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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING IN EUROPE
GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND EARTHQUAKEENGINEERING
Volume 17
Series Editor
Atilla Ansal, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Editorial Advisory Board
Julian Bommer, Imperial College London, U.K.Jonathan D. Bray, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
Kyriazis Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceSusumu Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, Japan
For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/6011
Earthquake Engineeringin Europe
edited by
MIHAIL GAREVSKIInstitute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS),
Skopje, R. Macedonia
ATILLA ANSALKandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,
Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
123
EditorsMihail GarevskiInstitute of EarthquakeEngineering & Engineering Seismology
(IZIIS)[email protected]
Atilla AnsalKandilli Observatory and Earthquake
Research InstituteBogaziçi UniversityCengelkoy 34688Istanbul, [email protected]
ISSN 1573-6059ISBN 978-90-481-9543-5 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9544-2DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9544-2Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932608
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The need for integrated books on earthquake engineering and management isincreasing, particularly having in mind the rising trend of damage and loss ofhuman lives due to earthquakes. The increase of the seismic risk is not becauseof the increase of the number of occurred earthquakes since their frequency doesnot change statistically, but it is rather due to the growing population in earthquakeprone areas.
The book contains the invited papers to be presented at the 14th EuropeanConference on Earthquake Engineering (14ECEE) to be held in Ohrid,R. Macedonia, during 30th August – 3rd September, 2010. This event takes placeevery 4 years and represents the most important forum for exchange of resultsfrom the latest investigations carried out in the field of earthquake engineeringbetween two conferences. The present book containing the papers of the keynoteand theme lecturers is published in addition to the Book of Abstracts and the DVDdisc containing all the papers submitted to the Conference.
The unique character of this book is that the titles of the chapters are selected toenable a complete insight into the state-of-the-art in the field of earthquake engineer-ing. The papers related to engineering seismology and seismic risk management, inaddition to the papers on earthquake engineering in this book, add much to its valuesince they are concerned with problems related to high intensity earthquakes.
The book will be of a high benefit for the participants of the Conference andother scientists because the authors have presented much of the latest research donein this field. It can also be a useful tool for the engineers and students since theauthors were allowed to present their investigations in much detail (up to 25 pages).All the illustrations (photos and figures) that are in full colour contribute to bettervisualization of the issues involved in this book.
The contributors to the book are among distinguished scientists from Europe.Submissions of renowned researchers from the USA are also included. The bookstarts with the contribution entitled “Seismic Engineering of Monuments” byT. Tassios, who is awarded to deliver the First Prof. Nicholas AmbraseysDistinguished Lecture. This presentation is followed by six sections on the followingtopics:
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vi Preface
Engineering Seismology;Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering;Seismic Performance of Buildings;Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures;New Techniques and Technologies;Managing Risk in Seismic Regions.
Each of these sections starts with the contributions of the keynote speakersfollowed by those of the theme lecturers.
The first section begins with the presentation of A. Ansal et al. dealing withseismic microzoning and comparison of different microzoning maps elaborated onthe basis of different parameters. The possibility of application of ground motionprediction equations (GMPEs) developed for a single region to other regions isconsidered in the subsequent presentation (J. Stewart).
The second section starts with soil response to earthquake ground motion.Reference is given to seismic response of structures including soil-structure interac-tion by linear and nonlinear analysis (A. Pecker and C.T. Chatzigogos). The secondcontribution is given by P. Bard et al. and it considers non-destructive techniquesas the ambient vibration measurements for obtaining soil site amplifications. Thissection ends with the contribution of Cubrinvski et al. that investigates the decreaseof liquefaction resistance with increased quantity of non-plastic fines.
The subsequent section referring to the behaviour of buildings under earthquakeeffect contains six chapters. All these chapters deal with themes that are very muchof a current interest. F. Naeim analyses the behaviour (performance based seismicdesign) of tall buildings considering the growing popularity of construction of suchbuildings in seismically prone regions. The need for introducing nonlinear analysisof structures in engineering practice is pointed out (N. Aydinoglu and G. Onem).This part of the book also contains review of techniques used for retrofitting andstrengthening of historic buildings (C. Oliveira and A. Costa). Further in this section,G. M. Calvi summarizes the historical background of implementation and improve-ment of engineering regulations contributing to safe seismic construction. In hispaper, A. Kappos provides examples of different procedures for design of build-ings with different number of storeys. At the end of the section, J. Wallace givesrecommendations for performance based design of tall core wall structures.
In the fourth section of the book dedicated to earthquake resistance of engineer-ing structures, P. Pinto and P. Franchin consider problems and methods used inanalysis and design of bridges. Further in this section, in the chapter on develop-ment of health monitoring of structures (E. Safak et al.), consideration is given to anumber of techniques for detection of damage to structures.
In the penultimate section, A. Pinto describes large scale pseudo-dynamic andhybrid (substructure) nonlinear tests. The next paper in this section written by R.Severn presents the great contribution of seismic shaking table tests of models tothe progress of earthquake engineering in the period 1900–1980. This part of thebook ends with a paper on manufacturing, testing and installation of low-cost rubberbearings (M. Garevski).
