1

e]befj ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ;dLIff — ;/sf/nfO{ j'emfOPsf] k|:t'lts/0f

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

1. ;dfg cj;/ cfof]u -Ocf];L_ ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug{ tyf e]befj lgd"{n ug{ lhDd]jf/ xËsËsf] Ps

:jtGq j}wflgs lgsfo xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfo{x? dWo]sf] Pp6f sfo{ jt{dfg rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL

cWofb]zx?M lnË e]befj cWofb]z -P;l8cf]_, ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z -l8l8cf]_, kfl/jfl/s l:ylt

e]befj cWofb]z -PkmP;l8cf]_, / hflt e]befj cWofb]z -cf/l8cf]_ sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;dLIff ug'{ klg

Ps xf] . hxfF cfkm"nfO{ d'gfl;j nfU5, ToxfF ;dfg cj;/ cfof]un] xËsË ljz]if k|zf;lgs If]qsf k|d'v

sfo{sf/L ;dIf /fd|f];Fu ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ tyf e]befjnfO{ lgd"{n ug{sf nflu cWofb]zx?nfO{

;+zf]wg ug{sf nflu k|:t'tLs/0f a'emfpg ;Sb5 .

2. Ocf];Ln] xËsËsf e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?n] PsfOzf}+ ztfJwLsf] ;dfhsf cfjZostfx?, h;df

;dfgtfsf ljifox? qmlds ?kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\, :fFu d]n vfg' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5 .

To;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, Ocf];Ln] ;g\ 2013 dfr{ dlxgfdf ljBdfg ;j} e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?sf] ;dLIff

ug{ tyf ltgLx?nfO{ cfw'lglss/0f ug{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug{sf] nflu e]befj lj/f]wL

sfg"gsf] ;dLIff -l8Pncf/_ ;~rfng u¥of] .

3. l8Pncf/sf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf, Ocf];Ln] ;x/JofkL ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf] cEof; 8 h'nfO{ 2014 b]lv 31

cS6f]j/ 2014 ;Dd u¥of] . Ocf];Ln] JolQmut tyf ljleGg ;d"xx? tyf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;+:yfx?nfO{

k|ltlglwTj ug]{u/L w]/} lnlvt k|ltlqmofx? k|fKt u¥of], h;sf] ;+Vof 125,041 /Xof] . of] Ocf];Ln] k/fdz{

b:tfj]hsf k|Zgx?n] v8f u/]sf] ;a} ljifox?;Fu ;DjlGwt ;/sf/nfO{ j'emfPsf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf] sfo{sf/L

;f/f+z xf] . Ocf];Ln] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ;j}sf nflu e]befjsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf]

nflu sof}+ If]qx?df cfw'lglss/0f ul/g'kb{5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 .

4. a'emfOPsf] k"0f{ k|ltj]bgsf] ;fy ;fYf} ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf k|ltlqmofx? ;DjGwL l/kf]6{ -h;n] k/fdz{sf

k|ltlqmofx?sf] j9L u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds hfgsf/Lx? lj:t[tdf lbG5g\_sf] nflu s[kof

www.eocdlr.org.hk df lSns ug'{xf];\ .

2

cWofo 1M ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ;DjGwL k|ltlqmofx?sf] ljZn]if0f

1.1 cyfxf k|ltlqmofx? tyf k/fdz{sf kl5Nnf lbgx?df ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{df ;j{;fwf/0fx?sf] rf;f]sf

sf/0fn] ubf{ Ocf];Ln] k|fKt ePsf k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lj:t[t ?kdf ljZn]if0f ug{

Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] 7fGb5 M

- k|ltlqmofx?sf] k|j[lt klxrfg ug{ / lgsfNg ;lsg] lgrf]8x? kQf nufpg Ù

- Ocf];Lsf] c8fg;Fu tL lgrf]8x? ;fGble{s x'FG5g\ x'Fb}gg\ tyf s;/L ;fGble{s x'g;Sb5g\ eg]/

cWoog ug{ tyf ltgLx?nfO{ k|fyldlss/0f ug{ Ù tyf

- oL ljifox? ;DjGwL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] a'emfO{df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ul/g] efjL sfdnfO{ ;xhLs/0f

ug{ .

efu 1 M ;+3÷;+:yf tyf JolQmx?jf6 k|fKt k|ltlqmofx?sf] k|s[lt

1.2 ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKt ePsf k|ltlqmofx? jLrdf, tyf ;+3÷;+:yf / JolQmut?kdf

k|fKt ePsf k|ltlqmofx? b'a}df pNn]Vo ljljwtf -leGgtf_ lyof] . lgDg d'Vo k|jlQ, ljZn]if0f jf nIf0f

klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

- k|:tfjnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfsf] cg'kft JolQmx?sf] eGbf pNn]Vo?kdf j9L lyof], tyf pgLx?

cfˆgf] c8fg jf ljrf/x? lj:t[tdf pNn]v ug{sf] nflu j9L OR5's b]lvGy] . 77 j6f k|Zgx? dWo]

57 j6f k|Zgx?df ;+3÷;+:yfjf6 k|fKt k|ltlqmofx?df ax';+Vos k|ltztn] k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g u/] .

o;sf] ljkl/t 77 j6f k|Zgx? dWo], 66 j6f k|Zgx?df JolQmx?jf6 k|fKt k|ltlqmofx? dWo]df,

ax';+Vos k|ltztn] k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g u/]gg\ -jf lj/f]w u/]_ . - dlxnf, cNk;+Vos hflt, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?;Fu jf dfgj clwsf/ ;DjlGw sfd ug]{

u}/;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ;fdfGotof k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g u/] . - s]lx >[+vnfj4 k|Zgx?df JolQmut?kdf k|fKt clwsf+z k|ltlqmofx? klxn]g} tof/ kfl/Psf]

hjfkmx?df s]lx km]njbnu/L j'emfOPsf] k|ltlqmofx? lyP . JolQmut k|ltlqmofx?df pgLx?n]

cfˆgf] wf/0ffx?sf] ;DjGwdf s'g} klg ts{x? lbPsf lyPgg\ h;sf] cy{ Ocf];Ln] tL k|ltlqmofx?n]

s'g} plrt rf;f] jf cGo s'g} ;Dj4 ;"rgfx? v8f u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] ;jfndf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]

5}g eGg] j'lemG5 . - JolQmut k|ltlqmofx?n] d'Vo?kdf Psbd} j9L cg'kftdf b'O{j6f ljifoj:t';Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVby] M

/fli6«otf, gful/stf tyf /]l;8]lG; :6f6;sf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f Ù / sf]Xofljl6Ë -

sfg"gL?kdf ljjfx gePsf] t/ ;Fu} j:g] hf]8L_÷l8 ˆofS6f] ;DjGwdf /x]sf JolQmx?nfO{ x'g]

e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f .

1.3 Dfflysf k|j[lQ jf nIf0fx?n] Ocf];Ln] ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf k|ltlqmofx?df cfˆgf] wf/0ff÷c8fg lgwf{/0f

ug{sf nflu sltsf] jhg lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf cy{ /fVb5 . Ocf];Ln] ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ k|df0f, cg'ej

tyf tYox? k|fKt ug]{ tkm{ nlIft lyof] h;n] sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu cf}lrTox? 5 5}g eGg]

lgwf{/0f ug]{ d2t ug]{ 5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] k|:tfjx?sf] xsdf ;fj{hlgs wf/0ff ;j]{If0f -

klAns cf]klgog ;e]{_ sf] ?kdf sfd u/f];\ eGgfsf] nflu nlIft lyPg . Ocf];Ln] d'Vo?kdf

l;dfGtLs[t cNk;+Vos ;d"xx?sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] xsdf, j9L hg;+Vof ePsf JolQmx?sf]

wf/0ffx? clgjfo{?kdf lg0ff{os x'g'xF'b}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} Ocf];Ln]

k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf, p7fOPsf w]/} h;f] rf;f]x? ;fob Ocf];Lsf] k|:tfjsf] p2]Zo jf

3

ltgLx?sf] ;DefJo sfg"gL c;/x?sf] ;xL cy{ gnufOPsf]n] pTkGg ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ub{5 . To;}n]

ubf{ Ocf];Ln] k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g jf lj/f]w ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfsf] ;+Vofdf e/kbf{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb{5 eGg]

7fGb5 . o;sf] ;fy} cfˆgf wf/0ffx? :yflkt ug]{ qmddf Ocf];Ln] cWofo 2 df pNn]v ul/Psf cGo

;Da4 cfwf/x?nfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]sf] lyof] .

efu IIM yk cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{ tyf lzIffsf] cfjZostf

1.4 s]lx ljifox? h'g d'Vo?kdf hl6n 5g\, h;n] ljleGg sfg"gsf] bfo/f jf gLltsf] If]qnfO{ 5'G5g\ tyf

km/s wf/0ff ;lxt Jofks ljjfb e8\sfpg ;S5g\, sf] ;DjGwdf ;/sf/n] sfg"gL ;'wf/x? sfof{Gjog

ug'{ k"j{ 5'§} / ;3g÷uxg k/fdz{ ug{ pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf Ocf];L ljZjf; ub{5 . o;n]

d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?:fFu ;'wf/sf ;Defljt cfzox?df 5nkmn ug{sf] nflu cj;/x? km/flsnf]

jgfpg'sf] ;fy;fy} Ocf];LnfO{ ljifox?df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] j'emfO{ j[l4 ug{ cj;/ klg lbG5 .

efu IIIM k/fdz{ k|lqmofsf] bf}/fg p7fOPsf yk ljifox?

1.5 k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df s]lx ;+3÷;+:yf tyf JolQmx?n] pd]/, n}lËs em'sfj, n}lËs klxrfg, OG6/;]S;

l:ylt, wd{ jf cf:yf / efiff nufotsf gofF ;+/If0fsf ljz]iftfx?df xËsËsf e]befj lj/f]wL

sfg"gx?df ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu cfJxfg u/] . e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gsf] ;dLIff rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL

sfg"gx?df gofF ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?sf] xsdf Plss[t e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?sf] ljsf; ug]{ tkm{ geO{

ltgLx?sf] ;'wf/ ug]{ tkm{ s]lGb|t 5 . t}klg, cfof]un] st} ljBdfg ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?nfO{ s'g}

lsl;dn] lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 eg]/ ljrf/ ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] Ocf];Ln] 7fGb5 . o;sf/0fn] ubf{,

Ocf];Ln] xfn;fn} b'O{ j6f cg';Gwfgx?, pd]/sf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjsf] ;fy;fy} n}lËs em'sfj, n}lËs

klxrfg tyf cGt/lnlË l:yltsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befj ;DjGwL cWoogx? u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];Ln]

;/sf/;Fu dflysf sf/0fsf cfwf/df x'g] e]befj tyf ;DefJo sfg"gL ;'wf/x?sf] ;fy;fy} cGo

If]qx?df klg sfg"gL cfjZostfsfnfO{ cufl8 j9fpgsf] nflu 5nkmnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 .

4

cWofo 2M k|:t'tLs/0f tof/ ubf{sf ;fGble{s cfwf/x?

2.1 e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gsf] ;dLIff k|lqmofsf] bf}/fg, Ocf];Ln] s'g ljifo sfg"gsf] jf ;DjlGwt ;'wf/sf]

ljifoj:t' x'g'kb{5 / olb To;f] xf] eg] s'g ljifo rflxF c?eGbf pRr k|fyldstfdf kb{5g\ eGg] lgSof]{n

ugf{sf] nflu Ps eGbf j9L cfwf/x?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf] lyof] . oL sf/0fx?df lgDg kb{5g\ M

- Ocf];Lsf] e"ldsf / sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] ubf{sf] cg'ej

- e]befj jf cGo dfgj clwsf/x? k|efljt ePsf] k|df0f

- k|efljt ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof jf e]befjsf] uDeL/tf

- e]befjjf6 ljBdfg ;+/If0fsf] xb

- ;'wf/n] e]befjsf] ;+/If0fsf] :t/nfO{ sd ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/

- ljBdfg sfg"gn] xËsËsf] jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf] bfloTjnfO{ kl/kfngf gug]{ cfwf/

- cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/jfbL lgsfox?n] u/]sf l;kmfl/zx?

- xËsËsf] h:t} ;dfg If]qflwsf/sf e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?

- k|:tfjn] Jofks?kdf k|0ffnL÷Joj:yfdf ePsf] c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{

- ;+3÷;+:yf jf JolQmx?jf6 k|kf]hnsf] ;dy{g jf lj/f]wsf] :t/

- ;'wf/n] sfg"gnfO{ j9L k|i6 agfpg]

- ;'wf/n] sfg"gnfO{ ;/n agfpg ;Sg]

- ;'wf/n] ;+/If0fx?df Ps?ktf Nofpg]

- ;'wf/n] Ocf];Lsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]]

- ljutdf ;/sf/ ;xdt ePsf] k|:tfj

- ;/sf/n] sfg"g nfu" u/]sf]

- ckjfbn] s'g} Gofo;+ut nIo k'/f gug]{ jf ;dfg'kflts gx'g]

5

cWofo 3 M pRr k|fyldstfsf ljifox?

3.1 b'O{ efudf ljeflht cWofo tLgn] sfg"gL ;'wf/ jf cGo sbdx? p7fpgsf nflu pRr k|fyldstfsf

s]lx If]qx?df 5nkmn ub{5 h;n] Ocf];Låf/f ul/Psf] w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sf/s—tTjx?sf] ljZn]if0fsf]

cfwf/df w]/} uDeL/ / ax't} h?/L rf;f] v8f ub{5g\ . Ocf];Ln] efu I df 5nkmn ul/Psf] ljifox?sf]

xsdf k|:tfljt ;+zf]wgx?nfO{ ;fdfGotof nfu" ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] wf/0ff /fVb5 . efu II df 5nkmn

ul/Psf ljifox?sf] ;jfndf, Ocf];Lsf] k|:tfjn] ;DejtM jx'n clwsf/If]q / gLltsf If]qx?df c;/

kfg]{ ;Defjgf ePsf]x'Fbf, Ocf];Ln] ;/sf/åf/f s'g} sfg"gL ;'wf/ ug'{ k"j{ yk k/fdz{ tyf cg';Gwfg

ul/g'kb{5 eg]/ l;kmfl/z ub{5 . Ocf];Ln] efu I / efu II sf ljifox? ;dfg dxTjsf 5g\ tyf

;/sf/n] t'?Gt} logsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 eGg] 7fGb5 . efu I M pRr k|fyldstfsf] ?kdf nfu" ug'{kg]{ If]qx?

A. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] nflu ;dfgtf

3.2 ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?n] pNn]Vo?kdf e]befjsf] ;fdgf lg/Gt/?kdf ul//x]sf] tyf /f]huf/L, ;]jfsf]

k|fjwfg, lzIff tyf kl/;/x?df cfjt—hfjt h:tf If]qx?df ;dfg cj;/df cj/f]wx? ef]lu/x]sf]

;DjGwdf oy]:6 k|df0fx? 5g\ h;nfO{ sfg"gL jf gLltut ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 .

(i) plrt ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ st{Jo

3.3 l8l8cf] cGtu{t ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] nflu plrt ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ :ki6 cfjZostf 5}g . o;n]

cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjnfO{ kl/kfngf ub}{g tyf o;n] cGo ;dfg If]qflwsf/x?df ePsf]

cfw'lgls/0fsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu d]n vfb}g . Ocf];Ldf k|fKt ePsf ph'/L ;d]t u/Lsg ckfËtf ePsf

JolQmx? lj?4 ePsf] e]befjsf] alnof] k|df0fx? 5g\ . of] ljifon] xËsËsf] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf]

7"nf] ;+VofnfO{ c;/ ub{5 . o; k|:tfjsf] ;jfndf pQm st{JonfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ EfGg]df k/fdz{

k|ltlqmofx?df alnof] ;dy{g, d"Vo?kdf ckfËtf ePsf JolQm;Fu sfd ug]{x?jf6 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

l;kmfl/z 1M ;/sf/n] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zdf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] nflu plrt ;dfof]hgsf] :ki6

Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ stJonfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ /f]huf/ Ù j:t', ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] k|fjwfg Ù lzIff Ù tyf kl/;/x?

nufotsf ;a} ;Dj4 If]qx?df ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . cg'lrt sl7gfO{sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ vf/]h

ul/g'kb{5 eGg] yk l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

(ii) ;xof]uL hgfj/;fydf ePsf] ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf nflu e]befjjf6 :ki6 ;+/If0f .

3.4 ljBdfg sfg"gdf ha s'g} dflg; lj?4 ;xfotf k'¥ofpg] hgfj/ ePsf] sf/0fn] e]befj ePdf Tof]

ckfËtf e]befj x'G5 eGg] :ki6 k|fjwfg 5}g . Ocf];Lsf] e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx? sfof{Gjog ubf{sf]

cg'ejsf] cfwf/df, b[i6L ckfËtf ePsf tyf cGo ckfËtf ePsf w]/} dflg;x? 5g\, hf] ;Defljt

?kdf k|efljt ePsf 5g\, tyf xËsËdf ufO8 8u tyf c? ;xfos hgfj/x?sf] j9\bf] k|of]u ug]{

of]hgfx? ag]sf 5g\ . Ocf];Ln] o; ;DjGwL e]befjsf k|df0fx? k|fKt ePsf ;DjlGwt ph'/Lx?df

b]lvPsf] tYo dfly tyf k/fdz{sf bf}/fg ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKt ePsf] pNn]Vo ;dy{gnfO{ klg Wofg

lbPsf] 5 .

6

l;kmfl/z 2M ;/sf/n] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 10 nfO{ ;xfos hgfj/;fydf ePsf] cfwf/nfO{

e]befjjf6 ;+/If0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf yk ug]{u/L tyf ;xfos hgfj/sf] :ki6 JofVof ;dfj]z ug]{u/L ;+zf]wg

ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

(iii) dtbfg ug]{ tyf lgjf{rgdf n8\gsf nflu ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f .

