eat your veggies: anti-cancer crops sustainable ag summit/growing...eat your veggies: anti-cancer...
TRANSCRIPT
Eat Your Veggies:
Anti-Cancer Crops
Dr. Charlie Rohwer
University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center
3
What do WE do at the SROC?
• Feed Vegetables to Humans
– Masonic Cancer Center
• Study Cancer
– Hormel Institute, MCC
Grow vegetables that contain
MORE phytonutrients
Collaborate
Brassicas
Vegetables fight cancer
• Evidence?
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Blu
eberr
ies
Bla
ckberr
ies
Kale
Str
aw
berr
ies
Spin
ach
Ra
spberr
ies
B. spro
uts
Plu
ms
Alfalfa s
pro
uts
Beets
Ora
nges
Red G
rapes
Cherr
ies
Kiw
i
Gra
pefr
uit
OR
AC
Blueberries
• Antioxidants
R. Prior, USDA-ARS
Blueberries
• Antioxidants
– “…[ORAC] values indicating antioxidant capacity
have no relevance to the effects of…polyphenols
on human health”
USDA ARS, ORAC of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2010)
Blueberries
• Antioxidants
– “…[ORAC] values indicating antioxidant capacity
have no relevance to the effects of…polyphenols
on human health”
– “The data of antioxidant capacity of food
generated by in vitro methods cannot be
extrapolated to in vivo effects…”
USDA ARS, ORAC of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2010)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Blu
eberr
ies
Bla
ckberr
ies
Kale
Str
aw
berr
ies
Spin
ach
Ra
spberr
ies
B. spro
uts
Plu
ms
Alfalfa s
pro
uts
Beets
Ora
nges
Red G
rapes
Cherr
ies
Kiw
i
Gra
pefr
uit
OR
AC
Blueberries
• Antioxidants
R. Prior, USDA-ARS
Goji berries?
http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/
Retreived Feb 8, 2013
Blueberries
• Antioxidants
• Anti-Aging
Joseph et al., 1999; J. Neurosci (19:8114-8121)
Blueberries
• Antioxidants
• Anti-Aging
Krikorian et al., 2010; J. Agric Food Chem [58(7):3996-4000]
Not significant
14
Cabbage Family Boasts Nutrients...
Liu et al., Int J. Urology 19(2):134-141
Evidence
• Be especially critical of evidence that agrees
with your opinions
Evidence
• Be especially critical of evidence that agrees
with your opinions
• “On the road from the City of Skepticism, I
had to pass through the Valley of Ambiguity.”
– Adam Smith
Evidence?
• Why do we think vegetables are good for
you?
– Long-Term randomized controlled trials are
expensive & difficult
Evidence?
• Why do we think vegetables are good for
you?
– Long-Term randomized controlled trials are
expensive & difficult
– Separating vegetable intake from healthy
lifestyle choices might be difficult
Confounding Evidence
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
<1 1-2 3-5 6+
Wine
Beer
preference
# of drinks per day
Risk of Death
(compared to
abstainers = 1)
Klatsky et al., 2003, Am. J. Epidemiol.
Controlled for age,
sex, race, BMI,
education, marital
status, smoking,
coronary disease
risk
Lifestyle
• Wine
– Chicken, low-fat
cheese, olives, fruit and
veggies, oil, low-fat milk
• Beer
– Soda, sausage,
margarine & butter,
ketchup, chips, cold
cuts…
Johansen et al., 2006, BMJ
How do you grow anti-cancer foods?
How do you grow anti-cancer foods?
• Grow fruits and vegetables
• “A significant protective effect of fruit and
vegetable consumption was found in 126
of 158 dietary studies”
Block, Patterson, and Subar (1992)
Lowest 25% of
vegetable
consumers
Highest 25% of
vegetable
consumers
Relative Risk
of Cancer
1
2
Vegetable
consumption
Low
High
Vegetables are superfoods
Protective
effects of
increased
vegetable
intake (100 g)
on cancers (case-control
meta-analysis)
Riboli and Norat (2003)
Vegetables are superfoods
Protective
effects of
increased
vegetable
intake (100 g)
on cancers (cohort meta-
analysis)
Riboli and Norat (2003)
Vegetables are superfoods?
Vegetables are superfoods
Working Intermission
Working Intermission
• Eating this vegetable will prevent cancer
Working Intermission
• Eating fruits and vegetables will prevent
cancer
Working Intermission
• Studies suggest that people who eat more
vegetables and fruits may have a lower risk
for some types of cancer.
ACS
Working Intermission
• “Three grams of soluble fiber from oatmeal
daily, in a diet low in saturated fat and
cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart
disease. This oatmeal has 2 grams per
serving.”
Phytonutrients
Your
Colors!
