earth systems review and a portion of chapter 9 chapter 8 and a little of 9 2015
TRANSCRIPT
Earth Systems Review and a portion of Chapter 9
Chapter 8 and a little of 9
2015
The solar system began as a nebula. How old is Earth?
The solar system began as a nebula. How old is Earth?
4.6 billion years
How does the Theory of Plate Tectonics explain volcanoes and
earthquakes?
How does the Theory of Plate Tectonics explain volcanoes and earthquakes? The earth’s crust is broken into plates. These plates are moved by
convection currents. Melting plates create earthquakes, plates that move after being
temporarily stuck cause earthquakes.
What makes the plates move?
What makes the plates move? Convection currents
Plates move about 2 centimeters a year. There are 100 cm in a meter and 1000 m in a km. How
many years would it take for a divergent
boundary to widen by 1 km?
Plates move about 2 centimeters a year. There are 100 cm in a meter and 1000 m in a km. How
many years would it take for a divergent
boundary to widen by 1 km?
100 cm/meter * 1000m/km = 100,000 cm / km.
100,000 cm divided by 2 cm per year = 50,000 years for the plates to diverge 1 km.
1 km x 1000 m x 100 cm x 1 year = 50,000 years 1 km 1 m 2 cm
or
What does plate tectonics do to the biodiversity of the earth?
What does plate tectonics do to the biodiversity of the earth?
As plates move, animals must adapt to the new climates, form new species or go extinct.
Which type of sediment has the least permeability to water?
Which type of sediment has the least permeability to water? clay
Which type of sediment has the largest size?
Which type of sediment has the least permeability to water? clay
Which type of sediment has the largest size? Sand
Which type of sediment has a high cation exchange capacity?
Which type of sediment has a high cation exchange capacity? Clay
Identify the soil horizons below.
12
34
Identify the soil horizons below.
How long does it take to make soil?
How long does it take to make soil?
Hundreds to thousands of years.
What causes erosion?
What causes erosion? Wind, water, plowing, worms, gophers
vehicular/foot traffic, mining, roads, build homes, storms, etc..
The rate of erosion is related to the surface area of the rock.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks would erode the fastest:
Rock A with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 50 cm2.
Rock B with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 500 cm2.
The rate of erosion is related to the surface area of the rock.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks would erode the fastest:
Rock A with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 50 cm2.
Rock B with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 500 cm2 is fastest because the more area that is exposed, the more the wind, rain, roots and snow can weather away.
Look at the jar below. Which layer would most likely be the silt layer? The
blue layer is water.
Look at the jar below. Which layer would most likely be the silt layer?
The blue layer is water
Identify the type of coal mining in the picture below:
Identify the type of coal mining in the picture below: surface/strip
mining
Identify the type of mining shown below:
Identify the type of mining shown below: surface/placer deposits
Identify the type of coal mining shown in the picture below:
Identify the type of coal mining shown in the picture below:
subsurface mining
Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to
minersSurface Mining Impacts Subsurface Mining Impacts
Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to
minersSurface Mining Impacts Subsurface Mining Impacts
Machinery collisions Asphyxiation
bad air Explosion
Black Lung
Cave Ins
Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to habitat
Surface Mining Impacts Subsurface Mining Impacts
Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to habitat
Surface Mining Impacts Subsurface Mining Impacts
Acid mine drainage from tailings pile
Acid mine drainage from mine and tailings
Air, water, soil degradation
Air, water, soil degradation
Habitat fragmentation Habitat fragmentation (less than surface mine)
soil compaction (roads) Soil compaction (roads)
Compare & Contrast the Mining Law of 1872 and the Mining Law of
19771872 1977
Compare & Contrast the Mining Law of 1872 and the Mining Law of
19771872 1977
Tried to encourage people to move west. Said anyone could mine on public lands. Few restrictions.
Stated disturbance to land caused by mining had to be minimal and fully reclaimed after the mining was complete.
Which crust is the densest?
Which crust is the densest?
Oceanic crust
Identify the type of rock that makes up the continental crust.
Identify the type of rock that makes up the continental crust.
granite
Divergent Boundaries
2 continental crusts diverge = what forms?
2 oceanic crusts diverge = what forms?