3.5 jt{dfg cj:yfdf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;DjGwdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?, j}wflgs ;Nnfxsf/L

lgsfox? jf c? l;kmfl/z ul/Psf lgsfox?sf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{ cydf v8f x'g] ;DjGwdf

e]befjnfO{ lgif]w ug{] :ki6 k|fjwfg 5}g . o;nfO{ c? ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx? lnË, hflt tyf kfl/jfl/s

l:ylt eGbf km/s dfGg ;lsG5, h;df To:tf] ;+/If0fx? 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf

bfloTjx?n] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?;Fu ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dtbfg u/]/ jf lgjf{rgdf v8f eP/

;xeflutf hgfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfjZos agfpF5g\ . tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf lgsfox?n] klg xËsË

;/sf/nfO{ To;} cg'?k sfg"gx? ;+zf]wg ug{sf nflu ljz]if l;kmfl/zx? u/]sf] 5 . of] ljifon]

;fDefljt?kdf dfgl;s ljdf/L jf jf}lws ckfËtf nufotsf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ k|efj

kf/]sf] 5 tyf k/fdz{df Ocf];Lsf] k|kf]hnnfO{ ;+3÷;+:yf tyf JolQmx? b'j}jf6 pNn]Vo ;dy{g

ldn]sf] lyof] , h;dWo] s]lxn] dtfbfg ug]{ clwsf/ c:jLsf/ ug'{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Defltj pNn+3g

xf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf lyP . l;kmfl/z 3: ;/sf/n] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zdf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx? lj?4 lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{ jf

v8f x'Fbf e]befjnfO{ lgif]w ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf]

b}lgs sfdx? ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eg]/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ ljwfg kl/ifb\ tyf lhNnf kl/ifb\ lgjf{rgdf

gfd btf{ ug{nfO{ cof]Uo agfpg] ljwfg kl/ifb\ cWofb]z tyf lhNnf kl/ifb\ cWofb]znfO{ ;dLIff ug{ yk

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

B. dlxnfsf nflu ;dfgtf

3.6 xËsËdf dlxnfx?n], d"Vo?kdf aRrf ePsf dlxnfx?n] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] sof}+ kf6fx?df e]befjsf]

;fdfgf ul//x]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] sfddf k"0f{?kn] ;xeflu x'g] IfdtfnfO{ 7"nf] c;/ kf/]sf]

5 . pgLx?n] w]/} If]qx?df pRr?kdf of}g b'Jo{jxf/ -pTkL8g_ lg/Gt/ ?kdf em]n]sf klg 5g\ h;nfO{

v08 l8 df lj:tf/df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

(i) ;'Ts]/L ljbf kZrft\ ;fljss} sfdsf] kbdf sfd ug{ kfpg] dlxnfsf] clwsf/

3.7 laBdfg cj:yfdf dlxnfsf] nflu ;'Ts]/L ljbf kZrft\ ;fljss} kbdf sfddf kms{g kfpg] clwsf/sf]

;jfndf s'g} klg ;+/If0f 5}g . o;nfO{ o:t} cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/df ePsf] ;+/If0f eGbf km/s dfGg

;lsG5 . Ocf];Ln] e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog cg'ejsf] cfwf/df dlxnfn] ue{fj:yfn] ubf{

ue{jtL ePsf] cjlwdf, ;'Ts]/L ljbf lnPsf], tyf kl5 sfddf kms{bf sfdjf6 lgsflnPsf] nufotsf

e]befjsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] eGg] k|df0f klg 5 . k/fdz{ cEof;sf bf}/fgdf sltko u}/—;/sf/L

;+3÷;+:yf tyf JolQmx?n] dlxnfx?df ;'Ts]/L ljbf kZrft\ ;fljss} kbdf sDtLdf klg s]lx ;dosf

nflu sfd ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, plrt ckjfb nfUf" x'g] eGbf jfx]ssf] cj:yfdf lglxt x'g'k5{ eGg]

wf/0ff JoQm u/] .

l;kmfl/z 4: ;/sf/n] ;'Ts]/L labf kZrft\ dlxnfx?n] ;fljss} e"ldsfsf] sfdd} kms{g kfpg] dlxnfx?sf]

a}wflgs clwsf/ ;DjGwL sfg"g , olb Tof] kb vf/]h ePsf] cj:yfdf , p:t} zt{df s'g} Ps ;'xfpFbf]

7

j}slNks kbsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfg"g Nofpgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . o:tf] k|fjwfg /f]huf/ cWofb]z jf

j}slNks?kdf lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf ;+zf]wg u/L ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

(ii) :tgkfg u/fpg] dlxnfx?sf] nflu e]befjjf6 :ki6 ;+/If0f

3.8 jt{dfg cj:yfdf :tgkfg u/fPsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befj u}/—sfg"gL xf] eGg] :ki6 k|fjwfg 5}g, oBlk

Ocf];Ln] :tgkfg;Fu ;DjlGwt e]befjsf ph'/Lx?nfO{ lgs6 kfl/jfl/s ;b:osf] :ofxf/ ug]{;Fu

;DjlGwt kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befjsf] ?kdf x]b{5 . Ocf];Ln] :tgkfg u/fpg] dlxnfx?jf6 sof}+

ph'/Lx? k|fKt ug]{ /]sf] 5 h;n] ljleGg If]qx?df k|ToIf / ck|ToIf e]befjsf] ;fdgf ub{5g\ .

xËsËdf :tgkfg u/fpg] dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vofdf uPsf jif{x?df nuftf/?kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5, h;n]

o; ljifonfO{ Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ jgfO/x]sf] 5 .

l;kmfl/z 5: ;/sf/n] :tgkfg u/fPsf] cfwf/df x'g] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf e]befjnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ :ki6 k|fjwfg

nfu" ug{sf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . oL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ lnË e]befjsf] k|sf/sf] ?kdf, e]befjsf] 5'§} lsl;dsf]

?kdf lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf jf j}lNsks?kdf kfl/jfl/s e]befj cWofb]zdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

:tgkfgsf] kl/efiffdf aRrfnfO{ kl5 v'jfpgsf nflu b'w lgsfNg] sfo{ klg pNn]v ul/g'kb{5 .

C. ;j} hftLo ;d"xsf nflu ;dfgtf

3.9 hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{tsf hftLo e]befjsf ;+/If0fx? cGo e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx? eGbf j9L

;fF3'/f 5g\ jf logLx?df s]lx pNn]Vo ckjfbx? 5g\ h;n] hftLo tyf ;Dj4 e]bjfbjf6 x'g] ;+/If0fnfO{

sdhf]/ agfpF5g\ .

(i) ;/sf/L sfd sfo{jfxL tyf clwsf/ cEof; ubf{ hftLo e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{

3.10 xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/åf/f cfˆgf] sfd sfo{jfxL jf clwsf/x? sfof{Gjog ubf{ -x'g;Sg]_ hftLo

e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f 5}g . of] cGo e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx? cGtu{tsf] ;+/If0fx?;Fu ;dfg 5}gÙ pQm

;+/If0f gx'g' cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?sf] klg pNn+3g xf], tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n]

;/sf/nfO{ pQm ;+zf]wg ug{sf nflu l;kmfl/zx? ul/;s]sf] 5 . xËsËsf ;j} JolQmnfO{ pgLx?sf]

hflt JolQmut ?kdf h] ePtf klg c;/ kfg]{ of] Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . tyf Ocf];Ln] pNn]Vo

cg'kftdf ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf k|ltlqmofx?df o; k|:tfjnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf lyP eGg]

s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 6: ;/sf/åf/f hflt e]befj cWofb]zdf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] sfd sfo{jfxL jf clwsf/x?sf] cEof; ubf{

e]befj ug'{ u}/—sfg"gL xf] egL ;dfj]z u/]/ pQm cWofb]znfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

(ii) ;+j4tfsf] sf/0f hftLo e]befjjf6 pRr:t/sf] ;+/If0f

3.11 xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;+j4tfsf] sf/0f x'g] hftLo e]befjjf6 l;ldt ;+/If0f dfq} 5 , h'g glhssf]

cfkmGtx?sf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5, tyf cGo ;Dj4 JolQmx? h:t} ;fyLx?, ;';f/]x? tyf

;xsdL{x?sf] xsdf nfu" x'Fb}g . of] ;+/If0f ckfËtsf] ;DjGwdf ePsf] tbg'?ksf] ;+/If0f eGbf sd xf]

. Ocf];Ln] o:tf] ;+/If0f ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?sf] xsdf lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ eg]/ k/fdz{ u/] tfklg

Ocf];L;Fu df}h'bf cj:yfdf lnË, uef{j:yf, a}jflxs l:ylt tyf kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] ;+j4tfsf]

cfwf/df x'g] e]befjsf] kof{Kt k|df0fx? 5}g Ù h;n] oL k|fjwfgx? clxn] g} cTofjZos 5g\ eg]/

k'li6 ub{5g\ . ;+j4tfsf] cfwf/df hftLo e]befjjf6 l;ldt ;+/If0f ePsf]n] ubf{, Ocf];LnfO{ o;

8

;+/If0fnfO{ ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf] h:t} xf/fxf/L -;dfg tx_df NofO{ dh'j"t agfpgsf] nflu

k|fyldstfdf kg'{kb{5 eGg] 7fGb5 . Ocf];Ln] ;+j4tfsf] sf/0fn] x'g;Sg] ;DefJo hflt e]befjsf

;f]wk"5x? k|fKt u/]sf] 5, h;nfO{ o;n] cufl8 j9fpg ;s]sf] lyPg .

l;kmfl/z 7: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]zsf] k|fjwfgx?df ;+j4tfsf] sf/0fn] x'g] k|ToIf e]befj tyf

b'Jo{jxf/ -pTkL8g_ lgif]w ub}{ glhssf] cfkmGt ;DjGwL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ vf/]h ub}{, To;sf] 7fpFdf ;Dj4

JolQmsf] kl/efiffdf lgDg ;dfj]z x'g]u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 M (a) s'g} JolQmsf] nfUg] jf :jf:gL Ù (b) s'g} JolQm;Fu jf:tljs 3/]n' cfwf/df a:g] csf]{ JolQm Ù (c) s'g} JolQmsf] cfkmGt Ù (d) s'g} JolQmnfO{ x]/rf/ jf :ofxf/ ug]{ JolQm Ù tyf (e) s'g} JolQm;Fu Jofkfl/s, v]ns'b jf dgf]/~hfgfTds ;DjGwdf ePsf] csf]{ JolQm .

(iii) wf/0ffsf] cfwf/df x'g] hftLo e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f

3.12 df}h'bf cj:yfdf, hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t hfltsf] cfwf/df wf/0ff jf cfIf]k -cf/f]k_ nfu]sf]

sf/0fjf6 x'g] e]befjf6 ;+/If0f 5}g . of] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zeGbf leGg 5, h;df ckfËtfsf]

;jfndf cfIf]k nfu]sf] sf/0fn] x'g] e]befjjf6 :ki6 ;+/If0f 5 . oBlk Ocf];Ln] o:tf] ;+/If0f ;j}

;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?sf] nflu lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ eg]/ k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof], Ocf];L;Fu ljBdfg cj:yfdf

lnË, uef{j:yf, j}jflxs l:ylt tyf kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] ;DjGwdf wf/0ffsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjsf]

kof{Kt k|df0fx? 5}g, h;n] xfnnfO{ o:tf] k|fjwfg /fVgnfO{ cltcfjZos agfpFb5 . t}klg Ocf];Ln]

o:tf] ;+/If0f hfltsf] xsdf ;dfj]z ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] 7fGb5 lsgsL o:tf w]/} kl/l:yltx?

x'G5g\ hxfF dflg;x?nfO{ pgLx? s'g} hfltsf] ePsf] 7fGg] ;Defjgf j9L x'G5 h;sf] kmn:j?k

pgLx?nfO{ sd cg's"nk"0f{ tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . xËsËsf sof}+ hftLo ;d"xx?n] pRr

:t/df hftLo e]befj, k"jf{u|xL Jojxf/ tyf k/Dk/fut -?9LjfbL_ ljrf/sf] cfwf/df Jojxf/x?sf]

;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] k|df0fx?sf] cfwf/df, Ocf];LnfO{ o:tf] ;+/If0f o; k|sf/sf l:yltx?nfO{

;Djf]wg ug{ tyf e]befjnfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf nflu h?/L x'g]5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . ;Dj4gsf] cfwf/df

x'g] hftLo e]befjsf] ;+/If0fsf] yk ug{ Ocf];Ln] u/]sf] l;kmflz;nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ Ocf];Ln] wf/0ffsf]

cfwf/df x'g] hftLo e]befj lj?4sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ Ps?ktfsf] nflu klg yk ul/g'kb{5 , tyf ;+/If0fsf]

:t/ ckfËtf;Fu ;DjlGwt :t/;Fu j/fj/ x'g] eg]/ ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 eGg] 7fGb5 .

l;kmfl/z 8: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]zdf s'g} JolQm s'g} hftLo ;d"xsf] ePsf] wf/0ff jf cfIf]k -cf/f]k_

nfu]sf] sf/0fn] x'g] k|ToIf e]befj tyf b'Jo{jxf/ -pTkL8g_ af6 ;+/If0f ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug{

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

(iv) Joj;flos tflnd tyf lzIff;Fu ;DjlGwt e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] ckjfbsf] vf/]hL

3.13 c+u|]hL / rfOlgh b'j} xËsËsf sfdsfhL efiffx? x'g\ tyf b'a}n] ;dfg x}l;ot /fVb5g\ . df}h'bf

cj:yfdf hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t Joj;flos tflnd tyf lzIffsf] k7gkf7gsf] dfWoddf

e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] ckjfb 5 .

3.14 Joj;flos tflnd tyf lzIffsf] k7gkf7gsf] dfWodsf] ;Gbe{df Ocf];L;Fu o; ckjfbsf] c;/

Psbd} Jofks /x]sf] 5 eGg] lrGtf 5 . Ocf];Ln] Joj;flos tflnd tyf lzIff;Fu ;DjlGwt efiff

;DjGwL e]befjsf sof}+ ph'/Lx? k|fKt u/]sf] klg 5, tyf cNk;+Vos hfltx?;Fu sfd ul//x]sf s]lx

;+3÷;+:yfx?n] Joj;flos tflnddf sf];{ k9fOg] efiffn] ubf{ cNk;+Vos hfltsf dflg;x?n] k|foM

9

sl7gfO{x?sf] ;fdgf u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Joj;flos tflnd;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfbn]

lan ckm /fO6;\ -xËsËsf] d"n sfg"g_ tyf gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/x? ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6«o

dxf;GwL -cfO;L;Llkcf/_ cGtu{t efiffsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjnfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ bfloTjx?nfO{ kl/kfngf

gu/]sf] klg x'g;Sb5 . Ocf];Lsf] c8fg eg]sf] s'g} tflndnfO{ dfq Ps efiffdf k9fpg'kg]{ hfoh

cj:yfx? -s'g} tflnd s'g} Ps efiffdf dfq k|bfg ug'{sf] s'g} Gofof]lrt p2]Zo x'g' tyf Tof]

;dfg'kflts ePsf] eg]/ dfGbf_ x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ k7gkf7gsf] dfWodsf] ;Gbe{df o;/L cfd -Jofks_

ckjfb x'g' cg'ko'Qm xf] eGg] xf] .

l;kmfl/z 9: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 20(2) cGtu{tsf] Joj;flos tflnddf k7gkf7gsf]

dfWod ;DjGwL km]/jbn ug]{ jf ljleGGf Joj:yf ldnfP/ e]befj ug{ cg'dlt lbg] ckjfbnfO{ vf]/h ug{

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . 3.15 lzIffdf k7gkf7gsf] dfWodsf] ;DaGwdf, ;/sf/n] ljutdf Tof] ckjfb ;j} hftLo ;d"xsf

ljBfyL{x?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{sf nflu :s"nx?nfO{ ljbf jf k7gkf7gsf] dfWodnfO{ abNgsf]

nflu jfWofTds gagfpgsf nflu xf] eGg] ;+s]t u/]sf] lyof], h;n] ubf{ cNk;+Vos hfltsf

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ pgLx?s} cfˆgf] efiffdf k7gkf7g ug{sf] nflu :s"nx?nfO{ jfWosf/L agfpFb}g .

Ocf];Ln] ;/sf/sf] c8fgnfO{ a'em] tfklg Ocf];LnfO{ of] ckjfb w]/} Jofks ePsf] tyf kl/0ffd:j?k

o;nfO{ cNk;+Vos hfltsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ rfOlgh bf]>f] efiffsf] ?kdf cWoog ug{sf] nflu s'g} klg

nlIft ;xfotfsf] cfjZostf cfjZos 5}g eg]/ JofVof ug{ ;lsg] 5 eGGf] lrGtf 5 . cNk;+Vos

hfltsf ljBfyL{x?n] rfOlgh efiff l;Sgsf] nflu pNn]Vo dfqfdf cj/f]wx?sf] ;fdgf ub{5g\ eGg]

;DjGwL 7f]; k|df0f 5, h;n] ;dfhdf pgLx?sf] ;dfg ;xefuLtfnfO{ gsf/fTds?kdf c;/ kf/]sf]

5 . lzIff:fFu ;DjlGwt ckjfbn] lan ckm /fO6;\ tyf cfO;L;Llkcf/ cGtu{t efiffsf] cfwf/df x'g]

e]befjnfO{ /f]syfd ug'{kg]{ xËsËsf] cfˆg} tyf cGt/f{li6«o bfloTjx?sf] kl/kfngf gug{ ;Sb5 .

Ocf];Ln] o; ckjfbsf] vf/]hLn] jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ kfg]{5}g eGg] ljZjf; ub{5 lsgeg]

b'O{j6f sfdsfhL efiffdf k7gkf7g u/fpg'nfO{ ;DejtM Gofo;+ut p2]Zo tyf ;dfg'kflts ePsf]

tyf To;}sf/0fn] o;nfO{ u}/—sfg"gL gePsf] eg]/ dfGg ;lsG5 . l;kmfl/z 10: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 26(2) cGtu{tsf] lzIff;Fu ;DjlGwt k7gkf7gsf]

dfWoddf km]/jbn ug]{ jf cs}{ Joj:yf ldnfpg cg'dlt lbg] ckjfbnfO{ vf/]h ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

D. k|ToIf e]befj, ck|ToIf e]befj tyf b'Jo{jxf/ -pTkL8g_af6sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{

(i) k|ToIf e]befjsf] ;+/If0fdf ;'wf/ ug]{

3.16 k|ToIf e]befjsf] th"{df ubf{ Ocf];LnfO{ b'O{j6f ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ eGg] s/fdf ljZjf;

ub{5 M ;+/lIft ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df e]befjsf] cy{ -cfzo_ / k|ToIf e]befjsf] d'2fsf] ;jfndf

t'ngfstf{sf] ljifo .

3.17 k|ToIf e]befjsf] xfnsf] kl/efiffn] ;j} e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?sf] xsdf s'g} JolQmsf] lglZrt -

tf]lsPsf]_ ljz]iftfx?sf] cfwf/df ePsf] e]befjnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;sf] cy{ e]befjsf] ;fdgf u/]sf]

JolQm;Fu s'g} ;+/lIft ljz]iftf x'g} kb{5 / ;DejtM o;n] To:tf kl/l:yltx? hxfF s'g} JolQmnfO{

;+/lIft ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df sd cg's"nk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ lgh;Fu s'g} ljz]iftf 5}g eg]

o;n] Tof] kl/l:ylt g;d6\g ;Sb5 . of] ;+/If0f ePsf] l/Qmtf -vfnL 7fFp_ xf] tyf o:t} t'ngf ug{

ldNg] cGo If]qflwsf/ ePsf] ;+/If0fsf]eGbf t'ngfdf leGg b]lvG5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm, of] ;Dj4g /

wf/0ff jf cfIf]ksf] sf/0fn] x'g] e]befjsf] cGo ;Dj4 k|fjwfgx?;Fu ;dfg -Ps?ksf]_ 5}g .

