East Meets WestEast Meets West

The CrusadesThe CrusadesThe CrusadesThe Crusades

Causes: AdventureCauses: Adventure After After Christianization of the Christianization of the

Vikings, Slavs, and MagyarsVikings, Slavs, and Magyars there there was an entire class of warriors who was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population.the peasant population.

A A plea for help from the Byzantine plea for help from the Byzantine EmperorEmperor Alexius I in opposing Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure. their sense of adventure.

Causes: Religious PietyCauses: Religious PietyIntense Religious PietyIntense Religious Piety Due in part to the Due in part to the Investiture ControversyInvestiture Controversy (a (a

significant conflict between secular and significant conflict between secular and religious powers over the issue of who would religious powers over the issue of who would control appointments of church officials).control appointments of church officials).

People became personally engaged in the People became personally engaged in the dramatic religious controversydramatic religious controversy

The Results:The Results: Intense Christian pietyIntense Christian piety Public interest in religious affairsPublic interest in religious affairs Popular support for the First Crusade Popular support for the First Crusade The religious vitality of the 12th centuryThe religious vitality of the 12th century

Emperor Henry IV at the Feet of Pope Gregory VII

Causes: Papal PoliticsCauses: Papal PoliticsRoman-Byzantine RivalryRoman-Byzantine Rivalry Cluniac (Benedictine) reformCluniac (Benedictine) reform

caused the church in the West to caused the church in the West to be more attentive to business and be more attentive to business and provided impetus to attempt to provided impetus to attempt to reassert control reassert control

The Great SchismThe Great Schism, 1064, was, 1064, wasa division of Christianity into a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause wasCatholic. The primary cause wasa dispute over papal authority.a dispute over papal authority.

Causes: European ExpansionismCauses: European Expansionism

In theIn the Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings in 1066, William in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to England and brought unity and strength to that country.that country.

After theAfter the capture of Toledo capture of Toledo from the from the Moslems in 1087, it became the residence Moslems in 1087, it became the residence of the kings of of the kings of CastileCastile and the and the ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain

The The Normans captured SicilyNormans captured Sicily from the from the Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country.the unification of that country.

Causes: Muslim AdvancesCauses: Muslim AdvancesEvents in Moslem WorldEvents in Moslem World

The The Battle of ManzikertBattle of Manzikert, , 1071, resulted in the 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims).Turks (muslims).

The Byzantines also lost The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks.Anatolia to the Turks.

The Turks The Turks disrupted disrupted pilgrim trafficpilgrim traffic. .

Great SchismGreat Schism10641064

Great SchismGreat Schism10641064

Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings

10661066

Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings

10661066

Battle of Battle of Manzikert Manzikert

10711071

Battle of Battle of Manzikert Manzikert

10711071

Christianization of Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, the Vikings, Slavs,

and Magyarsand Magyarsc. 1000c. 1000

Christianization of Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, the Vikings, Slavs,

and Magyarsand Magyarsc. 1000c. 1000

Capture of Capture of Toledo from Toledo from

Muslims Muslims 10871087

Capture of Capture of Toledo from Toledo from

Muslims Muslims 10871087

Cluniac Cluniac ReformReformc. 1024c. 1024

Cluniac Cluniac ReformReformc. 1024c. 1024

Capture of Capture of Sicily from Sicily from

MuslimsMuslims10991099

Capture of Capture of Sicily from Sicily from

MuslimsMuslims10991099

ConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinopleRomeRomeRomeRome

ExpansionismExpansionismExpansionismExpansionism

Papal PoliticsPapal PoliticsPapal PoliticsPapal Politics

AdventureAdventureAdventureAdventure

Religious PietyReligious PietyReligious PietyReligious Piety

PilgrimagesPilgrimagesPilgrimagesPilgrimages

Muslim AdvancesMuslim Advances

EuropeEurope 1000-11001000-1100

InvestitureInvestitureControversyControversy

1075+1075+

InvestitureInvestitureControversyControversy

1075+1075+

Call for a CrusadeCall for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for Pope Urban II called for

a Crusade in 1095 a Crusade in 1095 ObjectivesObjectives

Drive Turks from Anatolia Drive Turks from Anatolia

Obligate the Byzantines Obligate the Byzantines

Provide occasion for healing Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Great Schism on Rome's terms

