Introduction to earthworks machineries

Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in the history and constructions technologies have been always one of the criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our constructions humans needed an advanced tools to make thier jobs easier and more sufficient . nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck, front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it

con’t nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it

Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in history of construction; technologies have always been one of the criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our constructions, humans needed an advanced tools to make their jobs easier and more sufficient.nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it .

Tractors

A tractor is a vehicle which is powered by a gasoline or diesel engine and has great pulling or pushing power . The word tractor is Latin and means "to pull" There are two kinds of tractors . One is a track mounted assemblage (much like a tank), and the other is wheel mounted. Both types are used in construction and agriculture applications for clearing sites of unwanted fill and debris, and manipulating the earth to obtain rough grade.

Tractor Attachments:

Buckets

The bucket is like it sounds, a large bucket attached to the front of a tractor. Used for many tasks such as picking up or hauling large/heavy objects.Blades

The blade is much like a snow plow. Used for pushing large debris around.Rippers

The ripper looks like many curved blades. Used for tearing up the land and loosening compacted soils

Tractors :-

Track-mounted Wheel-mounted

Track-mounted

Wheel-mounted

Loaders

A loader (also known as: bucket/ front/ front end/pay/scoop/skip/wheel loader and or shovel.) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground.

DescriptionA loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on

tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.

The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.

Types & uses of earthworks machineries(heavy equipment)Many types of heavy equipment are used for

earthwork, and when you are on a construction site, you will want to know what to call each one

Earthworks machines can be classified by their purposes:

1.loaders:Loaders are very common in heavy construction.

They are known to be efficient multipurpose low cost and low-maintenance machines. Loaders are mainly used in construction to manipulate and move materials in projects that include digging, road construction and planning a site. Some models are dedicated to specific tasks such as waste management

2.DUMPERSDumpers are a heavy duty 4 wheel drive vehicle designed for

carrying bulk material and move construction material on construction sites, with the added advantage of legal road use.

 Formerly, the dumper was a sort of rocking wagon: it would be

used to unload the content: fruits, vegetables and so on, by tipping over. The cart would be pulled by animals, usually horses. The principle of modern dumpers as construction equipment is similar: it is a truck with a bucket that can carry and pour the material out and into a crusher for example.

There are different kinds of dumpers:   Articulated Dump Trucks Rigid Dump Trucks Tracked Dump Trucks Mini Dumpers

Articulated Dump Trucks

MINI DUMPERS

Rigid Dump Truck

Tracked dump truck

3. EXCAVATORS:

3. EXCAVATORS:Excavators are construction equipment used for digging and earth

removal. The excavator consists of an extending limb, referred to as a boom, and a cab on a swivelling platform, which is called the house. Excavators can either come with wheels or tracks which are attached to the undercarriage. The house sits on the undercarriage and can pivot using hydraulic fluid; which accomplishes all movement and function. Excavator design comes from the evolution of the steam.

An excavator is a self-propelled wheeled or crawler machine with an upper portion capable of revolution, that excavates, swings and discharges material by utilizing a bucket fixed to the telescoping boom, or boom and arm, without having to move the undercarriage or chassis at any time of the machines work period.

excavator

4.bulldozers

The first bulldozers were made from a farm tractor. The first one is manufactured in the USA in 1883 by James Piteous.

 Dozers were first used to dig canals, raise earth dams, and

make grading. The tractors were equipped with a large thick metal piece. This one was called a "blade". The blade "peels" layers of soil and pushes forward while the tractor moves. Specialized blades have been developed: for high volume and for high densities. The blade is now curved to get ability:

* The rake blade is to remove only larger rocks * The blade with sharp edges as razors, to cut sections of trees. * The blade for earthmoving, known as the "pig"

bulldozer

5. MOTOR GRADERS Motor Graders are construction machines that have a characteristic long

blade at the bottom. A grader is commonly referred to as road grader, the blade or maintainer. It is mainly used in roads construction to the make the ground flat.

  Most popular maintainer brands have three axles. The engine and cab are

located behind vehicle, above the rear axles. The third axle is at the front and the blade is usually right behind it. Most motor grader models have a second blade in front of the front axles.

  Uses of Motor Graders Their basic function is to flatten the ground. Civil engineers use to it to finish

after the rough work has been done by the scrapers and bulldozers. The name “maintainer” refers to the fact that a grader is used to maintain dirt and gravel roads. In the construction of large buildings, a grader is used to set the foundation.

MOTOR GRADER(CALLED SCRAPER)

CRANE A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or

chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally.Cranes are distinguished from hoists, which can lift objects but that cannot move them sideways. Cranes are also distinguished from conveyors, that lift and move bulk materials, such as grain and coal, in a continuous process. The word crane is taken from the fact that these machines have a shape similar to that of the tall, long-necked bird of the same name.Human beings have used a wide variety of devices to lift heavy objects since ancient times. One of the earliest versions of the crane to be developed was the shaduf, first used to move water in Egypt about four thousand years ago. The shaduf consists of a long, pivoting beam balanced on a vertical support. A heavy weight is attached to one end of the beam and a bucket to the other. The user pulls the bucket down to the water supply, fills it, then allows the weight to pull the bucket up. The beam is then rotated to the desired position and the bucket is emptied. The shaduf is still used in rural areas of Egypt and India.

CON’Tdue to the developing of the construction technology cranes have been developed too.nowadays cranes are used in many fields and techniques which made cranes develop to many deferent types so it can be suitable for every lifting jobs. And some of those types are :

1) Mobile Cranes

The most basic type of crane consists of a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be either raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders.

The tower crane is a modern form of a balance crane. When fixed to the ground, tower cranes will often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are also used when constructing tall buildings.

2) Tower Crane

3)Rough Terrain Crane &4)Overhead Crane

A crane that is mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires, designed for operations off road. The outriggers extend vertically and horizontally to level and stabilize the crane when hoisting. These types of cranes are single engine machines where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage as it is for powering the crane. In these types of cranes, the engine is normally mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the upper portion.

Also refered to as a suspended crane, this type is normally used in a factory, with some of them being able to lift very heavy loads. The hoist is set on a trolley which will move in one direction along one or two beams, which move at angles to that direction along elevated or ground level tracks, often mounted along the side of an assembly area.Also refered to as a suspended crane, this type is normally used in a factory, with some of them being able to lift very heavy loads.