10

l;kmfl/z 11: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df k|ToIf e]befjsf] kl/efiffnfO{ ;+/lIft ljz]iftfsf]

cfwf/df, s'g} JolQmnfO{ sd cg's"nk"0f{ tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug'{ xf] eg]/ ;+zf]wg ug{ gls s'g} JolQm;Fu ;+/lIft

ljz]iftf x'g]kg]{ cfjZostf pNn]v ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

3.18 k|ToIf ckfËtfsf] bfjLx?sf] ;DjGwdf, xfnsf] k|fjwfgsf] efiffn] ckfËtf ePsf] JolQm / æckfËtf

gePsf]Æ csf]{ JolQmsf] aLrdf t'ngf ug{ cfjZos agfpF5, h;sf] cy{ To:tf] cj:yfx? hxfF s'g}

Ps ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ csf]{ ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf] t'ngfdf sd cg's"nk"0f{ tl/sfn] Jojxf/

ul/Pdf ;+/If0f nfu" gx'g ;Sb5 eGg] x'g;S5 . s'g} ckfËtf ePsf] JolQm h:tf]sL dfgl;s ckfËtf

jf ;?jf /f]u nfu]sf] JolQmx?n] cGo lsl;dsf] ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmx?n] eGbf j9L nf~5gf jf

e]befjsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ tYo, o; k|fjwfgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] k|df0f xf] .

;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 klg o; ;'wf/sf] nflu alnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] 5 lsgsL o;n] ckfËtf ePsf]

JolQmx?nfO{ pRr:t/sf] ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{5 . l;kmfl/z 12: ;/sf/n] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 6 / 8 sf] k|ToIf ckfËtf e]befjsf] k|fjwfgx?nfO{

:ki6 agfpgsf nflu ljleGGf ckfËtfx? ePsf JolQmx? jLrdf x'g] e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f eGg] ;dfj]z u/L

;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

(ii) ck|ToIf e]befjsf] ;+/If0fdf ;'wf/ ug]{

3.19 xfnsf] ck|ToIf e]befjsf] kl/efiff, æcfjZostf jf zt{Æ sf] bfo/f Ù xfgL÷Iflt jf a]kmfObf :yflkt

ug]{ s'/fdf Ù tyf ck|ToIf e]befj Gofof]lrt x'gsf] nflu s] s] ug'{k5{ eg]/ ul/Psf] kl/efiff

nufotsf w]/} ljifox?df Psbd} ;fF3'/f] 5 . o;sf] kmn:j?k, s]lx cj:yfx?df e]befjsf] bfjLnfO{

cGofof]lrt eg]/ eGg ;lsb}g . e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?sf] sfof{Gjog ubf{sf] xfd|f] cg'ejsf]

cfwf/df, Ocf];LnfO{ ck|ToIf e]befjsf] kl/efiffnfO{ ;'wf/ ul/g'g} kb{5 eGg] nfUb5 .

l;kmfl/z 13: ;/sf/n] ;j} rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ck|ToIf e]befjsf] kl/efiffnfO{ lgDd

jdf]lhd ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 M

- s'g} k|fjwfg, dfkb08 jf cEof; nfu" x'g] jf ;dfg?kdf Pp6} ljz]iftf ;fd]n gx'g] JolQmx?df

klg nfu" x'g] Ù - h'g ;+/lIft ljz]iftf ePsf] JolQmsf nflu xfgL x'g] jf x'g;Sg] Ù - h;nfO{ s'g} Gofo;+ut p2]Zo k'/f u/]/ Gofof]lrt 5 eg]/ b]vfpg jf s'g} cf}lrTo ePsf] tyf

p2]Zo;Fu ;dfg'kflts ;DjGw 5 eg]/ b]vfpg g;lsg] .

(iii) b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;'wf/ ug]{

3.20 xfnsf] cj:yfdf To:tf sof}+ cj:yfx? 5g\ hxfF b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ jt{dfg k|fjwfgx?n] kof{Kt

;+/If0f k|bfg ub}{gg\ . o;df ;femf sfo{:yn -h:tf] :jo+;]js cyjf ;fdfgx? ljqmL ug]{ 7fFp_ df

sfd ug]{ dflg;x? hf] /f]huf/sf] ;DjGwn] ufFl;Psf x'Fb}g lj?4 n}lËs, hftLo jf ckfËtf

b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f 5}g Ù xËsËdf btf{ ul/Psf] kfgLhxfh jf xjfOhxfhdf ;d]tdf ;]jfu|fxLåf/f

;]jfk|bfos lj?4 x'g] hftLo tyf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f 5}g, Ù Pp6} kl/;/df j:g] ef8fjfn

jf ;x—ef8fjfn lj?4 csf]{ ef8fjfn jf ;x—ef8fjfnn] ug]{ n}lËs, hftLo jf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/af6

;+/If0f 5}g Ù ;b:ox? jf ;Defljt ;b:ox? lj?4 SNj Joj:yfkgn] ug]{ n}lËs, hftLo jf ckfËtf

b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f 5}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm Ocf];Ln] sd{rf/Lx? lj?4 x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug{sf]

nflu /f]huf/bftfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 eGg] 7fGb5, tyf xfnsf] cj:yfdf /f]huf/bftfsf] sfg"gL

11

bfloTj , hxfF pgLx?n] cfˆgf sd{rf/Lx? lj?4 s'g} t]>f] kIf h:tf] sL pkef]Qmfx?åf/f ul/g]

b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug{ d'gfl;j sbdx? rfNg r's]sf x'G5g\, ;DjGwL s'g} k|fjwfg 5}g .

3.21 Ocf];Ln] b'Jo{jxf/sf w]/} ph'/Lx? , d'Vo?kdf n}lËs b'Jo{jxf/sf ph'/Lx? k|fKt ub{5 . dfly pNn]lvt

s]lx d'2fx?df b'Jo{jxf/sf] ph'/LnfO{, To:tf] s'g} sfg"gL ;+/If0f pknAw gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Ocf];Ln]

cufl8 a9fpg ljkmn ePsf] lyof] . oL dWo s]lx ljifox?df, ljutdf Ocf];Ln] ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL

;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu ;'emfjx? lbPsf] lyof], h;df ;/sf/ l;4fGtM ;xdt ePsf] lyof] t/ kl/jt{g

nfu" ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] s'g} sbd rfn]g . Ocf];Ln] s]lx cWoogx? u/]sf] lyof] h;n] pRr:t/df

n}lËs b'Jo{jxf/ ljleGg If]qx? h:tf] /f]huf/, lzIff, tyf ;]jfx?sf] k|fjwfgx?df JofKt /x]sf] ;+s]t

u/]sf] lyof] . s]lx hf]lvddf ePsf ;d"x?, a}b]lzs 3/]n' sfdbf/x? ;d]t, d'Vo?kdf ;+/If0fdf ePsf]

l/Qmtfn] ubf{ k|efljt ePsf] eGg] k|df0f 5 . o;n] ;+ejtM ljleGg sfo{If]qx?df ;+nUg w]/}

dflg;x?nfO{ c;/ kfb{5 . t;y{ Ocf];Ln] ;/sf/nfO{ lgDg l;kmfl/zx? ub{5 M

l;kmfl/z 14: ;/sf/n] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ lghsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ t]>f] kIf h:tf] ls pkef]Qmfx?jf6 x'g] n}lËs,

hftLo jf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/sf nflu olb b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu, lghnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/sf] hfgsf/L ePsf]

t/ lghn] s'g} plrt sbdx? rfNg c;kmn ePsf] v08df hjfkmb]lx agfpgsf nflu lnË e]befj cWofb]z,

hflt e]befj cWofb]z / ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zdf ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 ; l;kmfl/z 15: ;/sf/n] ;femf sfo{:yndf h:tf] sL ;fdfgx?sf] ljqmL ug]{ sfdbf/x? tyf :jo+;]jsx? dfly

x'g] n}lËs, hftLo tyf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf nflu lnË e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj

cWofb]z / ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf] k|fjwfgx?df ;+zf]wg ug{sf nlfu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 ; l;kmfl/z 16: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]z / ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf k|fjwfgx?df ;]jfk|bfosnfO{

;]jfu|fxLn] ug]{ hftLo tyf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 ; l;kmfl/z 17: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]z / ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf k|fjwfgx?df ;]jfu|fxLn]

;]jfk|bftfnfO{ xËsË jflx/ t/ xËsËdf btf{ ul/Psf xjfOhxfh / kfgLhxfhx?df x'g] hftLo / ckfËtf

b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 ; l;kmfl/z 18: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z / ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf

k|fjwfgx?df Pp6} kl/;/df a:g] ef8fjfn jf ;x—ef8fjfnx? lj?4 csf]{ ef8fjfn jf ;x—ef8fjfnn] ug]{

lnË, hflt jf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/jf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 ; l;kmfl/z 19: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z / ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zdf ;b:ox?

jf ;+efljt ;b:ox? lj?4 SNjsf] Joj:yfkgn] ug]{ lnË, hftLo / ckfËtf e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf]

nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

E. ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? ;DjGwL ;+/If0fsf] bfo/f

3.22 jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] ;GjGwdf, ;+/If0fdf l/Qmtf -vfnL 7fFp_ 5, lsgsL rf/j6}

e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] cfˆgf] sfdsfo{jfxL jf clwsf/x? ;+kfbg ubf{

e]befj ug'{ u}/—sfg"gL x'G5 eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf 5}gg\ . of] b[li6sf]0f lan ckm /fO6;\ cGtu{t

;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] e]befjnfO{ lgif]w ug'{kg]{ bfloTj;Fu d]n vfFb}g . k/fdz{sf] ;Gbe{df sof}+

12

;+3÷;+:yfx?n] s;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo eg]/ dfGg' kg]{ eg]/ kl/eflift ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g] s'/f

bzf{Psf lyP . l;kmfl/z 20: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df, oL cWofb]zx? ;j} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df nfu"

x'g] tyf ltgLx?n] cfˆgf] sfdsfo{jfxL jf clwsf/x?sf] cEof; ubf{ e]befj ug'{ u}/—sfg"gL x'g]5 eGg]

k|fjwfg ;dfj]z u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . st} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] kl/efiff cfjZos t 5}g eGg]

;DjGwdf klg Wofg lbOg'k5{ .

F. e]befjsf bfjLx?

(i) e]befjsf] bfjLsf] k|df0fsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{

3.23 k|foM e]befjsf] :ki6 k|df0fx? gx'g]x'Fbf e]befjsf d'2fx? k|dfl0ft ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . oBlk e]befj

lj/f]wL sfg"gx?df :ki6 ?kdf n]lvPsf] gePtf klg, xËsËsf cbfntx?n] o:tf] b[li6sf]0f lnPsf

5g\, hxfF, jfbLn] e]befjsf] s]lx k|df0fx? pknAw ul/;s] kl5, Jojxf/df cbfntn] st} e]befj

ePsf] lyof] lyPg eGg] lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu k|ltjfbLsf] k|df0f jf jofg -:ki6Ls/0f_ nfO{ x]g]{ u/]sf] 5 .

o:t} If]qflwsf/ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/df, o:tf] k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbL tkm{ :yfGt/0f x'g]

;DjGwL pgLx?sf] e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?df :ji6?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgj

clwsf/;Fu ;DjlGwt lgsfo -sldl6_x?n] klg :ki6?kdf o:tf] cjwf/0ff÷b[li6sf]0fnfO{ l;kmfl/z

u/]sf 5g\ . k/fdz{sf] k|ltlqmofdf, o; k|:tfjdf ;xdt ePsf sof}+ ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] e]befjsf

bfjLx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ sl7gfOx?nfO{, sfg"gdf :ki6?kdf lsg o:tf] k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5

eGg] s'/fsf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf cf}+NofPsf lyP . l;kmfl/z 21: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df k|df0fsf] dfks -dfkb08_ / k|df0fsf] ef/sf

k|fjwfgx? lgDgfg';f/ ;dfj]z ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - k|df0fsf] dfks -dfkb08_sf] ;DaGwdf, o;n] jfbLn] ;+efjgfx?sf] ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df e]befj ePsf]

eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ 5 eg]/ b]vfpg' kg]{5 ; - k|df0fsf] ef/sf] ;DjGwdf, o;n] jfbLn] tYox? :yflkt ug}{kg]{ 5 h;jf6 e]befj ePsf] eg]/

cg'dfg nufpg ;lsg]5, tyf jfbLn] of] :yflkt ul/;s]kl5, jf:tjdf eb]efj ePsf] lyPg eg]/

b]vfpg' kg]{ k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbLdf :tfGt/0f x'G5 eg]/ b]vfpg' kg]{5 .

(ii) ck|ToIf e]befjsf bfjLx?df Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg]

3.24 jt{dfg cj:yfdf, lnË e]befj cWofb]z, kfl/jfl/s e]befj cWofb]z tyf hflt e]befj cWofb]z

cGtu{t ck|ToIf e]befjsf] xsdf Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf, k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ sdcg's"nk"0f{ tl/sfn]

Jojxf/ ug]{ dgzfo u/]sf] kl/l:yltx?df dfq} l;ldt ul/Psf] 5 . olx aGb]h ckfËtf e]befj

cWofb]z cGtu{t nfu" x'Fb}g, tyf o;n] Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg] ;DjGwsf k|fjwfgx?df vf8n -l/Qmtf_

l;h{gf ub{5 . of] Gofo;+ut klg b]lvb}g lsgeg] e]befj k|dfl0ft ug{sf] nflu dgzfo cfjZos tTj

xf]Og . o; k|:tfj;Fu /fhL ePsf clwsf+z ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ck|ToIf e]befjsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg]

s'/fdf dgzfo Ps k"j{—zt{sf] ?kdf x'g'xF'b}g eGg] s'/f klg cf}+NofPsf lyP . l;kmfl/z 22: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]z, kfl/jfl/s e]befj cWofb]z, tyf hflt e]befj cWofb]z

cGtu{tsf] ck|ToIf e]befjsf bfjLx?sf nflu Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpgsf nflu e]befj ug]{ dgzfonfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{

cfjZos agfpg] k|fjwfgx?nfO{ vf/]h ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

13

efu 2: yk cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{ tyf lzIff rflxg] pRr k|fyldstfsf ljifox? A. ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g tyf d"nk|jflxs/0f ug]{ st{Jo

3.25 xËsËsf ljBdfg e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?sf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo eg]sf] eb]efjsf

bfjLx?df l;i6ddf ePsf] tyf ;+:yfut e]befj jf c;dfgtfx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{sf nflu ;/sf/

tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?nfO{ ;dfgtf k|j4{g tyf e]befj pGd'ng ug{sf] nflu s'g} ljz]if st{Jo

dfkm{t h?/L agfpg'sf] ;§fdf JolQmut lgjf/0fnfO{ d'Vo -k|fylds_?kdf hf]8 lbg' xf] . oBlk

;/sf/n] jf:tljs ;dgtfnfO{ pRr:t/df k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu s]lx pkfox? NofP tfklg, ltgLx? g

Jofks 5g\, gg} ljleGg ;d"xx?sf] nflu kof{Kt 5g\, lsgeg] ltgLx? s]lx ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx? h:tf]

sL lnË jf hflt;Fu dfq ;DjlGwt 5g\ ; tyf s]lx ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df dfq nfu" x'G5g\

; tyf ltgLx?sf] sfg"gL c;/ 5}g . 3.26 Tolx ;dodf, xËsËsf jx'n—;d"xx?n], cNk;+Vos hfltx?, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?, tyf dlxnfx?

;d]tn] l;i6df /x]sf] c;dtfsf] lg/Gtt/ ;fdgf u/]sf] dgUo k|df0fx? 5g\ . cem eGg' kbf{,

cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?n] s'g} klg If]qflwsf/n] jf:tljs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{sf nflu

;'ljwf jf cj;/jf6 jl~rt ePsf ;d"xx?sf nflu cu|;/ eP/ sbdx? rfNgnfO{ cfjZos

agfpF5g\ . o:t} t'ngf ug{ ldNg] If]qlwsf/ ePsf] b]zx? h:tf] sL ;+o'Qm clw/fHo -a]nfot_df,

;dfgtf k|j4{g tyf e]befj pGd'ng ug{nfO{ To:tf] st{Jo pgLx?sf] e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?df

;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . Ocf];Ln] o; k|:tfjsf] nflu d'Vo?kdf cNk;+Vos hfltx? tyf dlxnfx?nfO{

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 pNn]Vo ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg pNn]v ub{5 . 3.27 ;fj{hlgs If]q -;]S6/_ ;dfgtf st{Jo x'g'kb{5 eGg] Ocf];Lsf] c8fg xf] . o:tf] st{Jon] ljleGg

k|sf/n] ax'n sfo{If]qx? tyf cGo sfg"gx?df k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf, Ocf];Ln] o;nfO{ nfu" ug{sf] nflu

klxnf] sbdsf] ?kdf yk cWoog tyf ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ cfjZos 5 eGg] 7fGb5 . o;n] w]/}

lsl;dsf sf/stTjnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ h:tf] sL stJo{sf] bfo/f ; s'g—s'g ;/sf/L ljefu tyf

;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df o:tf] st{Jo nfu" x'g] ; sfg"gL?kdf nfu" ug{sf] nflu ;Ldf tyf ljlw ; tyf st{JonfO{ cg'udg ug]{ tyf ;DjlGwt dfu{bz{g agfpgsf nflu Ocf;Lsf] ;Defljt e"ldsf .

l;kmfl/z 23: ;/sf/n] ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?df nfu" x'g] u/L ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug{ tyf e]befj pGd'ng

ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs If]q -;]S6/_ ;dfgtf st{Jo nfu" ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ / cWoog ug{sf]

nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . B. /fli6«otf, gful/stf tyf /]l;8]G;L :6f6;sf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjaf6 ;+/If0f 3.28 jt{dfg cj:yfdf hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t /fli6«otf, gful/stf jf /]l;8]G;L :6f6;sf] cfwf/df

x'g] e]befjaf6 ;+/If0f 5}g . ;du|df pNn]Vo l/Qmtf ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o;n] w]/} ;+Vofdf JolQmx?

tyf ljljw ;d"xsf dflg;x?nfO{ c;/ u/]sf] 5 lsgeg] xËsËdf To:tf w]/} kl/l:yltx? 5g\ hxfF

ljleGg hftLo ;d"xx?n] /fli6«otf, gful/stf jf /]l;8]G;L :6f6;sf cfwf/df e]befjsf] ;fdgf

ub{5g\ eGg] af/]df kof{Kt k|df0fx? 5g\ . o:tf] ;+/If0f gx'g' cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf

bfloTjx?;Fu d]n vfb}g tyf ax'kIfLo ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf sldl6 -lgsfo_x?n] ;/sf/nfO{ o:tf]

14

;+/If0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ l;kmfl/zx? u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfg cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/ ePsf] s]lx b]zx?n]

e]befjjf6 o:t} ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5g\ . 3.29 Ocf];Ln] /fli6«otf tyf gful/stfsf] cfwf/x?n] /]l;8]G;L :6f6; eGbf k[ys rf;f] v8f ub{5 eGg]

7fGb5 tyf logLx?n] 5'§f5'§}?kdf 5nkmn u/]sf] 5 .