Carrots, squash, sweet corn, yellow peppers
(carotenoids and flavonoids)
Blueberries, blackberries, purple cabbage, apples
(anthocyanins and phenolics)
Tomatoes, radishes, red peppers
(lycopene and anthocyanins)
Onions, garlic, shallots
(allicin)
Leafy greens, spinach, kale, brassicas
(lutein, indoles, glucosinolates)
Glucosinolates
Brassicas
Glucosinolates
Glucosinolates
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Control Carcinogen Carcinogen + PEITC
Cancer
No Cancer
S.S. Hecht et al., Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers & Prev. 5:645-652 (1996).
Glucosinolates
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Control Carcinogen Carcinogen + PEITC
Cancer
No Cancer
S.S. Hecht et al., Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers & Prev. 5:645-652 (1996).
Glucosinolates
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Control Carcinogen Carcinogen + PEITC
Cancer
No Cancer
S.S. Hecht et al., Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers & Prev. 5:645-652 (1996).
Glucosinolates
• Ingestion
• Absorption
• Metabolism
Glucosinolates
Song and Thornalley, Food Chem.
Toxicol., 2007
In cooking water
In broccoli
Glucosinolates
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Broccoli Brussels Sprouts Cauliflower
Raw
Boiled
Microwaved
Steamed
Data adapted from Pellegrini et al.,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010
Aberrant Crypts in Colon
- Precancerous lesions - Correlates with tumor formation
Glucosinolates
Total Aberrant Crypt Foci per cm2
Groups
Ab
err
an
t C
ryp
t F
oci
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Control HPEITC LPEITC HI3C LI3C
aab ab
bc
c
p=0.02
p=0.001
Andrea Plate and Dan Gallaher
Glucosinolates
Total Aberrant Crypt Per Cm2T
ota
l A
berr
an
t C
ryp
t P
er
Cm
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
ControlBroccoli
WatercressCabbage
a
bb b
p < 0.008
Andrea Plate and Dan Gallaher
Glucosinolates
Fahey J W et al. Cancer Prev Res 2012;5:603-611
Glucosinolates
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 2 4
Glu
cobra
ssic
in (
ug/g
fre
sh w
t.)
Months in Storage (0 C)
‘Grand Slam’
12
18
24
Spacing (in)
Glucosinolates
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
Glu
co
bra
ssic
in (
ug
/g fre
sh
wt.
)
30
46
61
0
500
1000
1500
2000
4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2Months in Storage (0 C)
12
18
24
‘Vorox
’
Spacing (in)
[6]-gingerol
[6]-gingerol
[6]-gingerol
angioworld.com
[6]-gingerol
angioworld.com
Kim et al., 2005. Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Comm
[6]-gingerol
angioworld.com
Kim et al., 2005. Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Comm
[6]-gingerol
Kim et al., 2005. Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Comm
[6]-gingerol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
178 209
Mg
[6]-
gin
gero
l p
er
gra
m
Days After Planting
Blue
Yellow
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
178 209
Days After Planting
6"
12"
[6]-gingerol
[6]-gingerol
[6]-gingerol
Functional Foods
• “The relationship between fruit and vegetable
intake and cancer prevention has not been
as firmly established and has resulted in
conservative recommendations for
chemoprevention”
Carkeet et al., 2010. Phytochemicals: health promotion and theraputic potential
American Cancer Society
• Does eating vegetables reduce cancer risk?
– “The overall evidence suggests some lowering of
risk for several types of cancer.”
American Cancer Society
• Does eating vegetables reduce cancer risk?
– “The overall evidence suggests some lowering of
risk for several types of cancer.”
• “The best advice is to eat at least 2½ cups of
a variety of colorful vegetables and fruits
each day.”
Nutraceutical Development
• Production Consistency
• Sensory Acceptance
• Quantification /Certification
• Real /Perceived Value
Carotenoids
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Broccoli Brussels Sprouts Cauliflower
Raw
Boiled
Microwaved
Steamed
Data adapted from Pellegrini et al.,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010
Carotenoids
1
10
100
1000
Brussels Sprouts Carrots
Raw
Steamed
Sous Vide 5d
Data adapted from Miglio et al., J.
Agric. Food Chem., 2008
Glucosinolates
Myrosinase
Glucoraphanin
Sulforaphane
(bioactive)
Glucosinolates
Myrosinase
Glucoraphanin
Sulforaphane
(bioactive)
DTC
(excreted)
Glucosinolates
Myrosinase
Glucoraphanin
Sulforaphane
(bioactive)
DTC
(excreted)
Glucosinolates
Glucoraphanin Sulforaphane
Myrosinase
INACTIVE ACTIVE
Glucosinolates
Glucoraphanin Sulforaphane
Myrosinase
INACTIVE ACTIVE
Myrosinase
Glucoraphanin
• Amercians don’t eat as much vegetables
as they probably should
Dong and Lin, 2009
Vegetables are superfoods
Vegetables are superfoods
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Dark Green
Orange Starchy Other Total
Recommended Intake
Dong and Lin, 2009
Vegetables are superfoods
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Dark Green
Orange Starchy Other Total
Recommended Intake
Average Intake
Dong and Lin, 2009
[6]-gingerol