Earth Science EOG ReviewMay 20, 2014

Overview Symbiosis Earth’s layers Plate Tectonics/ Pangaea Rock Types Law of Superposition Fossils Relative/Absolute Age Evolution/Natural Selection/Adaptation Geologic Time Scale

Symbiosis: Relationships between organisms

Mutualism: Both benefit (+, +) AKA cooperation

Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected (+, 0)

Parasitism: One benefits, other is harmed (+, -)

Competition: 2 species fighting for the same resource (ex. sunlight, food, space, shelter, mates)

Practice EOG QuestionWhat happens to a population and to competition when there is a reduction of living space?A) The population expands and competition

intensifiesB) Competition strengthens while the population

contractsC) The population increases as competition

decreasesD) Competition weakens and the population

decreases

Practice EOG QuestionKudzu vines grow by climbing and wrapping around trees. Trees covered by kudzu can die because they are starved of sunlight. What type of relationship exists between the trees and the kudzu growing on them?A) CompetitionB) MutualismC) ParasitismD) Predator-prey

Earth’s Layers

Lithosphere: crust and upper mantle (tectonic plates)

Plates float on Asthenosphere (liquid mantle)

Plate Tectonics Earth’s Lithosphere is made of moving plates

Convergent Boundary: plates push together Divergent Boundary: plates move apart (divorce) Transform Boundary: plates scrape sideways

Practice EOG QuestionWhat do earthquakes tell scientists about the history of the planet?A) Earth’s climate is continually changingB) The continents of Earth are continually movingC) Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years

agoD) The oceans are much deeper today than millions

of years ago

Pangaea

“Supercontinent”

All continents on Earth were once joined together

Evidence: Same fossils on different continents; tropical plant fossils in arctic

3 Rock Types

Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic Rock

Igneous Rock

Formed by pressing pieces together

Where fossils are found!

Formed from heat and pressure

Formed from solid magma

Rock Cycle: changing rocks from one type to another

Law of Superposition

Oldest rocks on bottom, youngest on top

Example of Relative Age (finding age by comparing)

Oldest Layer (C)

Youngest Layer (B)

Practice EOG QuestionScientists find dinosaur fossils in the bottom rock layers of a cliff and mammal fossils in the middle rock layer of the cliff. Which could best be concluded from this evidence?A) Dinosaurs ate plantsB) Dinosaurs were eaten by mammalsC) Dinosaurs lived on Earth before the mammalsD) Dinosaurs and mammals lived at the same time

FOSSILS Remains of something once LIVING

preserved in sedimentary rock (ex. Plants, animals, fish)

Transition Fossil: Shows how species has changed over time

Index Fossil: Tells us what time period a rock layer is from (ex. Trilobite)

Largest fossil found in Argentina!As heavy as 14 elephants, as long as 2 tractor trailers: Meet “Mr. Titanosaur”

Practice EOG Question1. A scientist finds the bones of a dinosaur. What could help the scientist determine the approximate age of the dinosaur bones?A) The birds living in the area of the bonesB) The weather conditions in the area of the bonesC) The kinds of trees living in the area of the bonesD) The index fossils in the area of the bones

Extra: They are asking for approximate age – is this relative or absolute age?

Practice EOG QuestionHow do scientists know that some mountains were once at the bottom of an ocean?A) Freshwater rivers flow to the oceanB) Saltwater fish are found in some mountain

streamsC) Dinosaur bones have been discovered in the

mountainsD) Marine fossils have been found on the peaks of

some mountains

Determining Age

Relative Age Determines age

by comparing Ex. “This rock

layer is older than this rock layer”

Absolute Age Tells us EXACT

age Uses “carbon

dating” – measures how

Carbon Dating Video Carbon Dating Youtube Video

Geologic Time Scale

Timeline of the history of the Earth

Organized by Eras and Periods

Can use fossils and ice cores to see changes

Natural Selection and Adaptation Charles Darwin: Galapagos Islands, Iguanas &

Finches

Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest! Those best able to survive, will survive and reproduce If you can’t survive in your environment, you DIE!

Adaptation: When a species changes a behavior to better survive in their environment

ExtinctionsIf an organism can’t change or adapt with their environment, they become extinct and die.

Dinosaur extinction:1. Either asteroid or volcano2. Sky fills with ash, blocking the sun. 3. Earth temp dropped, killed many species. 4. Then the dust settled, and greenhouse gases brought temps back up.

Practice EOG QuestionWhat process is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on earth?A) Gene mutationB) Environmental changesC) Selective breedingD) Decrease in reproduction