(i) /fli6«otf tyf gful/stf 3.30 Ocf];Ln] /fli6«otf tyf gful/stfsf] cfwf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf , xËsËsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf

bfloTjx? ; /fli6«otf tyf gful/stfsf cfwf/df x'g] e]befj hftLo e]befj;Fu ;DjlGwt x'g] tYo ; tyf o:tf] e]befj xËsËdf eO/x]sf] k|df0fsf] sf/0fx?n] ubf{ o:tf cfwf/x?jf6 x'g] e]befjjf6

;+/If0f nfu" ug{sf] nflu kof{Kt cf}lrTo 5 eGg]df 7fGb5 . o; If]qsf] k|:tfjdf ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6

d"Vo?kdf dfgj clwsf/, cNk;+Vos hfltx?, cf>o vf]h]sf JolQmx? tyf z/0ffyL{x? ;d]t Ù tyf

dlxnf;Fu sfd ul//x]sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ;fdfGotofM alnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

k|ltlqmofx? dWo] s]lxn] xËsËsf cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf lyP tyf

e]befjsf] k|df0fx? klg pb[t u/]sf lyP . To;}u/L o:f k|:tfj k|lt s]lx ;+3÷;+:yfx? , a}lsË If]q

;d]tn] plrt rf;f] JoQm u/]sf lyP . Ocf];Ln] o:tf rf;f]sf ljifonfO{ e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg]

plrt ckjfbx? h;n] Gofo;Fut p2]Zo k'lt{ ub{5g\ tyf h'g ;dfg'kflts x'G5g\ h:tf /fv]/ ljleGg

tl/sfn] kof{Kt?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 24: ;/sf/n] hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug{ / To;kl5 /fli6«otf tyf

gful/stfsf] cfwf/df x'g] eb]efjjf6 ;+/If0f nfu" ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . k/fdz{n] s;/L /fli6«otf

tyf gful/stfnfO{ kl/efiff ug]{ tyf /fli6«otf tyf gful/stf;Fu ;DjlGwt s'g s'g ckjfbx?nfO{ oyfjt

/fVg] jf vf/]h ug'{kg]{ nufotsf ;fGble{s ljifox?nfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . (ii) /]l;8]G;L :6f6;, d'Voe"ldsf lrgf ;d]t 3.31 xËsËsf] /]l;8]G;L :6f6;sf] ;DjGwdf, Ocf];Ln] oL cfwf/x?df x'g] e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f x'g'kb{5 eGg]

7fGb5 . of] ;+/If0f /]l;8]G;L :6f6;sf] cfwf/df d'Voe"ldsf lrgfx? dfq geO{ ;j}nfO{ nfu" x'g]5 .

Ocf];Ln] ljleGg ;d"xsf dflg;x?, gofF cfk|jf;Lx?sf] ;fy;fy} cf>osf] vf]hLul//x]sf tyf c?

;+/If0fsf bfjLjfnfx?n] ;d]tn], o;sf] cfwf/df e]befj ;fdgf ul//x]sf] eGGf] s'/fsf] bl/nf] k|df0f

ePsf] pNn]v ub{5 . o;}u/L o; k|:tfjsf] ;DjGwdf ko{6g If]qsf ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] klg plrt rf;f]

JoQm u/]sf lyP . 3.32 oL s'/fx?sf] afjh'b, Ocf];Ln] xËsËdf dflg;x?nfO{ pgLx?sf] /]l;8]G;L :6f6;df cfwfl/t eP/

s]lx kl/l:yltx? h:tf] /fhg}lts clwsf/x? k|bfg ug]{ jf ;/sf/L ;]jf÷;'ljwf jf >f]tx? kfpg]

of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ubf{, leGg tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug'{ Gofo;Fut x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf klg ljZjf; ub{5 .

o:tf kl/l:yltx?df x/]s d'2fsf] ljz]if kl/l:ylt, s'g} e]befjk"0f{ c;/ s'g} Gofof]lrt p2]Zosf nflu

eP gePsf] tyf ;dfg'kflts eP gePsf] ;d]tu/L ljrf/ ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

3.33 ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg, Ocf];Ln] of] ljifo tyf d'Voe"ldsf lrgfx?, cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf

;d]tsf] ljifodf, k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg s8f rf;f]x? p7fOPsf] lyof], h'g ;fob hflt e]befj cWofb]zsf]

jt{dfg ;+/If0fsf] bfo/f jf Ocf];Lsf] k|:tfjx?sf] sfg"gL c;/x?sf] unt JofVofsf] sf/0f ePsf]

eGg] s'/f pNn]v ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, Ocf];Lsf] c8fg eg]sf] Pp6} hflt—leq x'g] e]befj -hxfF

s'g} JolQmn] cfˆg} hfltsf dflg;x?nfO{ csf]{ hfltsf] dflg;x?nfO{ eGbf sd cg's"nk"0f{ Jojxf/

15

ug]{_ sf s]lx kl/l:yltx?, olb e]befjsf] Jojxf/sf] nflu hflt Pp6f sf/0f xf] eg], oL kl/l:yltx?

hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t clxn]g} lgif]lwt 5g eGg] xf] . Ocf];Ln] oL rf;f]x? sfg"gåf/f

kof{Kt?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] 7fGb5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . jf:tjd} hflt

e]befj cWofb]zsf] ljBdfg 9fFrfn] clxn] g}, tyf olb ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] v08df, o:tf kl/l:yltnfO{

;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsg]5, hxfF /]l;8]G;Lsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug'{ Gofo;Fut x'g]5 . c? rf;f]sf

ljifox?nfO{ Gofo;Fut ckjfbx? ;dfj]z u/]/ nufotsf cGo ljleGg tl/sfx?n] ;dfwfg ug{

;lsG5 . l;kmfl/z 25: ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ u/]kl5 hflt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t xËsËsf] /]l;8]G;L :6f6;sf]

cfwf/df x'g] e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f nfu" u/f];\ eGg] l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . k/fdz{n] ;+/If0fsf] ;Defljt bfo/f , st}

/]l;8]G;L ;DjGwL df}h'bf ckjfbx? vf/]h ul/g'kg]{ jf ;+zf]wg ul/g'kg]{ , tyf c? s'g} ljz]if ckjfb pko'Qm

x'g] gx'g] nufotsf ;j} ;fGble{s ljifox? dfly ljrf/ ug'{kg]{5 . ;/sf/ tyf Ocf];Ln] hflt e]befj

cWofb]zsf] sfof{Gjog tyf /]l;8]G;L :6f6; ;DjGwL ;+/If0fx?sf] c;/ s] x'g]5 eGg] pRr:t/sf] j'emfOnfO{

k|j4{g ug{ yk l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . C. sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwsf] xsdf kl/jf/sf nflu ;dfgtf (i) j}jflxs l:ylt e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f M sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwx?

3.34 jt{dfg cj:yfdf, lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf ePsf t/ sfg"gL?kdf ljjfx

;DjGwdf gafFlwPsf JolQmx?, rfx] ljkl/tnËL jf ;dlnËL x'g\, lj?4 x'g] e]befjjf6 :ki6 ;+/If0f

5}g . xËsËdf clxn]sf] cj:yfdf sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf /x]sf hf]8Lx?sf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] s'g}

k|0ffnL klg 5}g .

3.35 sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf /x]sf hf]8Lx?sf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] cefj tyf ;DjlGwt sfg"g / gLltx?sf]

c;/x?n] ubf{ pgLx?n] /f]huf/ ;'ljwfx?, s/sf] e"QmfgL, cWofudg clwsf/, klAns xfpl;Ë,

hGdhft tyf kfl/jfl/s clwsf/x? nufotsf hLjgsf w]/} kIfx?df e]befjsf] ;fdgf ub{5g\ . olx

;dodf, o;n] j9\bf] ;+Vofsf dflg;x?nfO{ c;/ ug]{ ;Defjgf 5, lsg sL xËsËdf kl/jf/sf] 9fFrf

tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf ljjfxsf wf/0ffdf qmlds ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 tyf w]/} hf]8Lx?n] sf]Xofljl6Ë

;DjGwdf hLjgofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

3.36 xËsËsf] l:yltn] a}jflxs l:ylt jf s'g} ;DjGwdf ePsf] l:yltsf] cfwf/df e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{

cGt/f{li6«o tyf ;fob :yfgLo dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?nfO{ kl/kfngf ub}{g, h'g kl/l:yltdf

;DjGwdf ePsf t/ sfg"gL?kdf ljjfx gu/]sf hf]8Lx? kb{5g\ . o:t} If]qflwsf/ ePsf s]lx

cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/x?n] sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbPsf 5g\ tyf e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f

k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . xfn}sf] s]lx ljsf;x?n] o:tf] s]lx kl/l:yltx? tkm{ 8f]¥ofPsf 5g\, hxfF xËsËsf]

sfg"gn] sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5, h:tf] ls 3/]n' lx+;f lj?4 ;+/If0f tyf d]l8sn

pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] kf6{g/sf] tkm{jf6 lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] h:tf s'/fx? klg pNn]VogLo 5g \

3.37 Ocf];Ln] k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg o; ljifodf wfld{s lgsfox? tyf /f]huf/bftfsf] ;d"xx? nufot b'j}

JolQmx? tyf ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 s8f rf;f] JoQm ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ub{5 . ljz]if?kdf Ocf];Ln]

wfld{s ;d"x tyf lgsfox?sf] sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwsf] dfGotfsf] ;fy;fy} pgLx?sf] wfld{s :jtGqtf

;DjGwL clwsf/sf] lrGtfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fsf] dxTjnfO{ k"0f{?kdf :jLsf/ ub{5 . oL ljifox?nfO{

e]befjjf6 x'g;Sg] ;+/If0fx? tyf sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwsf] dfGotfsf] af/]df ljrf/ ug{sf] nflu

16

Wofgk"j{s ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 . Ocf];LnfO{ pko'Qm kl/efiff tyf Gofof]lrt ckjfb nufot cGo dfWodjf6,

sfg"g / ljleGg ;d"xx? aLrdf pko'Qm ;Gt'ng xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df ljZjf; 5 .

3.38 l;4fGtM Ocf];Ln] sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf /x]sf JolQmx?nfO{ lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t j}jflxs

l:yltsf cfwf/df e]befjaf6 ;+/lIft x'g'kb{5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . oBlk, of] e]befj lj/f]wL

sfg"gx?sf] ljifo dfq geO{ Psbd} 7"nf] ljifo xf], lsgeg] ;DjGwsf] dfGotf gx'g' eg]sf] o;sf] c;/

ax'kIfLo sfg"gx? tyf gLltx?df k5{ eGg] xf] . sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf /x]sf] JolQmx?sf] nflu e]befj

lj/f]wL sfg"gsf] ;+/If0f lj:t[t, ;dfg tyf k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu, Ocf];Ln] sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwsf]

nflu xËsËdf sfg"gL dfGotf x'g'kb{5 eGg]df klg ljZjf; ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 26: ;/sf/n] xËsËdf ljkl/tlnËL tyf ;dlnËL sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf e]befj tyf ;DjlGwt

;DefJo sfg"gL dfGotfsf] ljifosf] ;fy;fy} ljb]zdf ljBdfg sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwx? tyf Pp6} lnËL aLrsf]

ljjfxsf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog tyf ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . k/fdz{df lgDd s'/fx? x'g'kg]{ 5 :

- lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t j}jflxs l:yltsf] ;+/If0f;Fu ;DjlGwt eP/ , sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf

ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ljz]if ckjfbsf] ;DefJo vf/]hL, ;+zf]wg jf

yk ug]{ nufotsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ ug'kg]{ ; - ;j} cGo ;DefJo e]befjk"0f{ sfg"g tyf gLltx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 5}g egL Wofg lbg'kg]{ ; - o:tf ;DjGwnfO{ dfGotf lbg ;lsg] cGo tl/sf tyf o;n] sltsf] xb;Dd ljjkl/t lnËL tyf

;dlnËL ;DjGwnfO{ ;d]6\g ;S5 egL Wofg lbg'kg]{ . (ii) kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f M sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwx? 3.39 jt{dfg cj:yfdf sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ kfl/jfl/s e]befj cWofb]z cGt{ut

;+/If0f 5}g , hxfF pgLx?n] glhssf] kfl/jfl/s ;b:o h:tf] sL pgLx?sf] kf6{g/sf] x]/rfx u/]sf]

ePtfklg . klxn]sf] ;DjGwsf] ;Gbe{df hxfF e"tk"j{ ljjfx jf sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwsf] sf/0fn] glhssf]

kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] x]/rfx ug]{ s'g} JolQm lj?4 e]befjaf6 s'g} ;+/If0f klg 5}g . 3.40 sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf ePsf JolQmx?sf] j9\b} uO/x]sf] ;+Vofsf] ;fy;fy} ;fdfGotofM kf/;kl/s

dGh'/L -ldn]dtf]_df 5'l§g] bDkQLx? -rfx] Tof] sfg"gL ljjfx xf];\ of sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwdf_sf]

;+Vofdf j9f]Q/L eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf, Ocf];Ln] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befjjf6 To:tf JolQmx?sf] xsdf

h;n] jt{dfg jf klxn]sf] ;DjGwjf6 :yflkt kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox?nfO{ x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ x'G5, sf]Xofljl6Ë

;DaGw ;d]tdf ;+/If0f x'g'kb{5 eGg] 7fGb5 . 3.41 o; ljifodf ;+3÷;+:yf, d'Vo?kdf wfld{s lgsfox? tyf :s"nx? / JolQmx? b'j}n] ;fj{hlgs

k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg s8f lrGtfx? JoQm u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ub{5 . pgLx?n] dlxnf / k'?if

aLr dfqsf] ljjfxsf] Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf lbOg'kg]{, tyf e]befj lj?4sf] ;+/If0f ljjflxt

bDkQLx?nfO{ dfq k|bfg ul/g'kb{5, kfl/jfl/s ;b:osf] x]/rfxsf] ;jfndf ;d]t o:t} b[li6sf]0fx?

JoQm u/]sf lyP . Ocf];Ln] o; k|:tfjsf] Wofg eg]sf] ;dlnËL ljjfxsf] dfGotfsf] ;DjGwdf gePsf],

t/ kfl/jfl/s ;b:osf] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{, ljjfx ePsf] xf];\ jf gxf];\ tyf st} Tof] ljjfx jf

sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGw 6'l6;s]sf] xf];\ jf gxf];\, To;nfO{ cfwf/ gagfOsg pgLx?nfO{ e]befjjf6

;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .

17

l;kmfl/z 27: ;/sf/n] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{tsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ ;DjGwdf lgDg

s'/fx?sf] ;Gbe{df cWoog tyf k/fdz{ ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 M

- sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGwx?df glhssf] kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox?sf] x]/rfx ug]{ ;DaGwdf ; - e"tk"j{ hLjg;fyL jf sf]Xofljl6Ë kf6{g/sf] glhssf] kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox?sf] x]/rfx ug]{ ;DaGwdf .

18

cWofo 4: k/fdz{df ul/Psf cGo ljifox? ;DaGwL k|:tfj 4.1 of] cWofon] cGo k/fdz{ b:tfj]hsf k|Zgx?sf] af/]df xfd|f] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 . efu I n]

sfg"gsf] nIfx? tyf ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?;Fu ;DjlGwt k|Zgx? dfly ljrf/ljdz{ ub{5 ; efu II n]

lgif]lwt ljz]iftfxsf :j?kx?nfO{ ljrf/ ub{5 ; efu III n] lgif]lwt sfo{x?;Fu ;DjlGwt k|Zgx?nfO{

ljrf/ljdz{ ub{5 ; efu IV n] ;dfgtf k|j4{g tyf d"nk|jflxs/0f ug]{ ;DjGwL k|Zgx?nfO{

ljrf/ljdz{ ub{5 ; efu V n] cbfntL sfo{jfxLsf kIfx?sf] ;fy;fy} Ocf];Lsf] clwsf/ / ljwfg dfly

ljrf/ljdz{ ub{5 ; tyf efu VI n] u}/sfg"gL e]befjsf] ckjfbsf] jf/]df ljrf/ljdz{ ub{5 . 4.2 x/]s ljifodf, cWofo 2 df JofVof ul/Psf] ;fGble{s cfwf/x?sf] d"Nof+sgdf e/kg]{ u/L Ocf];Lsf]

c8fg km/s km/s 5 . s]lx ljifox?df, ;/sf/n] sfg"gL ;'wf/x? sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{5 eGg]df Ocf];L

ljZjf; ub{5, t/ k|:tfljt ;'wf/x? ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ cWofo 3 df JofVof ul/Psf eGbf

cTofjZos÷h?/L 5}gg\ . s]lx ljifox?df Ocf];Ln] clxn]g} ;'wf/x? ug{ cgfjZos 5, tyf c?

ljifox?df sfg"gL ;'wf/x? ug{ cgfjZos 5 eGg] 7fGb5 .

efu 1: sfg"gsf] nIo / ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx? A. sfg"gx?nfO{ Pp6} sfg"gdf ufEg] tyf sfg"gsf nIox?

