ecdl’2000 - lisbon, september 2000 © 2000, nmg interactivity design and construction paradigms...
TRANSCRIPT
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ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
InteractivityDesign and Construction Paradigms
Nuno M. Guimarã[email protected]
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2ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Summary
• Illustrations of a problem• Visions of the world and language• … A way out!• Design framework
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3ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Question
In the context of the design of interactive artifacts to used and explored by people...… which principles, motivations, methods, make the design process effective ?!
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4ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Pixels, words, or meaning ?
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5ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Pixels, words, or meaning ?
• …
LisbonPortugal(well, more or less…)
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6ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Pictures of “reality” ?
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7ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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8ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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9ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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10ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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11ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
So what is this ?
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12ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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13ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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14ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
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15ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
So what is this ?
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16ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Problem/Claim
• There is no information (by itself), only data...
• We (people) “make” the information through interpretation and assignment of “meaning” ...
• “Meaning” is incomplete, shared, sufficient, ...
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17ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Implications
• What is absolute or relative in interative artifact design ?
• More specifically…– How universal are the indexing
schemes in digital libraries ?– How far can we go in standardizing
metadata (like the “semantic descriptions in MPEG7”) ?
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18ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Visions of world and language
• Philosophy of Language & Cognition– Wittgenstein : from a universal to multiple “languages”
– Heidegger : the rejection of the dualism objectivity-subjectivity, situated existence (dasein, throwness) and interpretations of breakdown
– Neurobiology [Damásio94] : emotion as unavoidable in “rational” behaviour
– Logic and Linguagem [Devlin97]: from language to communication
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19ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Visions of world and language
• “Pragmatic” theories of language – Speech Act Theory [Searle69] : from language as a
logical system to language as an action and communication medium; Argumentation [Toulmin58] : from theoretical logic to the logic of argumentation
• Cognition in the Technological Context– Augmenting the Human Intellect [Engelbart66] – Understanding Computers and Cognition [Winograd86] – Plans and Situated Actions [Suchman86]
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20ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
…conclusion...
• From facts and reflection, …
… socially constructed “truths”, contextual and situated
dimensions are paramount in the design and usage of interactive artifacts...
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21ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Myth after Myth after Myth...
• The “quality” of coded speech
• The “transparency” of distributed systems
• The “consistency” of distributed
hypermedia systems
• The “intelligence” of tutoring systems
• The “understanding” of natural language
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22ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
So...
• A framework to see the world of artifacts, and to design new ones...
– Augmentation
– Affordances, mapping, constraints and feedback
– Breakdowns
– Cognitive modes : reflective and experiential
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23ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
A design framework
• Augmentation, as in H-LAM/T - Human Using Language, Artifacts and Methodology in which he is Trained [Engelbart66], Memex…
• Affordances : functionality and behaviour that are perceived for an object; Mapping : correlation between an artifact’s interface and the (spatial or temporal) accessibility to the perceived functions; Constraints & Feedback. [Norman88, Norman92,Norman93]
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24ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
A design framework (affordances)
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25ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
A design framework
• Breakdown– Cognitive breakdown determines, or
activates, processes of interpretation
– Breakdown : blocking or progress factor [Winograd86, Suchman86]
– “The design of an artifact should be guided by the organization of the space of possible breakdowns of action ” [Winograd86]
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26ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
A design framework (breakdown)
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27ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
A design framework
• Experiential Cognition• Sensorial and mechanized tasks
• Reflective Cognition• Learning and reasoning activities, that
generate changes in the “cognitive structures” of the person [Norman92,Norman93]
• From experiential to reflective and back : management of cognitive breakdowns
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28ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Example
Classification and Search in Video Archives“…building a universal ontology for describing AV content is probably impossible since as communities evolve, their ontologies also evolve…” [Auffret99]
• There are no universal ontologies in information (or data) classification.
• Rapid and flexible visual interaction are the main solution to effective access. Navigation and exploration are augmentation processes
• Characteristics of multimedia data (video) can be used to create interactive visual representations providing effective manipulation mechanisms
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29ECDL’2000 - Lisbon, September 2000
© 2000, nmg
Conclusion
• As usual “there is no silver bullet”…
• Information is “our” interpretation of data• Support people interpreting data, as fast and
easily as possible• Machines cannot understand, only mimic the
understanding of one of us (or some of us, or most of us, but not all of us)