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East Texas Forestlands
Curtis L. VanderSchaafForest Resource Analyst
March 2010A copy of the East Texas Forestlands factsheet can be downloaded from:
http://txforestservice.tamu.edu/EconDev/Pubs
East Texas ForestlandsSeveral sources of data were used to produce the East Texas Forestlands factsheet and slidethe East Texas Forestlands factsheet and slide presentation:
d lFIA – Forest Inventory and Analysis
NWOS – National Woodland Owner Survey
Harvest Trends
Timber Price TrendsTimber Price Trends
East Texas ForestlandsForest Inventory and AnalysisForest Inventory and Analysis
The FIA is a national program designed to quantify the amount of resources in forestlands.
Texas Forest Service in conjunction with the USDA Forest Service annually measures 20% of all plots establishedj y p
in East Texas.
Variables include total height, diameter, volume, biomass, etc.
All FIA plots in East Texas are measured over a 5‐year period.
East Texas ForestlandsNWOS Harvest Trends and Texas Timber Price TrendsNWOS, Harvest Trends, and Texas Timber Price Trends
National Woodland Owner Survey – NWOS assesses forestland owner characteristics. Data were obtained from questionnaires sent out from 2002 to 2006 to an area weighted sample of 857 East Texas family forest land owners. There was a 45 percent return rate.
Harvest Trends ‐ Texas Forest Service conducts an annual assessment of the amount of primary wood products produced in the state and the amount of stumpage purchased by county and exported to other states to produce primary wood products.
Texas Timber Price Trends – Texas Forest Service produces a bi‐monthly p ypublication reporting average prices paid for standing timber, commonly called stumpage price.
East Texas ForestlandsForestland versus TimberlandForestland versus Timberland
Forestland – land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size or h h b l 10% k d i h d l d l d fthat has been at least 10% stocked in the past, and not currently developed for a nonforest use
Timberland forestland that is producing or capable of producing in excess of 20Timberland – forestland that is producing or capable of producing in excess of 20 cubic feet per acre per year
All timberland is forestland.
Examples of forestland that WOULD NOT BE classified as timberland are an extremely dry sandy, low fertility site or a marshland which produce less than 20 cubic feet/acre/yr of woody volume growth.
Failing to be classified as timberland does not relate to current stocking but rather potential stocking and site productivity.
ForestlandAcres
Percent forestland by county, 2008
Area of timberland, 1992‐2008
11
11.5
12
illion acres
Forestland makes up about 54 percent of the East Texas region.
Almost all forestland is timberland (99 t)
10
10.5
1992 2003 2008
Mi
Year
(99 percent).
Nearly 39 percent of the region’s Timberland is located in just 10 of the 43 counties.
Oak pine
Other 3% Eastern redcedar 1%Longleaf‐slash pine 2%
Area of timberland, 2008There were 11,964, 913 acres of timberland estimated in 2008.
Loblolly‐shortleaf pine41%
Lowland hardwoods17%
Oak‐pine13%
Southern pine forests consist primarily of loblolly pine – about half planted and half occurring naturally.
Oak‐hickory24%
Lowland hardwoods consist of the oak‐gum‐cypress and elm‐ash‐cottonwood forest types.
ForestlandAcres
Acres of timberland planted by species 2008
Region Species AcresLoblolly pine 1,883,074
Area of timberland by forest type and county, 2008
Acres of timberland planted by species, 2008 (Other includes bald cypress, cherrybark oak, longleaf pine, Scotch
pine and Virginia pine)
Pine Planted Pine Oak‐Pine
Other 17,160Slash pine 104,097
Loblolly pine 882,616Other 18,256
SE Texas
NE Texas
< 2500
2500 to 5000
5000 to 10000
10000 to 20000
Slash pine 9,344
Area of timberland across all forest types by county, 2008Oak‐hickory Oak‐gum‐cypress Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
20000 to 35000
35000 to 50000
50000 to 100000
100000 to 150000
150000 to 200000
< 30000
30000 to 100000
100000 to 150000
150000 t 200000
TimberlandNE Texas
150000 to 200000
200000 to 250000
> 250000
150000 to 200000
200000 to 250000
250000 to 300000
300000 to 350000
350000 to 400000
400000 t 450000400000 to 450000
450000 to 525000
> 525000
SE Texas
ForestlandOwnership
Other public 3%
Percent forestland by county, 2008 Private owners, consisting of Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) as well as family forest owners, control 92 percent of the timberland.