(i) sfg"gx?nfO{ Pp6} sfg"gdf ufEg]

4.3 Ocf];Ln] sfg"gnfO{ ;/n agfpgsf] nflu tyf hxfF pko'Qm x'G5, ljleGg ljz]iftfsf ;+/If0fjLr

;fd~h:o ug{sf] nflu st} rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?nfO{ Pp6} e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zdf -

Plss/0f_ ufEg t ;lsb}g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];Lsf] c8fg eg]sf] of] Pp6f

dfGox'g] k|:tfj x'g;Sb5 eGg] xf] lsgeg] ljBdfg cWofb]zx? dfem s]lx If]qx?df Ps?ktfsf] cefj

5 . ;fy} o;n] eljiodf s'g} ;DefJo ljz]iftfx?nfO{ yKgsf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ 5 tyf t'ngfug{

ldNg] If]qflwsf/x? tyf xËsËsf] cGo sfg"gdf ePsf] ljsf;sf] k|j[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf of] Ps

dfGo k|:tfj x'g;Sb5 .

l;kmfl/z 28: ;/sf/n] ljBdfg e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?nfO{ Pp6} e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zdf ufEgsf] nflu

ljrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 tfls oLgnfO{ ;/n agfpg tyf hxfF pko'Qm x'G5, txfF e]befjsf] ;+/If0fx?nfO{

;fd~h:o ug]{ ;lsg]5 . (ii) sfg"gsf nIox?

4.4 Ocf];Ln] st} sfg"gsf] nIox? Pp6f nIosf] bkmfdf pNn]v ug'{ t kb}{g eGg] ljifodf k/fdz{ u/]sf]

lyof] h;n] sfg"gsf] a'emfO{, JofVof tyf k|of]unfO{ a'em\g d2t ug{ ;Sb5 . Ocf];Ln] o:tf]

nIo;DjGwL bkmf /fVgsf] nflu ljrf/ ug{ pko'Qm x'g]5 eGg] 7fg]sf] 5 . oBlk o; ljifon]

e]befjsf] ;+/If0fdf s'g} vf; kl/jt{g gNofpg] x'Fbf, clxn]sf] cj:yfdf of] pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo

xf] eGg]df ljZjf; ub}{g .

l;kmfl/z 29: ;/sf/n] e]befjnfO{ pGd'ng ug]{ tyf jf:tljs ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug]{ nIo;Fu ;DjlGwt

sfg"gsf] p2]Zo pNn]v ug]{ bkmf rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df yk ul/g'kb{5 jf kb}{g eGg]

;DjGwdf ljrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

19

B. lnË / uef{j:yfsf ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?

(i) lnËsf] ;+/lIft ljz]iftf

4.5 Ocf];Ln] ;a} lnË e]befjsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ lnË—t6:y efiff k|of]u ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug'{ k5{ kb}{g

eGg] ljifodf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] tfls lnË e]befjsf] ;+/If0f dlxnf / k'?if b'j}df nfu" x'g] eg]/

a'em\gsf nflu ;lhnf] x'G5 . agfpF5 . ;du|df Ocf];Ln] lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf o:tf] ;+zf]wg ug{sf]

nflu l;kmfl/z ub{5 . oBlk, of] c? ul/g'kg]{ ;+zf]wg eGbf cTofjZos 5}g lsgeg] of] ;+zf]wgdf

e]befjsf] ;+/If0fdf s'g} 7f]; kl/jt{g ;+nUg 5}g .

l;kmfl/z 30: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]zsf k|fjwfgx?df t6:y zAb “JolQm” k|of]u u/]/ ;+zf]wg ug{

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 tfls lnË e]befj ;dfg?kdf dlxnf jf k'?if lj?4 x'g] e]befjdf nfu" x'G5 eg]/ a9L :ki6

x'G5 . (ii) uef{j:yfsf] ;+/lIft ljZf]iftf

4.6 Ocf];Ln] lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t sfg"gdf al9 :ki6tf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu tyf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{

sfg"gL bfloTjx? j'em\g ;lhnf] u/fpgsf nflu dlxnfx?nfO{ ;'Ts]/L labfsf] bf}/fg e]befjjf6 ;+/lIft

u/fpgsf nflu :ki6 pNn]v ug'{ >]os/ x'G5 x'b}g eg]/ k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf

sfg"gdf o:tf] :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] afjh'b klg xËsËsf cbfntx?n] uef{j:yf e]befjdf dlxnfx?

;'Ts]/L ljbf lnPsf] cjlw -lzz'nfO{ hGd lbPsf] cjlw b]lv sfddf gkms]{sf] cjlw;Dd_ jf sfddf

kmls{;s] kl5sf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L pbf/?kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . /f]huf/ cWofb]zdf ;'Ts]/L

labfdf a;]sf] s'g} klg dlxnfnfO{ sfdjf6 lgsfNg' u}/—sfg"gL x'g]5 eg]/ :ki6?kdf n]lvPsf] 5

eGg] pNn]v ug'{klg ;fGble{s x'G5 . Ocf];Ln] k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg o; k|:tfjsf] nflu ;+3÷;+:yf / JolQm

b'a}jf6 alnof] ;dy{g k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f klg pNn]v ub{5 . oBlk, k|:tfjdf ljBdfg ;+/If0fdf pNn]v

ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;+nUg ePsf] tyf ;+/If0fdf ePsf] sdLnfO{ k'g]{ s'/f ;+nUg gePsf]n], Ocf];LnfO{ of] c?

k|:tfjx? eGbf cTofjZos ePsf] eGg] nfUb}g .

l;kmfl/z 31: lnË e]befj cWofb]znfO{ dlxnfx? ;'Ts]/L labfdf ePsf] a]nfdf ;'Ts]/L cj:yfsf] cfwf/df x'g]

e]befjjf6 ;+/lIft x'G5g\ eGg] :ki6 k|fjwfg pNn]v ul/ ;+zf]wfg ul/of];\ eGg] l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.7 Ocf];Ln] ;j{;fw/0f;Fu st} dlxnfx?nfO{ ;Defljt uef{j:yfsf] cfwf/df, eljiodf pgLx? ue{jtL

x'g;Sg] sf/0fn] sd—cg's""nk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/G5 eg] o;sf nflu :ki6 ;+/If0f x'g'k5{ jf kb}{g egL

klg k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . cfof]un] ljz]if rf;f]sf] ;fy 3/]n' sfdbf/x?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sof}+

;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKt k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ Wofg lbPsf] 5, h;n] s]lx sfdbf/x?nfO{ pgLx?sf

/f]huf/bftf jf /f]huf/ Ph]0;Lx?n] ue{lg/f]ws cf}iflwx? vfg jf ue{jtL hfFr ug{sf] nflu bjfj

lbPsf] s'/f pNn]v 5g\ . e]befjk"0f{ x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} o:tf sfo{x?n] pgLx?sf] n}lËs :jzf;g tyf

k|hgg\ clwsf/ ;DjGwL dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ub{5 . Ocf];Ln] ;Defljt uef{j:yf e]befj;Fu

;DjlGwt ph'/Lx?nfO{ dlxnf lj?4sf] lnË e]befjsf] ?kdf x]/]sf] ePtf klg, o; lsl;dsf s]lx

e]befjdf dfgj clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u klg x'g ;Sg] tYon] ubf{, Ocf];Ln] ;Defljt ue{jtL e]befjnfO{

lgif]w ug]{ :ki6 k|fjwfg nfu" ul/g'kb{5 eGg] -s'/f_df ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 32: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf ;Defljt uef{j:yf e]befjnfO{ lgif]lwt ug]{ :ki6 k|fjwfg nfu"

u/f];\ eGg] l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

20

C. ckfËtfsf] ;+/lIft ljz]iftf

4.8 Ocf];Ln] ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu jt{dfg e]befjsf] kl/efiff tyf bfo/f h;n] ckfËtfsf] JofVof ub{5 pko'Qm

5 5}g jf ;+zf]wg ul/g' k5{ kb}{g egL k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . xËsËdf ci6«]lnofsf] b[li6sf]0f h:t} sf]

ckfËtf e]befjjf6 ;+/lIft 5 eGg] ljBdfg bfo/fnfO{ n3' tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf ljdf/Lx? h:tf] ?3f—

vf]ls -Ogˆn'P+hf_ ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu pbf/?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . of] a]nfotL b[li6sf]0f eGbf

leGg 5 h;n] pNn]Vo?kdf s;}sf] lhGbuLnfO{ nfdf] cjlw;Dd c;/ u/]sf] lauf/nfO{ gls n3' jf

5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu c;/ ug]{ lauf/nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . 4.9 Ocf];Ln] n3' tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf ljdf/Lx?;Fu ;DjlGwt sof}+ ph'/Lx? k|fKt ub{5 tyf s]lx

;+3÷;+:yfx?n] kl/efiffsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ub{5, pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBdfg

kl/efiffn] lj/fdL ljbfsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ b'?kof]u ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . t}klg s] ts{ ug{ ;lsG5

eg] ;fGble{s s'/f eg]sf] st} Tof] cj:yf sd cg's"n Jojxf/sf] sf/0f xf] xf]Og eGg] xf] gls Tof]

cj:yfsf] uDeL/tf jf cjlw . pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf ckfËtf;Fu ;Dj4 ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] olb of] k|:tfjnfO{

sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] eg] o;n] e]befjjf6 ljBdfg ;+/If0fsf] :t/nfO{ sd ug]{5 eGg] lrGtf JolQm

u/]sf lyP . To;}n] Ocf];Ln] ljBdfg ckfËtfsf] kl/efiff xfnnfO{ sfog /fVg' >]o:s/ x'G5 eGg]df

ljZjf; ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 33: ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t ljBdfg ckfËtfsf] kl/efiff xfnnfO{ sfod} /fVgsf] nflu

>]o:s/ x'G5 eGg] l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . D. kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?

4.10 Ocf];Ln] a9L :ki6tfsf] nflu “kfl/jfl/s l:ylt” zAbnfO{ “kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L” ZfAbn] kb:yfkg ug'{

k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];Ln] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf sfg"g tyf cGo

If]qflwsf/x?df o; ;+/If0fsf] ;DjGwdf ljleGg k|sf/sf zAbx? k|of]u u/]sf] tyf clwsf+z

;+3÷;+:yfx?n] k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df ljBdfg kl/efiff pko'Qm ePsf] 7fg]sf] s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ub{5 .

o;df klg e]befjsf] ;+/If0fdf s'g} 7f]; kl/jt{g ;fd]n 5}g .

l;kmfl/z 34: kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t ‘kfl/jfl/s l:ylt’ zAbnfO{ ‘kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L’ zAbdf kl/jt{g gul/of];\ egL l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

efu II: lgif]lwt sfo{sf] ?kx?

A. k|ToIf uef{j:yf e]befj

4.11 Ocf];Ln] lnË e]befj cWofb]zsf] k|ToIf uef{j:yf e]befjsf] ;DjGwdf, t'ngfstf{sf] cfjZostfnfO{

x6fpg' tyf uef{j:yfsf] sf/0f l;lh{t x'g] cj:yfx? h:tf] ls ljdf/LnfO{ kl/efiffdf ;dflji6 ug'{

k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o?kdf k|ToIf e]befjsf s]lx dfGotfx? 5g\

h:tf] sL uef{j:yfsf] ;DjGwdf dlxnfx? dfq ue{jtL x'g ;Sg] s'/fn] ubf{, s'g} t'ngfof]Uo cj:yf

5}g . cGo If]qflwsf/x?n] klg o:tf] t'ngfstf{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ x6fO;s]sf 5g\ tyf uef{j:yfsf]

sf/0f l;lh{t cj:yfx?sf nflu e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5g\ . Ocf];Ln] /f]huf/bftfx?n]

uef{j:yf;Fu ;DjlGwt ljdf/Lsf sf/0f lj/fdL labf lnPsf dlxnfx?nfO{ v/fj ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df

21

sfdjf6 lgsfn]sf] ph'/Lx? ;fdgf u/]sf] 5 . o; k|:tfjsf nflu d'Vo?kdf ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6

pNn]Vo?kdf ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] h;dWo] s]lx ;+3÷;+:yfn] sfg"gdf uef{j:yf;Fu hf]l8Psf ;a}

sd cg's"nsf Jojxf/x?nfO{ lgif]lwt ul/g'kb{5 eg]/ :ki6 x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg]df ;xdt ePsf

lyP .

l;kmfl/z 35: lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{tsf] k|ToIf uef{j:yf e]befjsf] kl/efiffnfO{ lgDg adf]lhd ;+zf]wg

ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 M - t'ngfstf{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ x6fP/ ; tyf - uef{j:yf;Fu ;DjlGwt sd cg's"n Jojxf/ h:tf] sL ljdf/LnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ .

B. dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu ;dfg d"Nosf] sfdsf] nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds

4.12 Ocf];Ln] ;dfg d"Nosf] nflu ;dfg kfl/>ldssf nflu ljz]if k|fjwfgx? nfu" ug{ cfjZos 5 5}g

eGg] ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . w]/} If]qx?, pd]/ ;d"x tyf z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf dlxnf /

k'?ifjLr dWo:y kfl/>ldsdf leGgtf ePsf] ;+s]t ug]{ k|df0f 5 . ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{df o; k|:tfjsf

nflu cToflws ;dy{gx? k|fKt ePsf] lyof], d"Vo?kdf dlxnfx?;Fu sfd ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfx? tyf

JolQmx?jf6 . t}klg s'g} If]q leq} s'g} lglZrt e"ldsfsf ;DjGwdf kfl/>ldsdf leGgtf 5 5}g eGg]

af/]df w]/} k|df0f 5}g h'g ;dfg d"Nosf] nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds k|fjwfgx?sf] cf}lrTosf] nflu

dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . To;}n] k|df0fx? tyf ljz]if k|fjwfgx?sf] cfjZostf 5 5}g eg]/ k'gM d"Nof+sg

ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . l;kmfl/z 36: ;/sf/n] d"Vo?kdf ;fj{hlgs jf gLlh If]qx?df ;dfg d"Nosf] sfdsf] nflu dlxnf / k'?ifaLr

c;dfg kfl/>ldssf] k|df0f 5 5}g, tyf olb 5 eg] sfg"gL jf cGo pkfox? s'g pko'Qm x'g ;S5 eGg]

;DjGwdf cWoog ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . C. ckfËtf e]befj

4.13 Ocf];Ln] ckfËtfsf] sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] e]befjsf] gofF ?k -h:tf] sL pkrf/sf] nflu pNn]Vo dfqfdf

a]tnjL labf lng'kg]{ _ nfu" ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . ckfËtf e]befj

sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df Ocf];LnfO{ dflysf] rf;f]sf] ljifo ckfËtf e]befj

cWofb]z -l8l8cf]_df s]lx xb;Dd l8l8cf]sf] bkmf 3 sf] sfof{Gjogn] ;Daf]wg e};s]sf] eGg] ljZjf;

ub{5 h'g bkmfn] olb s'g} -e]befjsf]_ sfo{ b'O{ jf j9L sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ul/G5 tyf olb tL dWosf]

Ps sf/0f pQm JolQmsf] ckfËtf xf] eg], Tof] sfo{{ ckfËtfsf] sf/0fn] u/]sf] xf] eg]/ lnOg]5 eGg]

pNn]v ub{5 . To;}n] Ocf];Ln] at{dfg ;+/If0fx?n] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ckfËtf e]befjaf6 kof{Kt

;+/If0f lbG5g\ eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 37: Ocf];LnfO{ ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ckfËtf e]befjaf6 at{dfg

;+/If0fx?n] kof{Kt ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5g\ tyf xfnnfO{ ckfËtfaf6 l;h{gf x'g] gofF k|sf/sf] e]befjnfO{

;dfj]z ug{ cgfjZos 5 eGg]df ljZjf; 5 . t}klg Ocf];Ln] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ckfËtf e]befjsf

k|fjwfgx?sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg] 5 .

22

D. b'Jo{jxf/ -pTkL8g_

4.14 b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx? cyf{t lnË, uef{j:yf, kfl/jfl/s l:ylt tyf j}jflxs l:ylt

;dt]sf] xsdf lgif]lwt ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg]df Ocf];Ln] k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf, ;+/lIft

ljz]iftfx? hflt, ckfËtf / lnËsf] xsdf of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 dfq} :ki6 ;+/If0f 5 . Ocf];Ln] ljBdfg

;+/If0f tyf ;DalGwt k|df0fx?nfO{ uxg dgg\ u/]sf] 5 tyf lnË, uef{j:yf,kfl/jfl/s l:ylt /

j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df x'g] b'Jo{jxf/sf kl/l:yltx?nfO{ k|foM xfns} k|ToIf e]befjsf k|fjwfgx?

cGtu{t sfo{jfxL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df ljZjf; 5 .

l;kmfl/z 38: Ocf];LnfO{ lnË, uef{j:yf, j}jflxs l:ylt jf kfl/jfl/s l:ylt b'Jo{jxf/x?nfO{ lgif]lwt ug]{

k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ug'{ xfnsf] ;dodf k|fyldstf xf]Og eGg]df ljZjf; 5 .

4.15 o;sf] cltl/Qm, Ocf];Ln] hflt / ckfËtf, tyf of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] cfwf/df x'g] ljBdfg b'Jo{jxf/sf]

kl/efiffx?df ug{ ;lsg] ;+zf]wgx?sf] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];L ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?

aLrdf kl/efiffx?df Ps?ktf -;dfgtf_ gePsf] / ltgLx? rflxg] hlt ul/ :ki6 gePsf]df lrlGtt

5 . Ocf];LnfO{ ;j} lsl;dsf b'Jo{jxf/x?, of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ;d]tsf] kl/efiffnfO{ ;fd~ho ug'{ pko'Qm

x'G5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] If]qflwsf/x?df klg olx af6f] -b[li6sf]0f_nfO{ clËsf/

ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o; k|:tfjsf nflu ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 d'Vo?kdf of}g b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ of}g k|s[ltsf]

cgfjZos sfo{ eg]/ kl/efiff ul/g' dfq eGbf, of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] kl/If0fnfO{ hflt tyf ckfËtf

b'Jo{jxf/sf] kl/If0f:fFu ;fd~ho agfpg] ljifodf pNn]Vo dfqfdf ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

l;kmfl/z 39: ;/sf/n] hflt eb]efj cWofb]z, ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z tyf lnË e]befj cWofb]zx?df lgDg

s'/fx? ug]{u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - hftLo, ckfËtf tyf of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf kl/efiffx?nfO{ ;dfg jf Ps?ktfsf] agfpgsf nflu, of}g

b'Jo{jxf/sf] xsdf of}g k|s[ltsf] cfrf/0f x'g cfjZos x'g'kg]{ u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ ; tyf - ;a} k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/sf] kl/efiffx?df JolQmk/s tyf j:t'k/s kl/If0fsf] tTjx? x'g'kg]{ eg]/

:ki6?kdf pNn]v ug{ . E. cGt/ljz]iftf e]befj

1

4.16 Ocf];Ln] cGt/ljz]iftf e]befj, b'O{ jf j9L ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx? ;d]tsf] nflu, :ki6 k|fjwfgx? x'g'

k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];Ln] sfg"gL kIfx?nfO{ lj:t[t?kdf ljrf/ u/]sf]

lyof] . Ocf];Ln] e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?sf ljBdfg k|fjwfgx? cGt/ljz]iftf e]befj x'g;Sg]

kl/l:yltx?df nfu" ug{ kof{Kt 5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . o;sf] nflu o:t} If]qflwsf/x?df ;dsIfL

Joj:yf 5}g . o:tf] k|fjwfgn] olb s'g} sfo{ b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf j9L sf/0fx?n] ul/Psf], tyf tL

sf/0fx? dWo] Pp6f sf/0f pQm JolQmsf] ;+/lIft ljz]iftf xf] eg], ;f] sfo{nfO{ ;+/lIft ljz]iftfsf]

sf/0fn] ul/Psf] eg]/ lnOg]5 eGg] pNn]v ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ cGt/ljz]iftf e]befjsf nflu gofF

k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ug'{sf] cf}lrTo sd b]lvG5 tyf oL xfnnfO{ h?/L 5}gg\ . tyflt Ocf];Ln]

cGt/ljz]iftf e]befjsf] l:ylt tyf ljBdfg k|fjwfgx?sf] kof{Kttfsf] cg'udgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 .