Preface vii
The last section of the book considers the possibilities for reduction and mit-igation of earthquake consequences. S. Briceno presents the goals of the HyogoFramework for Action. It is suggested that successful seismic risk reduction isonly possible provided that risk management is incorporated in the planning pol-icy of each country located in a seismically active region. This part also containsexamples of necessary measures taken in the aftermath of the Abruzzi earthquake(M. Dolce). In the paper by C. Modena et al., special attention is paid to historicbuildings damaged by the L’Aquila earthquake. The next paper (M. Erdik et al.)refers to almost real time damage assessment. The methodology and the softwarefor rapid earthquake loss assessment is considered. The book ends with the con-tribution of H. Shah et al. that considers the possibility of renovation of dwellingsdamaged by earthquakes through development of a safety economic net in the formof micro insurance.
The editors wish to extend their gratitude to all the authors of the included papersfor their cooperation in the creation of this book that provides a valuable contribu-tion to the common goal of the earthquake engineering community, i.e., reductionof loss of human lives and damage to property due to earthquakes.
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Mihail GarevskiIstanbul, Turkey Atilla Ansal
Contents
1 Seismic Engineering of Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1T.P. Tassios
Part I Engineering Seismology
2 Microzonation for Earthquake Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Atilla Ansal, Gökçe Tönük, and Aslı Kurtulus
3 Analysis of Regional Ground Motion Variationsfor Engineering Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Jonathan P. Stewart
Part II Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
4 Non Linear Soil Structure Interaction: Impacton the Seismic Response of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Alain Pecker and Charisis T. Chatzigogos
5 From Non-invasive Site Characterization to SiteAmplification: Recent Advances in the Use of AmbientVibration Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105P.-Y. Bard, H. Cadet, B. Endrun, M. Hobiger, F. Renalier,N. Theodulidis, M. Ohrnberger, D. Fäh, F. Sabetta,P. Teves-Costa, A.-M. Duval, C. Cornou, B. Guillier,M.Wathelet, A. Savvaidis, A. Köhler, J. Burjanek, V. Poggi,G. Gassner-Stamm, H.B. Havenith, S. Hailemikael,J. Almeida, I. Rodrigues, I. Veludo, C. Lacave, S. Thomassin,and M. Kristekova
6 Effects of Non-plastic Fines on Liquefaction Resistanceof Sandy Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Misko Cubrinovski, Sean Rees, and Elisabeth Bowman
Part III Seismic Performance of Buildings
7 Performance Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings . . . . . . . . 147Farzad Naeim
ix
x Contents
8 Evaluation of Analysis Procedures for Seismic Assessmentand Retrofit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171M. Nuray Aydınoglu and Göktürk Önem
9 Reflections on the Rehabilitation and the Retrofitof Historical Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Carlos Sousa Oliveira and Aníbal Costa
10 Engineers Understanding of Earthquakes Demandand Structures Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Gian Michele Calvi
11 Current Trends in the Seismic Design and Assessment of Buildings 249Andreas J. Kappos
12 Performance-Based Design of Tall Reinforced ConcreteCore Wall Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279John W. Wallace
Part IV Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures
13 Open Issues in the Seismic Design and Assessment of Bridges . . . 311Paolo E. Pinto and Paolo Franchin
14 Recent Developments on Structural Health Monitoring andData Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Erdal Safak, Eser Çaktı, and Yavuz Kaya
Part V New Techniques and Technologies
15 Large Scale Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Artur Pinto
16 The Contribution of Shaking Tables to Early Developmentsin Earthquake Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383R.T. Severn
17 Development, Production and Implementation of Low CostRubber Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Mihail Garevski
Part VI Managing Risk in Seismic Regions
18 Investing Today for a Safer Future: How the HyogoFramework for Action can Contribute to Reducing DeathsDuring Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Sálvano Briceño
19 Emergency and Post-emergency Managementof the Abruzzi Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Mauro Dolce
Contents xi
20 L’Aquila 6th April 2009 Earthquake: Emergency andPost-emergency Activities on Cultural Heritage Buildings . . . . . 495Claudio Modena, Filippo Casarin, Francesca da Porto, andMarco Munari
21 Rapid Earthquake Loss Assessment After Damaging Earthquakes 523Mustafa Erdik, Karin Sesetyan, M. Betul Demircioglu,Ufuk Hancilar, and Can Zulfikar
22 Catastrophe Micro-Insurance for Those at the Bottomof the Pyramid: Bridging the Last Mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549Haresh C. Shah
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Contributors
J. Almeida Lisbon Fundaçao da Faculdade Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa,IDL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, [email protected]
Atilla Ansal Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziçiUniversity, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
M. Nuray Aydınoglu Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,Bogaziçi University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
P.-Y. Bard LGIT, Maison des Geosciences, Joseph Fourier University, 38041Grenoble Cedex 9, France, [email protected]
Elisabeth Bowman Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering,University of Canterbury, Christchurch 0050 8140, New Zealand,[email protected]
Sálvano Briceño UNISDR, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland,[email protected]
J. Burjanek Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland,[email protected]
H. Cadet Institute of Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering(ITSAK), 55102 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]
Eser Çaktı Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Bogaz iciUniversity, 38684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
Gian Michele Calvi Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Pavia,27100 Pavia, Italy, [email protected]
Filippo Casarin Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering,University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, [email protected]
Charisis T. Chatzigogos Géodynamique et Structure, 92220 Bagneux, France,[email protected]
C. Cornou LGIT, Maison des Geosciences, Joseph Fourier University, 38041Grenoble Cedex 9, France, [email protected]
xiii
xiv Contributors