National Forest 5%
, p
Questionnaires were sent out from 2002 to 2006 in an area weighted sample of 857 family forest owners. There was a 45 percent return rate.
According to survey results timber was harvested on 74 percent of
Private 92%
According to survey results, timber was harvested on 74 percent of the family forest acreage.
The vast majority of owners possessed small tracts of land while just a few people held large tracts.
Response by family forest owner (formerly Non‐Industrial Private Forest, or NIPF), 2006
Size of forest
Acres1‐910‐1920 49
5
Ownersthousand percentNumber
Area
680 11914 14
thousand percentAcres346 94 45
55 2631 15
Timber activity
Timber harvestYes
percent
74
Areamillion acres
4.820‐4950‐99100‐1000> 1000
2505 39841 13
914 141125 18
31 1517 811 5~ 1 ‐
No No answer
Harvested past 5 years 2.3
24236
1.50.1
ForestlandStand Structure
Stand‐product class by survey year, timberland, 1992 to 2008 Stand Structure
5
6
7
cres
1992 2003 2008 Stand‐product class is the same as stand‐size class.
Sawtimber sized stands constitute 52 percent of the region.
0
1
2
3
4
b l b l dl k d
Million ac
p g
Poletimber sized stands constitute 22 percent.
Sapling‐seedling sized stands make up the remaining 26 percent. Sawtimber Poletimber Sapling‐seedling Nonstocked
Year
Stand‐diameter by stand‐product class, timberland, 2008
Stand‐product class
Not Determined
0 to < 5
5 to < 9
9 to < 20
20 to < 40
Sawtimber ‐ 122.8 876.3 4822.5 341.9
thousand acresArea
6163.4
Stand‐diameter class (inches d.b.h.)
Poletimber 103.5 2077.7 433.3 16.3Sapling‐seedling 1933.0 807.0 213.6 22.7Nonstocked 52.4 17.1 9.1 1.5Total 2211.6 3778.1 5478.4 382.4
109.079.46.1
11964.9 114.328.9
2636.93055.7
Sawtimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 9.0 inches d.b.h and larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and largerSawtimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 9.0 inches d.b.h and larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger
Poletimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h.
Saplings. As defined by FIA, Live trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.
Seedlings. As defined by FIA, live trees < 1.0 inch d.b.h. and ≥ 1 foot tall for hardwoods, ≥ 6 inches tall for softwoods
Trees Per AcrePine Planted Pine Oak ‐Pine
None recorded
0 to 200
200 to 400
400 to 600
600 to 800
Oak ‐hickory Oak ‐gum‐cypress Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
800 to 1000
1400 to 1600
1000 to 1200
1200 to 1400
1600 to 1800
1800 to 2000
2000 to 2200
Across all forest types there was an average of 638 trees per acreAcross all forest types, there was an average of 638 trees per acre.
VolumeStand Structure
Volume in live trees by dbh, timberland 1992 to 2008
0 8
1
1.2
1.4
bic feet
Softwoods
1992 2003 2008 Softwood volume is 9.5 billion cubic feet for live trees.
Hardwood volume is 7 8 billion cubic feet for live trees
timberland, 1992 to 2008
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 29+
Billio
n cub
Diameter class (inches)
Hardwood volume is 7.8 billion cubic feet for live trees.