CaptureCapture Holy Land Holy Land

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades First Crusade 1097-1098 First Crusade 1097-1098

Achieved all major objectivesAchieved all major objectivesin Holy Landin Holy Land

Turkish threat blunted, thoughTurkish threat blunted, thoughnot eliminatednot eliminated

Area not strategic to Moslems, Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. with a little skill.

Initial gains lost through Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.diplomatic bungling.

Crusaders attempted to Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighborsdestabilize neighbors

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades

Second Crusade, 1147-1148Second Crusade, 1147-1148 Military failure, discredits Military failure, discredits

Crusaders as military threatCrusaders as military threat

Third Crusade, 1189-1191Third Crusade, 1189-1191 Well-known in literature (Robin Well-known in literature (Robin

Hood)Hood)

Involved Richard I of England, Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Saladin on Moslem side. Saladin on Moslem side.

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades

Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations always Western-Greek relations always

strained, mutual contempt. strained, mutual contempt. To finance crusade, Crusaders To finance crusade, Crusaders

worked for Venetiansworked for Venetians Crusaders sacked Constantinople, Crusaders sacked Constantinople,

1204 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism Chance to heal Great Schism

utterly lost. utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, In 1453, when attacked by Turks,

Byzantines preferred surrender to Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.asking Rome for aid.

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219

Captured Damietta, swapped for JerusalemCaptured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem Moslems agreedMoslems agreed Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt,

were routedwere routed

Sixth Crusade, 1229Sixth Crusade, 1229 Frederick II of Germany did little Frederick II of Germany did little

fighting and a lot of negotiationfighting and a lot of negotiation Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem

and all the other holy cities and a and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years truce of ten years

He was widely condemned for conducting He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting. fighting.

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254

Led by Louis IX of FranceLed by Louis IX of France Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth CrusadeNearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade

Eighth Crusade, 1270Eighth Crusade, 1270 Led by Louis IX of FranceLed by Louis IX of France Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of

Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. Louis died.

The last Crusader cities on the mainland of The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 Palestine fell in 1291

One small island stronghold lasted until 1303. One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

Where else in Where else in military history can military history can we find a war that we find a war that

was won was won four timesfour times and still lost?and still lost?

The Crusades Died OutThe Crusades Died Out

Lack of interest, rising Lack of interest, rising European prosperity European prosperity

Repeated military defeatsRepeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" Discredited by "crusades"

against Christians (e.g., against Christians (e.g., Albigensians) Albigensians)

Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades

Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire

Vast increase in cultural horizons for Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. many Europeans.

Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Stimulated Mediterranean trade.

Need to transfer large sums of money Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. development of banking techniques.

Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of armsarms

Romantic and imaginative literature.Romantic and imaginative literature.

Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Knowledge introduced to

EuropeEurope Heavy stone masonry, construction of Heavy stone masonry, construction of

castles and stone churches. castles and stone churches.

Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.

Moslem minarets adopted as church Moslem minarets adopted as church spiresspires

Weakening of nobility, rise of Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes merchant classes

Enrichment was primarily from Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little East to West--Europe had little to give in return.to give in return.

ReferencesReferences Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005

<<http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/WestTechPPT/Crusades.ppt>.>. The Crusades." The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the

Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005<<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades#Historical_background>.>.

The Church and the Crusades." The Church and the Crusades." Medieval CrusadesMedieval Crusades. 24 Sept. 2005 . 24 Sept. 2005 http://www.medievalcrusades.com>.>.