple access to mobile users.

- Forward and reverse frequency bands are divided into 200 kHz wide

channels, called ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel

Numbers).

- Each channel is time shared between as many as 8 subscribers using

TDMA.

- Guard band of 100 kHz at each end; total 125 channels (about 1000

users).

- ARFCN+TS constitutes physical channel.

- Data rate: 270.833 kbps per channel, 33.854 kbps per user

- Modulation: GMSK modulation with BT=0.3


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ignaling

raffic

Broadcast Channel

(BCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Frequency Correction Channel (FCH)

Common Control

Channel

(CCCH)

Random Access Channel (RACH)

Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)

Dedicated Control

Channel

(DCCH)

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Associated Control

Channel

(ACCH)

Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Traffic Channel

(TCH)

Full-rate Channel (Bm)

Half-rate Channel (Lm)


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Second Generation – CDMA- Qualcomm developed CDMA/AMPS dual mode phone in 1994.

- As of 2001, there are over 80 million CDMA subscribers worldwide.

- Each IS-95 channel occupies 1.25 MHz on each one way link.


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CDMA

24x16 array


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CDMA


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Migration Path – 2G, 2.5G, 3G

2000 2001 2002 2003

Japan

Europe

America

PDC

GSM

AMPS/D-AMPS

IS-95A IS-95B

D-AMPS+

GPRS EDGE

W-CDMA

HSCSD

CDMA2000

2G System

3G System

Easy upgrade

Upgrade requiring new modulation

Upgrade requiring entire new radio system


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Evolution

2G Handsets

This is the current digital mobile phone

technology most of us are using.

Features includes:

• Phone calls

• Voice mail

• Receive and send SMS

Speed: 9.6 kilobits/sec

Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 50 min


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Evolution Cont.

2.5G HandsetsThe best technology now widely available

Features includes:

• Phone calls/fax - always on• Voice mail

• Send/receive large email messages

• Internet browsing

• GPS• Instant news update

Speed: >10 - 144kilobits/sec

Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 7 - 12min


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Evolution Cont.

3G HandsetsCombines a mobile phone, laptop PC and television.

Features includes:

• Phone calls/fax - always on

• Global roaming• Send/receive large email

• High speed internet

• GPS

• Videoconferencing• Live streaming

Speed: >144 - 2 megabits/sec

Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 15sec - 1.6min



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Generations of Mobile Systems

11stst Generation (1G): Analog TransmissionGeneration (1G): Analog Transmission AMPS AMPS

TACS (ETACS)TACS (ETACS)

NMTNMT

22ndnd Generation (2G): Digital TransmissionGeneration (2G): Digital Transmission GSMGSM

CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)

DECTDECT

CDMACDMA

33rdrd Generation (3G): Unification of technologiesGeneration (3G): Unification of technologies

FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)

cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)



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Homework Assignment 6Homework Assignment 6

9.12

11.1 (find by yourself for DECT)

11.13

11.6 (optional + 20)

Deadline 4/20/05

Before next class begins

ece8708_ch11 mobile standard and specification

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