Aníbal Costa Department of Civil Engineering Aveiro, Universidadede Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, [email protected]
Misko Cubrinovski Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering,University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand,[email protected]
M. Betul Demircioglu Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,Bogazici University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
Mauro Dolce Seismic Risk Office, Italian Department of Civil Protection, 00189Rome, Italy, [email protected]
A.-M. Duval CETE Méditerranée, 06359 Nice Cedex 4, France,[email protected]
B. Endrun Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam,14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany, [email protected]
Mustafa Erdik Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziciUniversity, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
D. Fäh Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland,[email protected]
Paolo Franchin Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,University of Roma “La Sapienza”, 00197 Rome, Italy,[email protected]
Mihail Garevski Institute of Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringSeismology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, Republicof Macedonia, [email protected]
G. Gassner-Stamm Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland, [email protected]
B. Guillier LGIT, Maison des Geosciences, Joseph Fourier University, 38041Grenoble Cedex 9, France, [email protected]
S. Hailemikael Ufficio Valutazione del Rischio Sismico, Dipartimento dellaProtezione Civile, 00189 Roma, Italy, [email protected]
Ufuk Hancilar Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziciUniversity, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
H.B. Havenith Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
M. Hobiger LGIT, Maison des Geosciences, Joseph Fourier University, 38041Grenoble Cedex 9, France, [email protected]
Andreas J. Kappos Laboratory of Concrete and Masonry Structures, Departmentof Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124,Greece, [email protected]
Contributors xv
Yavuz Kaya Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziciUniversity, 38684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
A. Köhler Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam,14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany, [email protected]
M. Kristekova Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, 845 28 Bratislava,Slovak Republic, [email protected]
Aslı Kurtulus Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute BogaziçiUniversity, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
C. Lacave Résonance S.A., CH-1227 Carouge-Genève, Switzerland,[email protected]
Claudio Modena Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering,University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, [email protected]
Marco Munari Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering,University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy, [email protected]
Farzad Naeim Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA;John A. Martin & Associates, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA,[email protected]
M. Ohrnberger Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Universityof Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany, [email protected]
Carlos Sousa Oliveira Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture/ICISTLisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal, [email protected]
Göktürk Önem Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,Bogaziçi University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
Alain Pecker Géodynamique et Structure, 92220 Bagneux, France,[email protected]
Artur Pinto ELSA, IPSC, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 21020 VA, Italy,[email protected]
Paolo E. Pinto Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,University of Roma “La Sapienza”, 00197 Rome, Italy, [email protected]
V. Poggi Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
Francesca da Porto Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering,University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, [email protected]
Sean Rees Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, Universityof Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, [email protected]
F. Renalier LGIT, Maison des Geosciences, Joseph Fourier University, 38041Grenoble Cedex 9, France, [email protected]
xvi Contributors
I. Rodrigues Lisbon Fundaçao da Faculdade Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa,IDL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, [email protected]
F. Sabetta Ufficio Valutazione del Rischio Sismico, Dipartimento della ProtezioneCivile, 00189 Roma, Italy, [email protected]
Erdal Safak Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziçiUniversity, 38684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
A. Savvaidis Institute of Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering(ITSAK), 55102 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]
Karin Sesetyan Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,Bogazici University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
R.T. Severn Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of Bristol,Bristol, UK, [email protected]
Haresh C. Shah Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, StanfordUniversity, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA; RMS, Inc., Newark, CA 94560, USA;WSSI, Newark, CA, USA, [email protected]
Jonathan P. Stewart University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,[email protected]
T.P. Tassios National Technical University of Athens, Athens, [email protected]
P. Teves-Costa Lisbon Fundaçao da Faculdade Ciencias da Universidade deLisboa, IDL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, [email protected]
N. Theodulidis Institute of Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering(ITSAK), 55102 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]
S. Thomassin Résonance S.A., CH-1227 Carouge-Genève, Switzerland,[email protected]
Gökçe Tönük Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziçiUniversity, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
I. Veludo Lisbon Fundaçao da Faculdade Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa,IDL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, [email protected]
John W. Wallace NEES@UCLA Laboratory, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095-1593, USA, [email protected]
M. Wathelet LGIT, Maison des Geosciences, Joseph Fourier University, 38041Grenoble Cedex 9, France, [email protected]
Can Zulfikar Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, BogaziciUniversity, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]