1 cGt/ljz]iftf e]befjsf] cjwf/0ff s'g} JolQmnfO{ Ps dfq ljz]iftsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ geO{ cg]s ljif]iftfx?sf] ;+ld>0f

jf cg]s ljz]iftfx? k/:k/df ldn]sf] sf/0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g] sd cg's'nk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] tYo;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 .

23

l;kmfl/z 40: cGt/ljz]iftf e]befjsf] ;DjGwdf Ocf];Ln] e]befj;Fu ;DjlGwt ljBdfg k|fjwfgx?n] Ps eGbf

j9L ;+/lIft ljz]iftfsf] sf/0fn] ul/Psf] e]befjsf ;DjGwdf kof{Kt ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5g\ tyf xfnnfO{

cGt/ljz]iftf e]befjsf] ;DjGwdf gofF k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ug{ h?/L 5}g eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 .

F. cGo u}/sfg"gL sfo{

(i) lk|lG;kn tyf Ph]06x?sf] sfg"gL bfloTj

4.17 Ocf];Ln] Ph]06x?n] u/]sf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] sfg"gL bfloTjjf6 lk|lG;knsf nflu, pgLx?n] u}/sfg"gL

sfo{ /f]syfd ug{ pko'Qm Jojxfl/s sbdx? rfn]sf 7fpFdf s'g} arfp -k|lt/Iff_ x'g' k5{ kb}{g eGg]

;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . xËsËdf o:tf] arfp xfnnfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] sfg"gL bfloTjdf dfq

pknAw 5 h'g ;dfg If]qflwsf/sf cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n vfb}g . of] k|:tfjn] k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg

;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 alnof] ;dy{g k|fKt u/]sf] lyof], h;dWo] w]/}n] e]befj /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu s'g

s'g s'/fn] pko'Qm Jojxfl/s sbd :yflkt ub{5 eGgsf] nflu dfu{bz{gsf] ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 eGg]

pNn]v u/]sf lyP . l;kmfl/z 41: ;/sf/n] lk|lG;knx?sf] sfg"gL bfloTj;Fu ;DjlGwt k|fjwfgx? rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL

cWofb]zx?sf] xsdf ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 tfls pgLx?n] e]befj /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm

Jojxfl/s sbdx? rfn]sf 7fpFdf pgLx?sf nflu arfpsf] Joj:yf pknAw x'G5 . (ii) e]befjk"0f{ p2]Zosf] nflu ljj/0fx? cfu|x ug]{ jf pknAw u/fpg cfjZos agfpg]

4.18 Ocf];Ln] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z;Fu ;DjlGwt e]befjk"0f{ p2]Zo nflu ljj/0fx?sf] cfu|xnfO{

lgif]lwt ug]{ k|fjwfg ;a} ljBdfg ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?df lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{

u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];Ln] o;n] ;+/If0fsf] :t/df ;fd~hotf tyf Ps?ktfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 eGg]df

ljZjf; ub{5 . k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg, ;dYf{g ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfx? dWo] w]/}n] o;n] e]befj lj/f]wL

;+/If0fx?df Ps?ktf jf ;dfgtf NofpF5 eGg] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf lyP . l;kmfl/z 42: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z / kfl/jfl/s e]befj cWofb]zdf

e]befjk"0f{ p2]Zosf] nflu ljj/0fx?sf] cfu|xsf] lgif]wnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;+zf]wg ug{sf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

efu III: lgif]lwt cfr/0fsf If]qx?

A. v]ns"bsf lqmofsnfkx?df e]befj lgif]w

4.19 Ocf];Ln] v]ns"bsf] lqmofsnfkdf ckfËtf e]befjjf6sf] ljBdfg :ki6 ;+/If0fnfO{ ;a} ;+/lIft

ljz]iftfx?df lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ckfËtf

e]befjsf] xsdf dfq Pp6f ;fGble{s :ki6 ;+/If0f 5 . v]ns"bsf] lqmofsnfksf] ;xeflutfnfO{ j:t',

;]jf jf ;'ljwfsf k|fjwfgx?n] ;d]6\g] s]lx kl/l:yltx? ePtfklg cGo w]/} kl/l:yltx?Ù /]lk|msf]

lqmofsnfk, sf]lrË tyf v]ns"b k|zf;gsf] lqmofsnfk nufotsf kl/l:yltx? 5g\ hxfF ;DjlGwt

k|fjwfgx? nfu" x'b}gg\ . Ocf];Ln] v]ss"bsf lqmofsnfkx?df ;xeflutfsf] ;DjGwdf ;j} e]befj

lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ps?ktfsf] nflu :ki6 ;+/If0f x'g' kb{5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 43: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z / kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befj cWofb]zx?df

v]ns'bsf lqmofsnfkdf x'g] e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wgx? ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

24

B. b'Jo{jxf/;Fu ;DjlGwt cGo ljifox? (i) b'Jo{jxf/sf nflu z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] sfg"gL bfloTj

4.20 Ocf];Ln] b'Jo{jxf/sf] gofF k|fjwfgx?, ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?df ;dfj]z ul/g' k5{ kb}{g h;n] z}lIfs

;+:yfx?nfO{ pgLx?nfO{ ljBfyL{x?aLr ePsf] b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;"rgf lbbf pgLx?n] pko'Qm sbg rfNg

ljkmn ePsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL bfloTj nfUf" ub{5 eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg

cj:yfdf s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ljBfyL{n] csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ug]{ of}g b'Jo{jxf/df dfq} z}lIfs ;+:yf

dfly sfg"gL bfloTj 5 . Ocf];L sfg"gL kIfx?nfO{ yk ljrf/ u/]sf] 5, tyf xfd|f] gh/df To:tf]

sfg"gL bfloTj z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf nflu hftLo, ckfËtf jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;DjGwdf clxn]g} /x]sf]

x'g ;Sg] eGg] nfUb5 . ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z tyf lnË e]befj cWofb]zsf

lzIff ;DjGwL k|fjwfgx? cGtu{t z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] s'g} ljBfyL{nfO{ æs'g} cGo clxtÆ sf] ;fdgf

ug{lbg' u}/sfg"gL x'G5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;fy} o;df, To:tf cj:yfx? hxfF z}lIfs ;+:yfx?nfO{ s'g}

Ps ljBfyL{n] csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] hfgsf/L eO;s]kl5 b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ tyf

b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ cg'zfl;t ug{ ljkmn ePsf] cj:yf ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg]5 eGg] Ocf];Lsf]

b[li6sf]0f 5 .

l;kmfl/z 44: ljBdfg k|fjwfgx?sf] bfo/fx?n] ubf{, Ocf];Ln] xfnnfO{ z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf nflu pgLx?nfO{

ljBfyL{x?aLr of}g, hftLo, jf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf] hfgsf/L ePkl5 pgLx?n] s'g} pko'Qm sbd rfNg

ljkmn ePsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL bfloTj ;dfj]z ug{ cgfjZos 5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 .

(ii) s'g} ;]jfu|fxLn] csf]{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ug]{ b'Jo{jxf/sf] nflu sfg"gL bfloTj

4.21 Ocf];Ln] ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?df s'g} ;]jfu|fxLn] csf]{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ug]{ b'Jo{jxf/sf nflu sfg"gL

bfloTjsf nflu gofF b'Jo{jxf/sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf]

lyof] . o:t} If]qflwsf/x?df o:tf] sfg"gL bfloTj ;dfj]z 5}g . cem} eGg] xf] eg], xËsËdf of}g

b'Jo{jxf/sf] sfo{x? of}ghGo cfqmd0f 7xl/g ;S5g\ . tyf ;fdfGo?kdf eGg'kbf{, e]befj lj/f]wL

sfg"gx?n] ;fj{hlgs j[tdf x'g] cfd lqmofsnfkx?df eGbf x]/rfx / lhDd]jf/L ;+nUg x'g] ;fGble{s

;DjGwx? h:tf] sL /f]huf/ / lzIff h:tf ;j} kl/l:yltx?df ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ tkm{ nlIft x'G5g\ .

l;kmfl/z 45: s'g} ;]jfu|fxLn] csf]{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ug]{ of}g, hftLo jf ckfËtf b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ lgif]w ug]{

k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ug'{ xfnnfO{ cgfjZos 5 eGg] l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . efu IV: ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g tyf d"nk|jflxs/0f ug]{

4.22 Ocf];Ln] ljz]if pkfosf] cjwf/0ff / kl/efiff;Fu ;DjlGwt ljifox?sf] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] .

k|ydtM Ocf];Ln] o:t} If]qflwsf/x?df eP h:t}, ljz]if pkfox?nfO{ e]befjsf] l;4fGt;Fusf] ckjfb -

t;y{ sfg"g;Ddt\ e]befjsf] Pp6f ?k_ eGbf jf:tljs ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu cu|;/ eP/

ul/g] pkfosf] ?kdf kl/sNkgf ug{ >]o:s/ x'G5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . o; k|:tfjsf] nflu ;+3

;+:yfx?jf6 pNn]Vo dfqfdf ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof], h;dWo] s]lxn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf

bfloTjx?df ljz]if pkfox?nfO{ cg'dlt lbg] k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z x'G5g\ / o;sf] dxTjnfO{ :jLsf/

ul/Psf] 5 eGg] tYonfO{ pNn]v u/]sf lyP .

25

4.23 o;sf] cltl/Qm, jt{dfg ljz]if pkfox?sf] kl/efiffdf logsf] p2]Zox?, oL k|fjwfgx?sf] bfo/f tyf

sfg"g;Ddt\ x'gsf]nflu oLgsf] ;Ldfsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6tfsf] cefj 5 . o;nfO{ o:t} vfn]

If]qflwsf/x?n] clenDa u/]sf] b[li6sf]0f eGbf km/s dfGg ;lsG5, hxfF ltgLx?df cfˆgf p2]Zo,

sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] kl/l:yltx? tyf slxn] ltgLx?sf] cGt ul/g'kb{5 eGg] ;jfndf j9L :ki6tf

5 . k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df o; k|:tfjsf] ;DjGwdf ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 jlnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]

lyof] . l;kmfl/z 46: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx? cGtu{t ljz]if pkfox?sf] k|fjwfgx?nfO{ lgDg

adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - logLx?nfO{ u}/—e]befjsf ckjfbx? eGbf jf:tljs ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug]{ pkfox? eg]/ e]befjsf

sfg"gd} kl/sNkgf tyf :yflkt u/]/ ; tyf - ljz]if pkfox?sf] kl/efiffdf logLx?sf] p2]Zo, sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] kl/l:yltx? tyf slxn]

logLx?sf] cGt ul/g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf j9L :ki6tf k|bfg u/]/ . efu V: cbfntL sfo{jfxL, Ocf];Lsf] clwsf/ / ljwfgsf kIfx? A. cbfntL sfo{jfxLsf kIfx?

(i) lglZrt d'2fx?df Ocf];Ln] cfˆgf] sfg"gL vr{ c;'npk/ ug]{

4.24 Ocf];Ln] e]befjsf sfg"gnfO{ jfbLnfO{ sfg"gL vr{ lbnfOPsf] cj:yfdf, Ocf];Ln] cfˆgf] sfg"gL vr{

c;'npk/ ug{ ;S5 eGf]/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;jfndf k/fdz{ u/]sf]

lyof] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf, e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];Ln] cfˆgf] vr{x? -pbfx/0fsf] nflu

ljz]if1 l/kf]{6 tof/ ubf{sf] vr{_ c;'npk/ ug{ ;S5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 t/ sfg"gL vr{ -pbfx/0fsf]

nflu jfbLsf] tkm{jf6 ;f]lnl;6/sf]?kdf sfd ubf{sf] vr{ _c;'npk/ ug]{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5}g . of]

cGo cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/x?eGbf leGg 5 . sof}+ ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] Ocf];Lsf] o; k|:tfjnfO{ ;dy{g

u/]sf] lyP, h;dWo] Psn] ;kmn÷lht]sf] d'2fx?df sfg"gL ;xfotf pknAwtf u/fOPsf] 5 eg]

Ocf];Ln] cfly{s?kdf si6 Joxf]g{ gx'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . l;kmfl/z 47: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];Ln] sfg"gL ;xfotf pknAw u/fPsf] d'2fdf,

jfbLn] d'2f lht]sf] tyf lghnfO{ vr{ pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 eg] Ocf];Ln] cfˆgf] sfg"gL vr{ c;'npk/ ug{

;Sb5 eGg] Joj:yf ug]{u/L ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . (ii) e]befjk"0f{ cEof;sf nflu Ocf];Ln] cfˆg} gfddf d'2f rnfpg]

4.25 Ocf];Ln] cfˆgf cGo clwsf/x?;Fu Ps?ktf ug]{ sf/0fn] ubf{, cfˆg} gfddf e]befjk"0f{ cEof;x?sf]

;Gbe{df cbfntL rnfpg ;Ifd x'g' k5{ kb}{g eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf

Ocf];Ln] cfˆg} gfddf e]befjk"0f{ cEof;x?sf] ;Gbe{df cbfntL sfo{jfxL rnfpg ;Sb}g, h'g lgDg

cf/f]k nufOPsf] pNn+3gx?;Fu vfb}g M s;}nfO{ ljj/0f pknAw u/fpgsf nflu cfu|x Ù e]befjk"0f{

lj1fkgx? Ù e]befj ug{sf] nflu lgb]{zg tyf e]befjsf nflu bjfj . o; ljifodf Ocf];Ln] ;/sf/

;dIf ;g\ 1999 / ;g\ 2000 df k|:t'tLs/0f a'emfPsf] lyof], h;df ;/sf/ l;4fGtM ;xdt ePsf]

lyof] t/ clxn];Dd ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5}g . k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df, sof}+ ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] Ocf];Lsf]

k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g u/]sf lyP, h;dWo] Psn] Ocf];L;Fu o:tf] clwsf/ x'g' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] pNn]v

u/]sf] lyof] pbfx/0fsf] nflu e]befjsf] kLl8t JolQm cbfntL sfo{jfxLsf] nflu 8/fPsf] v08df .

26

l;kmfl/z 48: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];LnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ cEof;x?sf nflu cfˆg}

gfddf cbfntL sfo{jfxL k|f/De ug{ ;Ifd jgfpgsf nflu ;+zf]wg ug'{kb{5 eGg] l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . B. Ocf];Lsf] clwsf/ / ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

(i) Ocf];Lsf] clwsf/

4.26 Ocf];Ln ] d'Vo?kdf cfˆgf clwsf/x? jf Jojxf/df clxn]g} ul//x]sf] sfdx?nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ug]{

;DjGwdf sof}+ ljifox?df k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] .

4.27 klxnf] ljifodf e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?df Ocf];Ln] ljwflosfjf6 geO{ cfkm}+n] lgb]{lzsfx? hf/L ug{sf]

nflu :ki6 clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 eGg] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/sf] ;fy;fy} :yfgLo s]lx

cGo j}wflgs lgsfox? b'a}df, To:tf] dfu{bz{g hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gdf :ki6?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf]

5 . Jojxf/df Ocf];Ln] o:tf] lgb]{lzsfx? ;do ;dodf hf/L ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 49: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];L;Fu ljwflosfjf6 geO{ cfkm}n] lgb]{lzsf

hf/L ug{ clwsf/ 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.28 bf]>f] ljifo eg]sf] st} cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfgsf k|fjwfgx?n] :ki6?kdf ;fwf/0f tyf ljz]if

cg';Gwfgx?sf] leGgtfnfO{ pNn]v ug'{kb{5 of kb}{g eGg] lyof] . ;fwf/0ftofM cg';Gwfg s'g} lglZrt

If]q;Fu tyf ljz]if cg';Gwfg ljz]if ;+3÷;+:yf jf JolQmx?;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf

rf/j6} e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];Ln] cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfgx? Ocf];Lsf] sfdsfo{jfxL;Fu

;Dj4 s'g} klg ljifoj:t'df ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePtfklg tL k|fjwfgx? b'O{ lsl;dsf

cg';Gwfgx?sf] leGgtf b]vfpgsf] nflu TotL :ki6 5}gg\ . l;kmfl/z 50: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ug{ ;lsg] b'O{ leGbf leGb} cf}krfl/s

cg';Gwfgx? -;fwf/0f tyf ljz]if_sf] leGtfnfO{ j9L :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug{sf nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z

ul/G5 .

4.29 t]>f] ljifodf, cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfgsf] ;DaGwdf, :j]lR5s?kdf afWosf/L k|ltj4tf -argj4tf_nfO{

2

cg'dlt lbg] k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ul/g' k5{ kb}{g tyf Ocf];Låf/f sfof{Gjog ul/g' k5{ kb}{g eGg] xf] .

jtdf{g cj:yfdf o:tf] k|fjwfg 5}g, h'g k|lt:kwf{ cfof]usf] clwsf/sf] ;fy;fy} t'ngf ug{ ldNg]

If]qflwsf/x?;Fu cldNbf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] ljutdf l;4fGtM o; k|:tfjdf ;xdlt hgfPsf] lyof] t/

;+zf]wgnfO{ sfg"g dfkm{t sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5}g . o; k|:tfjn] k/fdz{sf] bf}/fg ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6

alnof] ;dy{g kfof] h;dWo] Ps sfg"gL ;d"x -lnun u|'k_n] jrga4tf d'2f dflnnfsf] t'ngfdf

nlrnf] ljsNk x'g;Sg]5 hxfF b'j} kIfx?n] ;xdlt jf sfo{of]hgfsf] zt{sf ;DjGwdf cfk;L 5nkmn

ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

2 o;n] :j]lR5s t/ jfWosf/L jrgj4tf jf s/f/gfdfnfO{ hgfpF5, hxfF cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfgx? ul/;lsPsf] x'G5 / ToxfF ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf gLlh

lgsfon] e]befjsf sfo{x? u/]sf] x'g;Sg] egL klxrfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf jrgj4tfx? ;+3÷;+:yf jf JolQmx?sf nflu s'g} sbdx?df ;xdlt hgfpg

tyf eljiodf e]befj /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu d2t ug{sf] nflu Pp6f ;+oGq x'g;Sg]5 . o;n] d'2f dfldnfsf] vr{ / ;donfO{ hf]ufpg d2t ug]{5 .