0 4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
on cub
ic feet
Hardwoods
1992 2003 2008
0
0.2
0.4
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 29+
Billio
Diameter class (inches)
VolumeAmount
Region Species ft3
L bl ll i 1 642 423 818
Growing stock volume (ft3) on timberland by forest type and county, 2008
Growing stock volume of plantation timberland by species, 2008
Pine Planted Pine Oak ‐Pine
Loblolly pine 1,642,423,818Other 7,602,450Slash pine 148,559,642
Loblolly pine 812,981,142Other 23 063 621
SE Texas
NE Texas Other 23,063,621Slash pine 10,254,287
NE Texas
0 to 75,000,000
75 000 000 to 150 000 000
None recorded
75,000,000 to 150,000,000
150,000,000 to 225,000,000
225,000,000 to 300,000,000
300,000,000 to 375,000,000
375,000,000 to 450,000,000
Oak‐hickory Oak‐gum‐cypress Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
Pine is more heavily concentrated in the southern region while
450,000,000 to 525,000,000
525,000,000 to 600,000,000
600,000,000 to 675,000,000
Growing‐stock trees. Live trees that contain at least one 12‐foot or two 8‐foot logs in the saw‐log portion, either currently or potentially, if too small to qualify as a sawlog. The log(s) must meet dimension and merchantability standards to qualify. Trees must have one‐third of the gross board‐foot volume in sound wood, either currently or potentially.
Pine is more heavily concentrated in the southern region while oak‐hickory is more plentiful in the northern region.
VolumeChangeg
Growth to removals ratio and average annual live tree (growing stock in parentheses) growth, removals and mortality for timberland
Item Sample estimateLand area (1,000 acres)
Components of change between 2003 and 2008
Item Softwoods Hardwoods
1.17 (1.17) 1.62 (1.69)
million ft 3
Net growth‐to‐removals ratio
removals, and mortality for timberland, 2003 to 2008
Land area (1,000 acres)Forestland 12128.7
Timberland 11964.9Reserved forestland 126.7Other forestland 37.1
All live on timberland (million ft 3 )Inventory 17292 3
Component of changeGross growth 742.5 (729.4) 381.7 (325.3)Mortality 74.9 (72.1) 74.8 (53.3)Net growth 667.5 (657.3) 306.9 (272.0)Removals 568.8 (560.2) 189.5 (161.1)
million ft Inventory 17292.3Net annual growth 974.4
Annual mortality* 149.7Annual removals 758.3
Growing stock on timberland (million ft 3 )Inventory 15982.9Removals 568.8 (560.2) 189.5 (161.1)Net annual growth 929.3
Annual mortality* 125.3Annual removals 721.3
Sawtimber on timberland (million fbm )Inventory 62897.5Net annual growth 3517.8
The positive net growth‐to‐removals ratios indicate growth exceeded
Annual mortality* 536.6Annual removals 2616.0
* Net annual growth includes annual mortality.
removals.
For private lands, the ratio across all species was 1.33 for all trees and 1.31 for growing stock trees.
BiomassStanding Biomass (oven‐dry tons) – Aboveground Wood and Bark
Region Species Oven‐dry tons
Biomass of all trees (oven‐dry tons) on plantation forestland by species, 2008
Softwood biomass is 206.1 million oven‐dry tons for live trees (dbh of 1.0 inch or greater).
Hardwood biomass is 238 7 million oven dry tons for live trees
Pi Pl t d Pi O k Pi
Loblolly pine 46,488,146Other 221,687Slash pine 4,464,736
Loblolly pine 22,924,925
SE Texas
Standing biomass (oven‐dry tons) of all trees on forestland by forest type and county, 2008
Hardwood biomass is 238.7 million oven‐dry tons for live trees.
