earth’s orbit

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2 1 Topic 2 Earth-Sun Relations, Solar Energy, and Seasons Earth's Orbital Characteristics Solar Energy Electromagnetic Radiation Solar Insolation Seasonality Chapter 2 1 Earth’s Orbit 2 Plane of the Ecliptic 3

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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Topic 2Earth-Sun Relations, Solar

Energy, and SeasonsEarth's Orbital CharacteristicsSolar EnergyElectromagnetic RadiationSolar InsolationSeasonality

Chapter 2

Earth’s Orbit

Plane of the Ecliptic

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Milankovitch Cycles

1. Eccentricity varies over a 100,000 yr. period• ± 17 million km• affects energy received (insolation)

Milankovitch Cycles (x3)

2. Angle of tilt varies over 26,000 yr. period• ± 1.2º or 2.4º total variation• affects degree of seasonality

Milankovitch Cycles (x3)

3. Direction of tilt varies over 40,000 yr. period• When tilt is toward or away from sun at

perihelion and aphelion max. seasonality occurs

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Milankovitch Cycles

Solar Energy

Elec

trom

agne

tic R

adia

tion

Solar Wind

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Aurora Australis and Borealis

EMR

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Solar and Terrestrial

Energy

Shortwave vs.

LongwaveEnergy

Earth’s Energy Budget

INcoming SOLar RadiATION = INSOLATION14

Uneven Distribution of Insolation

• Sphericity

• Subsolar point

• Declination = Latitude of Sun

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Declination from the

Analemma

and the equation of time

Declination & Circle of Illumination

Seasonal variation in:

Sun angle (intensity)

Daylength (duration)

Declination of Sun

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Global Net Radiation

The Seasons refers to changes in:

Altitude of Sun above the horizonHow intense the Sun's energy is

Period of daylengthHow long we receive this energy 21

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Reasons for Seasons

Function of 5 physical characteristics of Earth and its orbit around the Sun

1. Revolution of Earth around Sun2. Rotation of Earth on axis3. Tilt of Earth’s axis4. Axial parallelism5. Sphericity

Reasons for Seasons1) Revolution

Due to axial parallelismN-S hemispheres tilt toward & away from SunCauses changing declination

2) RotationResults in diurnal pattern of day & night as Earth rotates through circle of illumination

Revolution and Rotation

Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2

Reasons for Seasons3) Tilt of Earth’s axis

Determines intensity of seasons

4) Axial parallelismCauses changes in attitude of Earth to Sun

5) SphericityCauses variations in insolation due to angle of incidence

Annual March of the Seasons

Link to Video

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