27

l;kmfl/z 51: ;/sf/n] Ocf];LnfO{ rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg ul/;s]kl5

;+3÷;+:yfx?;Fu :j]lR5s jfWosf/L k|ltj4tf -argj4tf_ ug{;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug{

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . Ocf];L;Fu ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] of] k|ltj4tfsf] kfngf gu/]sf] v08df o;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ clwsf/

klg x'g'kg]{5 eGg] yk l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.30 rf}yf] ljifon] ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?sf] xsdf cg';Gwfg / lzIffd"ns sfo{ ug]{ Ocf];Lsf]

clwsf/nfO{ e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gdf :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgofn]sf] lyof] .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf, o:tf clwsf/x? lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf dfq} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 tyf cGo e]befj

lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df o;sf] ;dsIfL k|fjwfgx? 5}gg\ . o;nfO{ cGo If]qflwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff eGbf

km/s dfGg ;lsG5 . Jojx/df Ocf];Ln] ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?sf] ;DjGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf

lzIffd"ns sfo{x? ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . k/fdz{df o; k|:tfjsf] nflu ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 pNn]Vo

;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . l;kmfl/z 52: ;/sf/n] ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z tyf kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befj

cWofb]zdf Ocf];L;Fu oL cWofb]zx?sf] ;DjGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf lzIffd"ns sfo{ ug]{ clwsf/x? lglxt 5

eGg] pNn]v ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.31 kfrf}+ ljifon] Ocf];Lsf] cg'udg ug]{ clwsf/ tyf ;/sf/nfO{ ;dfgtf tyf e]befj;Fu ;DjGwL

ljifoj:t' / gLltx?df ;'emfj lbg] s'/f;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf sfg"gdf o:tf

clwsf/x? :ki6;Fu pknAw u/fOPsf] 5}g . oBlk Jojxf/df Ocf];Ln] k|:tfljt sfg"g jf gLltx?n]

;dfgtf;Fu ;DjlGwt s'g} klg ljifodf kfg]{ jf kfg{;Sg] c;/sf ;DjGwdf cg'udg ug]{ tyf ;/sf/

/ ljwfg kl/ifb\nfO{ lgikIf ;'emfj lbg] sfo{ ;do—;do -cfjlws?kdf_df ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy}

Ocf];Ln] Jojxf/df xËsËdf nfu" ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?sf] kl/kfng eP

gePsf] ;DjGwdf cg'udg ug]{ tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ k|:t'tLs/0f a'emfpg] sfo{ ub{5 . t'ngf ug{

ldNg] cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/x?sf] ;fy;fy} cGo :yfgLo j}wflgs lgsfox?df, o:tf s]lx clwsf/x?

:ki6?kdf sfg"gd} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|:tfjsf] ;DjGwdf ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 pNn]Vo dfqfdf

;dy{g k|fKt klg ePsf] lyof], h;dWo] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?;Fu sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf]

Pp6f ;d"x tyf ljwfg;efsf kfif{bx?n] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] clwsf/ ;DjGwL dxf;GwLsf]

kl/kfngfsf] cg'udgsf nflu Ocf];Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6?kdf sfg"gdf pNn]v ug'{sf] pkof]lutfdf

hf]8 lbb} ;+o'Qm k|:t'tLs/0f a'emfPsf lyP . l;kmfl/z 53: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];L;Fu lgDg s'/fx?sf] cg'udg tyf ;'emfj

lbg] clwsf/x? lglxt 5 EfGg] pNn]v ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - ;/sf/nfO{ ;fGble{s ljBdfg tyf k|:tfljt sfg"g tyf gLltsf] xsdf ; tyf - ;dfgtf tyf e]befj;Fu ;DjlGwt cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?sf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf]

kl/kfngfsf] ;DjGwdf .

4.32 5}7f}+ ljifon] Ocf];L;Fu s'g} ;Dj4 e]befjsf] ljifoj:t';Fu ;DjlGwt cbfntL sfo{jfxLdf x:tIf]k ug{

tyf Pldsz So'/L -cbfntsf] ldq_ sf]?kdf pkl:yt x'gsf] nflu :ki6 clwsf/ x'g' k5{ kb}{g eGg]

s'/fnfO{ s]nfPsf] lyof] . o:tf clwsf/x? e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?df :ki6tfsf ;fy pNn]v ul/Psf]

5}g . Jojxf/df Ocf];Ln] sof}+ ;dfgtf tyf e]befj;Fu ;DjlGwt d'2fx?df :jtGq lj1sf]?kdf /fo

lbg]sf] nflu cbfntx?df lgj]bg u/]sf], x:tIf]k u/]sf] jf cbfntsf] ldqsf]?kdf pkl:yt ePsf] 5 .

o:tf clwsf/x? :ki6?kdf cGo s]lx j}wflgs lgsfox?sf] ;fy;fy} s]lx cGt/f{li6«o If]qflwsf/x?df

28

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df o;sf nflu ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 pNn]Vo ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]

lyof] . l;kmfl/z 54: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ;fGble{s cbfntL sfo{jfxLx?df Ocf];Ln]

x:tIf]k ug{ jf cbfntsf] ldqsf]?kdf pkl:yt x'gsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg;Sg] clwsf/x? :ki6?kdf pNn]v

ug{sf] nflu ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.33 lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] clGtd ljifo Ocf];Ln] st} Goflgs k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{jfxLx? bfo/ ug{;Sg]

;DjGwL 5'§} clwsf/sf] :ki6 pNn]v ul/g' k5{ kb}{g eGg] lyof] . Jojxf/df s'g} klg JolQm jf

;+3÷;+:yf, Ocf];L ;d]tn], ;/sf/n] jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] u}/sfg"gL tj/n] sfo{u/]sf] ljZjf;

ub{5g\ eg] pgLx?n] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfWodjf6 To;nfO{ r'gf}lt lbgsf nflu cbfntdf

lgj]bg lbg;Sb5g\ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf Ocf];Lsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/nfO{ 3'dfp/f] kf/fn]

dfq lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Ocf];Ln] of] clwsf/ :ki6?kdf sfg"gdf pNn]v

ul/g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 55: ;/sf/n] e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx? cGtu{t e]befj;Fu ;DjlGwt bfjLx?df Goflos

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{jfxL bfo/ ug{;Sg] clwsf/ 5 egL pNn]v ug{sf nflu rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL

cWofb]zx?df ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . (ii) ;+j}wflgs ljifox?

4.34 Ocf];Ln] ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu o;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu ;DjlGwt ljleGg ljifox?sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?sf

jf/]df k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] .

4.35 klxnf] ljifon] Ocf];Ln] ;fj{;fwf/0f;Fu k/fdz{ u/]/ cfpFbf s]lx jif{x?sf nflu o;sf sfdsf]

/0fg}lts k|fyldstfsf If]qx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ Pp6f /0fg}lts of]hgf agfpg' k5{ kb}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{

x]b{5 . sfg"gdf lnlvt /0fg}lts jf skf]{/]6 of]hgfx? agfpg'kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf geP tfklg,

Ocf];Ln] ;g\ 2013 df tLg jif]{ sfo{ of]hgf k|sflzt u/]/ o;;DjGwdf s]lx xb;Dd ;f] sfo{

ul/;s]sf] 5 . t'ngf ug{ ldNg] If]qflwsf/x?df /0fg}lts of]hgf agfpg' cfd s'/f xf], tyf of]

cfof]usf] sfdsfo{jfxL /0fg}lts sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

l;kmfl/z 56: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];Ln] /0fg}lts of]hgfx?, h;n] s]lx jif{x?sf]

nflu o;sf] sfo{sf] /0fg}lts k|fyldstfsf If]qx? pNn]v ub{5g Ù k|sflzt ug'{kg]{ tyf Ocf];Ln]

;j{;fwf/0f;Fu tof/ ul/Psf] /0fg}lts of]hgfx?sf] d;f}bfx? k/fdz{ u/f];\ eGg] pNn]v ug{sf nflu ;+zf]wg

ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.36 bf]>f] ljifo Ocf];LnfO{ ;/sf/jf6 :jtGq /fVg] Joj:yf pknAw u/fpg] s'/f;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . e]befj

lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?, h'g ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df klg nfu" x'G5g\, kl/kfngf u/fpg] e"ldsf

Ocf];Lsf] ePsf] sf/0fn], Ocf];L ;/sf/jf6 l;4fGtM / Jojxf/df :jtGq /xg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

;/sf/jf6 ;dfgtf tyf÷jf dfgj clwsf/sf lgsfox?sf] :jtGqtfsf] dxTjnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]

k]l/; l;4fGtx?n] klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . Ocf];Lsf] :jtGq x}l;otsf] s]lx dfGotfnfO{ lnË e]befj

cWofb]zdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 t/ d'Vo?kdf :jtGqtfsf] tTjx?nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ yk k|fjwfgx? x'g'

d2tuf/ x'g ;Sb5 . ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 o; k|:tfjsf nflu alnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

29

l;kmfl/z 57: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df Ocf];Lsf] :jtGqtfsf] cfwfe"t tTjnfO{ kl/efiff

ug{sf] nflu ljz]if k|fjwfg pNn]v ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 sL eGg] ;DjGwdf yk Wofg lbof];\ eGg] l;kmfl/z

ul/G5 .

4.37 t]>f] ljifon] Ocf];Lsf] af]8{ d]Da/sf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof tyf cg'ej:fFu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . jt{dfg

cj:yfdf Ocf];Lfsf] cWoIfsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf h:tf], Ocf];Lsf] af]8{ d]Da/x?sf] nflu lj1fkg jf

cGtjf{tf / lgo'lQmsf] nflu :jtGq Kofgnn x'g'kg]{ s'g} klg sfo{ljlw 5}g . e]befj lj/f]wL

cWofb]zx?df af]8{ d]Da/sf] cg'ej;Fu ;DjlGwt s'g} k|fjwfgx? klg 5}g h'g o:t} If]qflwsf/x? /

xËsËsf] Pp6f j}wflgs lgsfosf] cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n vfb}g . ;+3÷;+:yf / JolQmx? b'j}jf6 o;

k|:tfjsf] nflu alnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof], h'g :ki6tf / Ocf];Lsf] k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ j[l4 ug]{

p2]Zosf nflu pko'Qm 5 eGg]df Ocf];Ln] ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 58: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df lgDg k|fjwfgx? nfu" ug{sf] nflu ljrf/ ug{

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - af]8{ d]Da/sf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs?kdf lj1fkg ul/g] kbsf] k|lqmof ckgfpg'kg]{ jf :jtGq

Kofgnsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ ; - af]8{ d]Da/x?sf] lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg If]q;Fu ;Dj4 ;dfgtfsf ljifox?sf] cg'ej nufotsf

;fGble{s x'g] cg'ej .

4.38 rf}yf] ljifon] e]befjsf ph'/Lx?sf] ;DjGwdf sfod ug'{kg]{ ;"rgfsf] uf]kgLotf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 .

cg';Gwfg / dWo:ttf k|lqmofsf] k"0f{tf / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{, e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"g

sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL cg'ejsf cfwf/df, Ocf];Ln] uf]kgLotfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ kfngf ug{ tyf tL

k|lqmofx?sf] bf}/fg k|fKt ePsf ;"rgfx? t]>f] kIf Hf:tf] ls ldl8of -kqsf/_nfO{ v'nfiff ug{ gx'g]

eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ xf] eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . o;df ph'/Ldf ;+nUg ;j} kIfx? tyf Ocf];Ln] kfngf

ug'{kg]{ uf]kgLotf / ;"rgfx? v'nfiff ug{ gx'g] s'/f kb{5g\ .

l;kmfl/z 59: ;/sf/n] rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ;j} kIfx? / Ocf];Ln] k]zfut ;Nnfxsf/x?, sfg"g sfof{Gjog

ug]{ lgsfox? jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/P eGbf c? cj:yfdf cg';Gwfg / dWo:ttfsf] qmddf k|fKt ePsf ;a}

;"rgfx?sf] uf]kgLotfnfO{ sfod /fVg'kg]{ k|fjwfg nfu" ug{sf] nflu ljrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

(iv) dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf

4.39 xËsËdf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u :yfkgf ug{ h?/L 5 eGg] ljifodf lgoldt 5nkmn ePsf] 5 ,

h;nfO{ ljleGg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf lgsfox? tyf Ocf];Ln] klg l;kmfl/z u/]sf 5g\ . k/fdz{

k|ltlqmofsf] ;DjGwdf, clwsf+z ;+3÷;+:yfx? of] k|:tfjdf ;xdt ePsf lyP . d'Vo?kdf dlxnf,

cNk;+Vos hflt tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;fy;fy} sfg"gL

lgsfox?jf6 jlnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . o; ljifosf] bfo/f / hl6ntfn] rf/j6f e]befj

lj/f]wL cWofb]zx? cGtu{tsf] ;+/If0fsf] ;'wf/eGbf w]/}g} Jofks ePsf]n] ubf{ oL ljifox?df ;/sf/n]

5'§} lj:t[t cWoog / ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug'{ >]o:s/ x'g]5 .

30

l;kmfl/z 60: ;/sf/n] 5'§} lj:t[t cWoog / ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ u/]/ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgfsf nflu

;f]+r ljrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . efu VI: ckjfb

4.40 Ocf];Ln] e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ljBdfg ckjfbx?sf] uxg cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . Ocf];Ln]

To:tf w]/} ckjfbx? ePsf, h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] of t ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ jf vf]/h -/2_ ug{ ljrf/ ug'{kb{5

eGg] 7fGb5 . e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gsf ckjfbx?nfO{ ;dLIff ubf{, oL ckjfbx?n] s'g} Gofo;+ut

p2]Zo k"lt{ ub{5g\ of s'g} klg p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] tl/sf -dfWod_ ;dfg'kflts

5g\ eGg] d'Vo lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] .

A. sfg"gnfO{ j9L k|i6 agfpgsf nflu ckjfbx?nfO{ ;d"lxs/0f ug]{

4.41 Ocf];Ln] ckjfbx?nfO{ :ki6 agfpgsf nflu Ps} 7fFpdf ;d"lxs/0f ul/g' k5{ kb}{g eGg] ljifodf

k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . ljBdfg cj:yfdf, ckjfbx? e]befj lj/f]wL sfg"gx?df ljlEfGg efudf /x]sf

5g\, h;n] ltlgx?nfO{ k5\ofpg ufx|f] agfpF5 . Ocf];LnfO{ ;j} ckjfbx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] Ps efu -

v08_df pNn]v ul/g' >os/ x'g]5 eGg]df ljZjf; 5 . tyflk o;jf6 e]befjsf] ;+/If0fdf s'g}

jf:tljs kl/jt{g x'g]5}g, To;}n] Ocf];LnfO{ o;sf] pRr k|fyldstf 5 eGg]df ljZjf; 5}g .

l;kmfl/z 61: ;/sf/n] ;j} ckjfbx?nfO{ rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?sf] cg';"lrdf sfg"gnfO{ j9L

:ki6 jgfpgsf nflu Pp6} ;d"x agfP/ /fVgsf] nflu ljrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

B. jf:tljs k]zfut of]Uotf (lhcf]So")

4.42 jt{dfg cj:yfdf sg} ljz]iftf ;DjlGwt k]zfut of]Uotf lhcf]So" xf] ls xf]Og eGgsf] nflu ;fdfGo

kl/If0f 5}g . Ocf];Ln] lhcf]So"nfO{ Pp6} kl/efiff / Ps?ktfsf] x'gsf] nflu ;j} ;+/lIft ljz]iftfx?df

;'wf/ ul/g'kb{5 eGg] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . s]lx ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df

s;/L ;'wfl/Psf] lhcf]So"n] hflt e]befj lj?4sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eGf]/ k|df0f k]z u/]sf

lyP .

4.43 vf;u/L ckfËtf e]befjsf] ;DjGwdf, Ocf];Lsf] b[li6sf]0fdf /f]huf/bftfx?n] pgLx?sf] sd{rf/Lx?sf]

nflu pko'Qm ;dfof]hg -cWofo 3 df 5nkmn ul/P d'tflas_ ug'{kg]{ st{Jo x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf

/fVb}, Ocf];Ln] lhcf]So"sf] ckjfb, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] xsdf, of] pko'Qm ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg]

7fpFdf nfu" x'b}g eg]/ ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 62: ;/sf/n] jf:tljs k]zfut cfjZostf -hLcf]So"_sf] kl/efiff lnË e]befj cWofb]z, ckfËtf

e]befj cWofb]z tyf hflt e]befj cWofb]zdf ;+zf]wg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . ;/sf/n] ;j} ;+/lIft

ljz]iftfx?df logLx?nfO{ ;dfg jgfpgsf] nflu lgDg jdf]lhd kl/efiff ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - k]zfut cfjZostf x'g'kg]{, h'g ;+/lIft ljz]iftf;Fu ;DjlGwt x'g'kg]{ ; - s'g} cfjZostf nfu" ul/g' s'g} Gofo;+ut p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;dfg'kflts tl/sf -dfWod_ x'g'kg]{ ; - cfj]bs jf sfdbf/n] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Sb}g ; jf /f]huf/bftf;Fu cfj]bs jf sfdbf/n]

cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Sb}g eg]/ ;Gt'i6 x'g] s'g} hfoh sf/0f x'g'kg]{ . ckfËtfsf] ;+/lIft ljz]iftfsf] ;DjGwdf k]zfut cfjZostf k'/f ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg]

cj:yfdf ckjfb nfu" gx'g] .