Divergent Boundaries
2 continental crusts diverge = rift valley
2 oceanic crusts diverge = mid ocean ridge
Convergent Boundary
2 oceanic crusts converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic island arc
oceanic crustOceanic crust
Convergent Boundary
2 oceanic crusts converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic island arc, trench
oceanic crustOceanic crust
trench
Convergent Boundary
An oceanic crust and a continental crust converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic mountains
Subduction zone
Convergent Boundary
An oceanic crust and a continental crust converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic mountains, trench
Subduction zone
What type of boundary can form Volcanic mountains like the Andes in South
America or the Cascades in Oregon?
What type of boundary can form Volcanic mountains like the Andes in South
America or the Cascades in Oregon? CONVERGENT
What zone is identified by the X?
What zone is identified by the X?
What type of boundary could create
tall mountains like the Himalayas on land?
Convergent boundary between 2 continental plates
What type of boundary could create
tall mountains like the Himalayas on land?
What type of plate boundary is shown along the San Andreas Fault?
What type of plate boundary is shown along the San Andreas Fault? transform
What type of plate boundary is shown?
What type of plate boundary is shown? Transform Boundary
2. Rank rocks A, B, & C from youngest to oldest
M.O.R.CBA
2. C, B, A (rocks close to MOR are young)
M.O.R.CBA
6. What type of boundary occurs at the M.O.R?
M.O.R.ABC
6. Divergent
M.O.R.ABC
A divergent boundary on land will form a ________
A divergent boundary on land will form a RIFT VALLEY
When two continental plates converge a __________ forms.
When two continental plates converge a MOUNTAIN forms.
What type of boundary at 1?
1
What type of boundary at 1? divergent
1
What type of boundary at 2?
2
What type of boundary at 2? convergent
2
What type of boundary at 3?
3
What type of boundary at 3? convergent
3
What type of plate boundary produces subduction zones and
island arc volcanoes?
What type of plate boundary produces subduction zones and
island arc volcanoes? Convergent
What type of plate boundary produces rift valleys on continental
crust?
What type of plate boundary produces rift valleys on continental
crust? divergent
Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
Core, Mantle, Crust The densest materials are located in the ________________
Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
Core, Mantle, Crust The densest materials are located in the core.
How many seismometers do seimologists need to locate the
epicenter of an earthquake?
How many seismometers do seimologists need to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? 3
What is a lichen and how does it relate to soil?
What is a lichen and how does it relate to soil? Lichens are pioneer species and create weak acids that chemically weather rocks into soil.
Look at the picture below and determine which hot spot islands
are the oldest.
123456
Look at the picture below and determine which hot spot islands
are the oldest. 1 is youngest and 6 is oldest.
123456
8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry riverbed. If they get cemented together over millions of years, what type of rocks will form?
8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry riverbed. If they get cemented together over millions of years, what type of rocks will form? SEDIMENTARY
9. If these shells and gravel were cemented together by sandy mud that hardened, what type of rock would form?
9. If these shells and gravel were cemented together by sandy mud that hardened, what type of rock would form?
SEDIMENTARY
10. Over time, this swamp will dry up. What type of rocks will form on the bottom of this swamp?
10. Over time, this swamp will dry up. What type of rocks will form on the bottom of this swamp? SEDIMENTARY
11. What type of rock is shown?
11. What type of rock is shown? SEDIMENTARY
12. The tufa towers in the middle of the lake are mostly calcium carbonate that came from Mono Lake. What type of rock has been formed?
12. The tufa towers in the middle of the lake are mostly calcium carbonate that came from Mono Lake. What type of rock has been formed? SEDIMENTARY
When the calcium carbonate tufa towers in the middle of the Mono Lake erode, what gas is released and what does that gas do to the earth’s environment?
When the calcium carbonate tufa towers in the middle of the Mono Lake erode, what gas is released and what does that gas do to the earth’s environment? Carbon dioxide is released which traps heat in the troposphere and makes the earth warmer.
14. The rocks of this mountain where squished when two continental plates converged. What type of rocks were formed?
14. The rocks of this mountain where squished when two continental plates converged. What type of rocks were formed? METAMORPHIC
15. This fish fossil is in a rock that hardened from silt at the bottom of the ocean. What type of rock is it?
15. This fish fossil is in a rock that hardened from silt at the bottom of the ocean. What type of rock is it? SEDIMENTARY
WHAT POWERS THE ROCK CYCLE?