Pine Planted Pine Oak ‐Pine Other 539,690Slash pine 278,597
NE Texas
Standing biomass (oven‐dry tons) of all trees on forestland by county, 2008
None recorded
0 500 000NE Texas
O k hi k O k El h tt d
forestland by county, 20080 to 500,000
500,000 to 1,000,000
1,000,000 to 3,000,000
3,000,000 to 5,000,000
5,000,000 to 7,000,000
1,000,000 to 4,000,000
4,000,000 to 7,000,000
0
0
Oak‐hickory Oak‐gum‐cypress Elm‐ash‐cottonwood5,000,000 to 7,000,000
7,000,000 to 9,000,000
9,000,000 to 11,000,000
11,000,000 to 13,000,000
13,000,000 to 15,000,000
7,000,000 to 10,000,000
10,000,000 to 13,000,000
13,000,000 to 16,000,000
16,000,000 to 19,000,000
SE Texas
19,000,000 to 22,000,000
BiomassAverage Standing Biomass Per Acre
Pine Planted Pine Oak‐Pine
Average standing biomass (oven‐dry tons) per acre of all trees on forestland by county, 2008
None recorded
0 to 10
10 to 20
Oak hickory Oak gum cypress Elm ash cottonwood
10 to 20
20 to 30
30 to 40
40 to 50
50 to 60 Oak‐hickory Oak‐gum‐cypress Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100
50 to 60
60 to 70
90 to 100
100 to 110
Logging Residue
Harvesting operations produce logging residue – or biomass – that can potentially be used to produce bioenergy and biofuel.
An estimated 2.3 million green tons of logging residue (including tops, limbs, and unutilized cull trees but excluding stumps) was generated during 2008 harvests.
Due to logistics harvesting techniques and economics not all
Logging residue (green tons per acre), 2008
Due to logistics, harvesting techniques, and economics, not all logging residue will be available for bioenergy/biofuel production – some believe only 30 to 60% of residues will be utilizable.
0 to 20,00020,000 to 40,00040 000 to 60 00040,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 80,00080,000 to 100,000100,000 to 120,000
120,000 to 140,000140,000 to 160,000
160,000 to 180,000180,000 to 200,000
Acres Planted by Year
Year Family forest All1999 48,358 147,0892000 43,181 164,430
Number of acresBoth the number of family forest (formerly non‐industrial private forest landowners) and the total number (also includes private companies and public agencies) of acres planted have declined over the past , ,
2001 48,438 156,8752002 33,164 114,3922003 26,358 90,1932004 36,896 113,6862005 33 296 103 601
planted have declined over the past decade.
‘Year’ refers to fiscal year. For example, fiscal year 2006 began on Oct 1, 2005 and
d d 2005 33,296 103,6012006 26,710 92,0302007 37,229 105,9362008 25,960 86,546
ended Sept. 30, 2006.
All species are included.
Major Mill Shutdowns/Closures
Company Name Mill Location Mill TypeAbitibi‐Consolidated Inc. Lufkin, TX Paper millClemsa Lumber Co. Pollok, TX Lumber millGeorgia‐Pacific Logansport, LA PlywoodGeorgia‐Pacific Springhill, LA PlywoodInternational Paper Co. Bastrop, LA Paper millLouisiana‐Pacific Corp. Silsbee, TX Oriented Strand Board (OSB)Norbord Inc. Jefferson, TX Oriented Strand Board (OSB)North American Procurement Co. Moscow, TX Chip millPasadena Paper Co. Pasadena, TX Paper millPotlatch Corp. Prescott, AR Lumber millTemple‐Inland Pineland, TX Softwood VeneerWeyerhaeuser Mountain Pine, AR Plywood
Several large‐scale mills in East Texas and surrounding states have halted operations, some permanently while others indefinitely, resulting in an impact on the long term timber supply.
Timber Stumpage Price TrendsCurrent softwood sawtimber stumpage prices are at their lowest since the late 1990sCurrent softwood sawtimber stumpage prices are at their lowest since the late 1990s.
Hardwood sawtimber has also dropped after peaking in 2007‐2008.
Hardwood and softwood pulpwood prices also dropped since peaking in 2007‐2008.
Chip‐n‐saw prices gradually dropped following a peak period from 2004 to 2007.
Prices below are from Jan/Feb 1999 to Jan/Feb 2009.