31

C. ljz]if pkfosf ckjfbdf e]befjk"0f{ tflnd ;DjGwL ckjfb ;dfj]z ug]{

4.44 ;j} e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df, jt{dfg cj:yfdf /f]huf/bftf jf 6«]8 o"lgogx?n] ;~rfng ug]{

e]befjk"0f{ tflnd;Fu ;DalGwt ckjfbx? 5g\ . Ocf];Ln] oL ljz]if ckjfbx? /fVg h?/L x'g]5}g eGg]

ljZjf; ub{5 lsgeg] ;+zf]wg ug{ k|:tfljt ul/Psf] ljz]if pkfosf k|fjwfgx? -cufl8g} 5nkmn

ul/Psf]_sf] zAbfjnL tflndnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ sflkm x'g]5 .

l;kmfl/z 63: ;/sf/n] e]befjk"0f{ tflndsf ckjfbx?nfO{ vf/]h ug'{kg]{ tyf o;nfO{ ljz]if pkfosf

ckjfx?sf] Pp6f lx:;fsf] ?kdf ;j} rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu l;kmfl/z

ul/G5 . D. k/f]ksf/L ;+3÷;+:yf;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfbnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{

4.45 ;j} e]befj lj/f]wL cWofb]zx?df k/f]ksf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ;]jf—;'ljwfx? ;+/lIft ljz]iftf ePsf]

JolQmnfO{ dfq pknAw u/fP/ e]befj ug{ cg'dlt lbg] ckjfbx? 5g\ . t/ o;df s'g} To:tf

;'ljwfsf] k|fjwfgsf nflu s'g} Gofo;+ut p2]Zo / Tof] ;dfg'kflts x'g'kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g .

k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofdf, w]/} ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ;+zf]wgn] k/f]ksf/L ;+3÷;+:yfsf] JofVof / Gofo;+ut p2]Zo

tyf ;dfg'kfltstfsf] ;DefJo cy{ nufotsf ljifodf kfg{;Sg] k|efj÷c;/sf] af/]df rf;f] JoQm

u/]sf lyP . o;n] ubf{ Ocf];Ln] o; ljifodf ;DjlGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu yk k/fdz{ ug'{ dxTjk"0f{

x'G5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 64: ;/sf/n] d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu k/f]ksf/L ;+3÷;+:yf ;DjGwL rf/j6f e]befj lj/f]wL

cWofb]zx?df ePsf] ckjfbnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 x'b}g eGg] ;DjGwdf yk k/fdz{ u/f];\ egL

;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

E. ;fgf 3/ gLltsf] ;dLIff

4.46 Go" 6]l/6f]l/h\ ;fgf 3/ gLltn] dlxnfx? lj?4 e]befj ub{5, tyf lnË e]befj cWofb]z, kfl/jfl/s

l:ylt e]befj cWofb]z / hflt e]befj cWofb]z ;j}df To:tf] e]befjnfO{ hfoh agfpg] ckjfbx?

5g\ . k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df, Psbd} w]/} ;+3÷;+:yf tyf JolQmx?n] of] gLltsf] ;dLIff ug{'k5{ eGg]

s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g u/] . s]lx ;+3÷;:yfx?n] of] gLltn] :ki6?kdf dlxnfx? lj?4 e]befj ug]{ tyf

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] s'/fdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf bfloTjx?sf] pNn+3g ug]{ x'+bf o;nfO{ vf/]h

ul/g'kb{5 eGg] pNn]v u/] .

l;kmfl/z 65: ;/sf/nfO{ lj:tf/df ;fgf 3/ gLltsf] ;dLIff ug{ tyf gLltsf e]befjk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{ tyf lnË

e]befj cWofb]z, hflt e]befj cWofb]z / kfl/jfl/s l:ylt e]befj cWofb]zsf ckjfbx?nfO{ vf/]h ug{sf]

nflu ljrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . F. lnË;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfb

(i) prfO{, tf}n / lhljt nfUg] jf :jf:gL;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfb

4.47 lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t lnË / prfO jf tf}n ; d[ts ;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf] lhljt nfUg] jf

:jfgL / jfnjRrfx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwf ;DjGwL ckjfbx? 5g\ . Ocf];LnfO{ o:tf cfd

32

ckjfbx?nfO{ sfod} /fVgsf] nflu kof{Kt cf}lrTo 5 h:tf] nfUb}g . oBlk d[ts ;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf]

lhljt nf]Ug] jf :jf:gL / afnjRrfx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] lgj[lte/0fsf ;DjGwdf Ocf];Ln] o;sf]

cfjZostfsf] nflu ;/sf/sf] ts{nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf] 5 -;g\ dfr{ 1993 eGbf cufl8 lgo'lQm kfPsf

clwsf/Lx?sf] lgj[lte/0f kfpg] ;Gtfgx? cem} lhljt 5g\_, tyf ;/sf/n] o; ckjfbnfO{ oyf;So

rfF8f] e]befjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? cGtu{t lgj[lte/0f kfpg] JolQmx? ;lsPkl5 vf/]h ug'{kb{5 eGg]df

Ocf];L ljZjf; ub{5 .

l;kmfl/z 66: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]z -SDO_ df ePsf] lnË ;DjGwL ckjfbx? tyf lgDg s'/fx?nfO{

vf/]h ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 : - prfO{ jf tf}n ;DjGwL cfjZostfx? (SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf] bkmf 1(a)); - d[ts ;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf] lhljt nf]Ug] jf :jf:gL / afnjRrfx?nfO{ lbOg] lgj[lte/0fsf] ;'ljwfx?

(SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf] bkmf 7). (ii) s/]S;gn ;le{;]; l8kf6{d]G6df lgo'lQm ug]{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+Vof

4.48 jt{dfg cj:yfdf lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf s'g} Ps lnËsf] JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ jf sfof{no jf

dftxtsf] zfvfdf jxfnjfnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf lnË e]befjsf] cg'dlt lbg] Pp6f ckjfb 5,

h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] d'Vo?kdf s/]S;gn ;le{;]; l8kf6{d]G6 / To;sf] kl/rfngsf] cfjZostf;Fu ;Dj4

5 eg]/ ;+s]t u/]sf] lyof] . k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df, s]lx ;d"xx?n] ckjfb sf/fuf/sf] lgod d'tfljs

pko'Qm ePsf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP h;n] lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] JolQmnfO{ pxL lnËsf] clwsf/Ln] /]vb]v

ug]{ jf vfgtnf;L ug{nfO{ cfjZos agfpF5 . Ocf];Ln] oL] ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?nfO{ Wofg lbPsf] 5 t/

o:tf kl/l:yltx? ljBdfg lhcf]So" ;DjGwL ckjfbx?sf] ;fy;fy} lnË e]befj cWofb]z 3 cGtu{tsf]

"j}wflgs ckjfb" sf] sfof{Gjogjf6 ;Djf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . To;}n], cfd

ckjfbnfO{ sfod} /fVg'kg]{ h?/L 5}g .

l;kmfl/z 67: ;/sf/n] lnËsf] cfwf/df s'g} lnËsf] JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ jf sfof{no jf dftxtsf zfvfdf

jfxfnjfnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf e]befjsf] cg'dlt lbg] ckjfb (SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf] bkmf 1(b) nfO{ vf/]h ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . (iii) lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t ;'/Iffsf] jrfp;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfb

4.49 lnË e]befj cWofb]zdf xËsËsf] ;'/IffnfO{ jrfp ug]{ p2]Zosf] nflu ul/Psf] sfo{df lnËsf]

cfwf/df e]befjsf] cg'dlt lbg] Pp6f ckjfb 5 . Ocf];L of] ckjfbsf] cfjZostfsf ;DjGwdf

;/sf/n] k|df0f pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . Ocf];L of] ckjfbn] sfo{x? ;dfg'kflts

x'gnfO{ cfjZos jgfpFb}g eGg]df lrlGtt 5 . o:tf] ljrf/x? s]lx ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] klg pgLx?sf]

k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofx?df k|ltlalDat u/]sf lyP .

l;kmfl/z 68: ;/sf/n] lnË e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 59 cGtu{t xËsËsf] ;'/IffnfO{ jrfpug]{ ;DjGwdf lnË

e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] ckjfbnfO{ sfod} /fVg jf vf/]h ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 tyf olb o;nfO{ sfod} /fVg] xf]

eg] st} o;df ;dfg'kfltstfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;+zf]wg ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eg]/ ;dLIff ug{sf] nflu

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

3 j}wflgs ckjfbsf] k|efj eg]sf] olb csf]{ sfg"gdf s'g} k|fjwfgx? 5 h;n] ljz]if?kdf lnË e]befjsf] cg'dlt lbG5 eg], lgif]lwt lnË e]befj Tof]

cj:yfdf nfu" x'b}g eGg] xf] .

33

(iv) wd{sf] cfwf/df /f]huf/df lnË e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] ckjfb

4.50 jt{dfg cj:yfdf lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t ;+ul7t wd{sf nflu /f]huf/ jf of]Uotfsf] ;DjGwdf

lnË e]befj;Fu ;DalGwt ckjfbx? 5g\ h'g s'g} wd{sf] l;4fGtnfO{ kl/kfngf ug{ jf To;sf

cg'ofoLx?sf] wfld{s efjgfnfO{ ckdfg ug{jf6 hf]ufpgsf] nflu cfjZos x'G5 . Ocf];Ln] st} To:tf]

ckjfb j}jflxs l:ylt e]befjnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu klg lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ kb}{g eGg] ljifodf

k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . k/fdz{df, pNn]Vo dfqfdf ;+3÷;+:yfx?, clwsf+z wfld{s ;+3÷;+:yfx? o;df

;xdt ePsf lyP . cGon] ckjfbsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ o;nfO{ ;fF3'/f] kf/fn] JofVof ul/g'kg]{ / o;n]

Gofof]lrt p2]Zo / ;dfg'kfltstfsf] kl/If0fnfO{ k'/f ug'{kg]{ s'/f pNn]v u/]sf lyP . Ocf];Ln] wd{sf]

:jtGqtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5, h;nfO{ e]befj ;fdgf

ug'{ gkg]{ csf]{ JolQmsf] clwsf/;Fu ;Gt'ng ul/g'kb{5 . ;du|df Ocf];Ln] of] ljifo ;j} ;Dj4

;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx? dfemdf ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf] ljifo x'gkb{5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5, tfls ;j}

;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx?sf] wf/0ff ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k/fdz{ lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t

sf]Xofljl6Ë ;DjGw;Fu ;DjlGwt j}jflxs l:ylt e]befjsf] ;Defljt ;'wf/x?sf] tyf cWofo 3 df

5nkmn ul/P h:t} s'g} ckjfbsf] cfjZostf 5 5}g eGg] k/fdz{sf] Pp6f lx:;f x'g;Sg]5 .

l;kmfl/z 69: ;/sf/n] ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu lnË e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 22 df ePsf] /f]huf/sf] If]qsf] wfld{s

ckjfbx?nfO{ j}jflxs l:yltsf] cfwf/df lj:tf/ ug{sf] nflu k|df0f tyf cf}lrTo eP gePsf] ;DjGwdf

k/fdz{ ug{sf] nflu l;lkml/z ul/G5 .

G. kfl/jfl/s l:ylt;Fu ;DalGwt ckjfb

4.51 kfl/jfl/s e]befj cWofb]zdf s'g} JolQmsf] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt, glhssf] kfl/jfl/s ;b:osf] x]/rfx

ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] cfwf/df jLdf k|Lldodsf] ;DjGwdf e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] Pp6f ckjfb 5

. k/Gt' Ocf];LnfO{ glhssf] kfl/jfl/s ;b:onfO{ x]/rfx ug]{ JolQmsf nflu ljleGg txsf] jLdf

k|Lldodsf] cf}lrTosf] k|df0f jf sf/0f 5 h:tf] nfUb}g . l;kmfl/z 70: ;/sf/n] kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] cfwf/df jLdfsf] ;DjGwdf e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] kfl/jfl/s

e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 38 nfO{ vf/]h ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . H. ckfËtf;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfb

4.52 ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zdf Go"g Hofnf cWofb]z -ldlgdd j]h cl8{g]G;\, Pd8An'cf]_ cGtu{t ckjfb

5, h;n] k"0f{ pTkfbsTjeGbf sd pTkfbsTj 5 eg]/ d"Nof+sg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ckfËtf ePsf

JolQmx?nfO{ Go"g HofnfeGbf sd kfl/>lds lbgsf] nflu cg'dlt lbG5 . ckjfbsf] clek|fo ;/sf/n]

JofVof u/] adf]lhd k"0f{ pTkfbsTj gePsf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ sfd ug{ jf sfddf

oyfjt/kd} /fVg d2t ug'{ xf] . Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ jrfp eg]sf] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?n] dfq} d"Nof+sg

ug{sf] nflu cfu|x ug{ ;Sb5g\, gls /f]huf/bftfn] . ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{df ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?;Fu

sfd ug]{ w]/} ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] k|ltlqmofx? lbPsf lyP . pTkfbsTj d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL tyf ckjfbx?

vf/]h ug'{k5{ jf sfod} /fVg'k5{ eGg] ;DjGwdf Psbd} km/s km/s -ljkl/t_ ljrf/x? JoQm u/]sf

lyP .

34

l;kmfl/z 71: ;/sf/n] /f]huf/df ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] pTkfbsTj d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cfjlws

cg'udgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xf];\ tyf ckfËtf e]befj cWofb]zsf] cg';"lr 5 sf] bkmf 1 b]lv bkmf 3 cGtu{tsf ckjfbx?sf] ;DjGwdf olb s]lx ug'{k¥of] eg] s] ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 egL lgwf{/0f u/f];\ eGg]

l;kmfl/z ul/G5 . I. hflt;Fu ;DjlGwt ckjfb

4.53 hflt e]befj cWofb]zdf xËsËsf] sDkgLdf ljb]zjf6 sfddf /flvPsf] tyf pQm kbsf] nflu ljz]if

lzk, 1fg jf cg'ej rflxg] h'g xËsËdf ;lhn};Fu pknAw gx'g] hflu/sf] ;DjGwdf pgLx?sf]

/f]huf/Lsf] zt{sf ;DjGwdf Pp6f ckjfb 5 . Ocf];LnfO{ of] ckjfb cfjZos 5 h:tf] nfUb}g tyf

ljb]zjf6 elt{ ul/g] sfdbf/x?sf] /f]huf/sf] zt{ c? JolQmsf] t'ngfdf ljBdfg k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf

e]befjsf k|fjwfgx? cGtu{t s]; jfO{ s];sf] cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 eGg] nfUb5 . of] cGo t'ngfug{

ldNg] If]qflwsf/x?sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k 5 .

l;kmfl/z 72: ;/sf/n] ljz]if l;k, 1fg / cg'ej ePsf ljb]zLsf] /f]huf/sf] zt{x?df e]befjsf] cg'dlt lbg]

hflt e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 13 nfO{ vf/]h ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

4.54 hflt e]befj cWofb]zdf ljz]if ;fj{hlgs kbx?sf nflu :yfgLo jf ljb]zL sfdbf/x?sf nflu

/f]huf/sf] zt{df e]befjsf] cg'dlt lbg] ckjfb 5 . of] ckjfbnfO{ sfod} /flvPsf] 5 / ljutdf

h:t} sf]lx ljb]zL ePsf] sf/0fn] /f]huf/sf] zt{df :jLsfo{ x'g] leGgtfx? 5g\ . k/fdz{ k|ltlqmofsf

;DjGwdf, ;+3÷;+:yfx?jf6 oL k|fjwfgx? vf/]h ul/g'kg]{ egL jlnof] ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] lyof],

s]lxn] o;n] xËsËsf / aflx/sf aLr hftLo e]befjnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] eGg] l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP .

Ocf];Ln] ;/sf/n] o:tf /f]huf/sf zt{df ePsf] leGgtfnfO{ x6fpg s'g sbdx? rfNg'k5{ eGg]

;DjGwdf ;dLIff ug'{kb{5 tfls Jojxf/df ePsf] c;dftfnfO{ cGTo ug{ tyf ckjfbnfO{ vf/]h ug{

;lsG5 eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 . l;kmfl/z 73: ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs / :yfgLo sfdbf/x?sf] /f]huf/sf] zt{x?sf] leGgtfnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] hflt

e]befj cWofb]zsf] bkmf 14 tyf cg';"lr 2 sf ckjfbx?nfO{ oyflz3| vf/]h ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

35

cWofo 5: ;'wf/ ul/;lsPsf If]qx?

1. Ocf];Ln] l8Pncf/ ;~rfng u/] otf ;/sf/n] ljleGg ljifox?df ljwflos dfkm{t rf/jf} e]befj lj/f]wL

cWofb]zx?df ;'wf/x? sfof{Gjog u/]sf]df Ocf];L k|zGg 5 . lgDg pNn]lvt ljz]if If]qx?df ;/sf/n] tn

pNn]v ul/P adf]lhd u/]sf] x'gfn], yk sbd cfjZos 5}g M

A. ;]jfk|bfossf u|fxsx?n] ug]{ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ lgif]lwt ug]{ gofF k|fjwfgx? nfu" u/]sf] , j:t', ;'ljwf

tyf ;]jfx?sf] k|fjwfgsf] ;DjGwdf xËsËdf btf{ ePsf kfgLhxfh / xjfOhxfhdf x'g] b'Jo{jxf/sf]

nflu sfg"gL bfloTj ;d]t [;]S;\ l8l:qmldg]zg -Pd]G8d]G6_ cl8{g]G;\ 2014] B. ckfËtf ;DjGwL bfjLx?df e]befjk"0f{ cEof;x?sf nflu Ocf];Ln] sfof{Gjog ;"rgf hf/L ug]{

[:6fo\6\o"6\ n (ld;]lnlgo;\ k|f]lehG;\) cl8{g]G;\ 2014] C. Ocf];Lsf ;b:ox? tyf sd{rf/Lx?n] c;n lgotdf sfd u/]sf] cj:yfdf JolQmut sfg"gL

bfloTjjf6 ;+/If0f [:6fo\6\o"6\ n (ld;]lnlgo;\ k|f]lehG;\) cl8{g]G;\ 2014] D. lnË e]befj cWofb]z cGtu{t lnË / j}jflxs l:ylt e]befj;Fu ;DjlGwt lgDg adf]lhd vf/]h

ul/Psf] 5 : - k|x/L 6\oflS6sn o"lg6df k'?ifx?sf] kbdf ePsf] cf/If0fdf e]befj : SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu

2 sf] bkmf 1(c) ; - xftxltof/ tflnddf e]befj : SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf] bkmf 1(d) ; - k|hgg\ k|ljlwsf] sfo{ljlwsf] k|fjwfgdf ljleGg j}jflxs l:ylt ePsf JolQmx? jLrsf] eb]efj h'g

ckjfb SDO sf] bkmf 56B df 5 : SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf] bkmf 4 ; - afnaRrfx?nfO{ u|x0f ug]{;Fu ;DjlGwt s'g} ;]jfsf] sf/0fn] ljleGg j}jflxs l:ylt ePsf

JolQmx?jLr e]befj h'g ckjfb SDO sf] bkmf 56C df 5 : SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf]

bkmf 5 ; - d[ts jf 3fOt] k|x/L clwsf/Lsf] cljjflxt ljwjf÷ljw'/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] pkbfg;Fu ;DjlGwt

j}jflxs l:ylt e]befj : SDO sf] cg';"lr 5 sf] efu 2 sf] bkmf 8 .

[:6fo\6\o"6\ n (ld;]lnlgo;\ k|f]lehG;\) cl8{g]G;\ 2014]