SHOWS HOW ROCKS ARE FORMED.
WHAT POWERS THE ROCK CYCLE? Sun and earth’s
internal heat
How does an igneous rock become sedimentary?
.
How does an igneous rock become sedimentary?
.
Through Erosion
What type of rock will form at point A?
A
What type of rock will form at point A? Intrusive igneous rock
A
trench
subduction
Sedimentary rocks in the area of the trench would likely form into ___________________ rocks as the plates collided.
magma
trench
subduction
Sedimentary rocks in the area of the trench would likely form into metamorphic rocks as the plates collided.
magma
Tokopah Falls is turning these igneous rocks into ________.
Tokopah Falls is turning these igneous rocks
into Sedimentary
Rocks
An earthquake on the Ring of Fire registered 4 on the Richter Scale. A
later in earthquake centered in Pakistan registered an 8 on the Richter Scale.
How many times stronger is the Pakistan earthquake compared to the
Ring of Fire Earthquake?
An earthquake on the Ring of Fire registered 4 on the Richter Scale. A
later in earthquake centered in Pakistan registered an 8 on the Richter Scale.
How many times stronger is the Pakistan earthquake compared to the
Ring of Fire Earthquake?Each level on the Richter Scale is 10 times greater than the last. 8 is 4 places bigger than 4 on the scale, so the Pakistan earthquake is 10*10*10*10 = 10,000 times greater than the Ring of Fire earthquake.
Fresh water makes up ___% of the Earth’s water.
Fresh water makes up 3 % of the Earth’s water.
How do dams impact the migration of salmon?
How do dams impact the migration of salmon? Prevent migration and increase water temperature which decreases the
amount of dissolved O2.
How can you mitigate these impacts?
How can you mitigate these impacts? Install fish ladders, change the flow rate.
What is an aquifer?
What is an aquifer? An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials
(gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted
Name the two types of aquifers.
Name the two types of aquifers.
Name the two types of aquifers. Confined & Unconfined
Which type of aquifer takes the longest to recharge and is least likely
to become contaminated by toxic surface spills?
Which type of aquifer takes the longest to recharge and is least likely
to become contaminated by toxic surface spills? confined
What is the main difference between the two types of
aquifers?
What is the main difference between the two types of aquifers? Confined aquifers are surrounded by an impermeable layer of rock or clay which does not let the water
get into the porous material.
What is the main problem with the Ogallala aquifer?
What is the main problem with the Ogallala aquifer? Pumping rates exceed infiltration rates.
Define “water table”
Define “water table” level of fresh water below the surface.
Which well, A or B, is most susceptible to salt water intrusion?
A
B
Which well, A or B, is most susceptible to salt water intrusion?
B, it is closer to the ocean A
B
Which well, A or B, has a cone of depression?
A
B
Which well, A or B, has a cone of depression? Both. Cone of depression
exists when the water table moves further from the surface.
A
B
Which of the rivers listed below are not considered to be in the top ten
largest rivers?
Nile, Mississippi, Santa Ana, Congo, Colorado, Amazon, Yangze, Euphrates, Tigris, Mammoth Creek,
Which of the rivers listed below are not considered to be in the top ten
largest rivers?
Nile, Mississippi, Santa Ana, Congo, Colorado, Amazon, Yangze, Euphrates, Tigris, Mammoth Creek,
Identify the colors of the following structures: levee, dam, flood plain, and which letter is upstream of the dam?
River F
low
A
B
Identify the colors of the following structures: levee, dam flood plain, and which letter is upstream of the dam? B is upstream from the dam
River F
low
A
B
What is an aqueduct?
What is an aqueduct? A
system of canals or pipes used to transport fresh water from a
location that has lots of water to
one that has less
water.
What is an estuary and how can aqueducts impact an estuarine
environment?
What is an estuary and how can aqueducts impact an estuarine environment? Estuaries
are formed where salt water meets fresh water. Aqueducts remove fresh water from a river
and thus make the estuary more saline which reduces the species richness of the estuary.