20
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on 10
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on
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SE Texas
Softwood sawtimber Softwood chip‐n‐saw Softwood pulpwood
40
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60
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on
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Definition of TermsComponent of change. References the change in the volume of Forestland. Land at least 10% stocked by forest trees of any size or trees averaged over the years of the intersurvey period, specifically:
Average annual gross growth. Change in the volume of trees inthe absence of cutting and mortality
A l li V l f h di d f
that has been at least 10% stocked in the past, and not currently developed for nonforest use. The minimum dimensions are 1 acre in size and 120 feet in width.
Timberland. Forestland capable of producing 20 cubic feet ofd l ll d i hd f i bAverage annual mortality. Volume of trees that died from
natural causes
Average net annual growth. Net change in volume in the absenceof removals, and calculated as average annual gross growthminus average annual mortality
wood volume per acre annually and not withdrawn from timberutilization
Reserved forestland. Public forestland capable of producing 20 cubic feet of wood volume per acre annually, but withdrawn from timber utilization through statute orminus average annual mortality
Average annual removal. Volume of trees removed from theinventory by harvesting, cultural operations, (e.g., timber‐standimprovement), land clearing, or change in land use and averagedover the years of the intersurvey period
withdrawn from timber utilization through statute or administrative regulation
Other forestland. Forestland that is incapable of producing 20 cubic feet of wood volume per acre annually under natural conditions due to adverse site conditions such as
D.b.h. Tree stem diameter in inches measured outside the barkand 4.5 feet above the ground (breast height)
Family forest. Private land owned by individuals andf ili i l di f h th d t
sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation,steepness, or rockiness. The term is synonymous with woodland in earlier FIA reports.
Forest type. Forestland classification of the species forming al lit f li t t ki d l l b d l ith ffamilies, including farms, where the owner does not own
a primary wood‐using plant or is not a formally incorporatedcompany or organization. Formally referred to as non‐industrial private forest (NIPF) owners.
plurality of live tree stocking, and largely based on an algorithm of tallied trees
Growing‐stock trees. Live trees that contain at least one 12‐foot or two 8‐foot logs in the saw‐log portion, either currently orpotentially, if too small to qualify as a sawlog. The log(s) must meetpotentially, if too small to qualify as a sawlog. The log(s) must meet dimension and merchantability standards to qualify. Trees must have one‐third of the gross board‐foot volume in sound wood, either currently or potentially.
Definition of TermsGrowth‐to‐removals ratio. The ratio of net growth in volume Poletimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 5.0 to 8.9 inches divided by the volume removed by human activity, including harvesting, land clearing, and changes in land use
Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broadleaf and deciduous.
L i id W d i l h i d f i
d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h.
Saplings. As defined by FIA, Live trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.
Sawtimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 9.0 inches d.b.h and l d h d d 11 0 i h d b h d lLogging residue. Woody material that is not removed from sites
during harvesting operations. Types of logging residue include stumps, tops, limbs and unutilized cull trees.
Stump residue is the part of the tree that is lower than the cutting point and thus left after the harvesting operation, is generally not available commercially since the cost of obtaining the stump or
larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger
Seedlings. As defined by FIA, live trees < 1.0 inch d.b.h. and ≥ 1 foot tall for hardwoods, ≥ 6 inches tall for softwoods
Softwoods Coniferous trees usually evergreen havingavailable commercially since the cost of obtaining the stump or root biomass is likely prohibitive. Tops refer to the tops of the trees that are either broken during harvesting or are cut off the central stem of the tree due to a merchantability standard. Limbs refer to the branches of the trees.
Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, havingneedles or scale‐like leaves
Stumpage. Standing trees in the forest
Volume. The amount of sound wood in live trees at least 5.0 inches Cull trees are the trees that cannot be used to produce saw logs due to defects, rot, or form. Some cull trees are used as pulpwood and others are left unutilized as a part of logging residue.
Tops, limbs, and unutilized cull trees are the logging residue that is t ti ll il bl bi f d ti h i l
d.b.h. from a 1‐foot stump to a minimum 4.0‐inch top diameter outside bark of the central stem
potentially available as biomass for energy production or chemical extraction.