NAMETOPIC 11REVIEW QUESTIONS

Earth Materials -Minerals, Rocks,and Mineral Resources SET

1. A mineral CANNOTbe (1) organic (2) crystalline(3) a solid (4) formed in nature

2. Only a small number of Earth's minerals are com-monly found in rocks.This fact indicates that most(1) minerals weather before they can be identified(2) minerals have properties that are difficult toidentify (3) rocks have a number of minerals incommon (4) exposed surface rocks are mostlyigneous

3. Which rockisusuallycomposed of severaldifferent minerals? (1)rock gypsum (2)limestone(3)quartzite (4)gneiss

4. The data table shows the composition of sixcommon rock-formingminerals.

The data table provides evidence that (1) the sameelements are found in all minerals (2) a few elementsare found in many minerals (3) all elements arefound in only a few minerals (4) all elements arefound in all minerals

5. What are the four most abundant elements, by vol-ume, in Earth's crust? (1) oxygen, potassium, sodium,and calcium (2) hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, andpotassium (3) aluminum, iron, silicon, and magne-sium (4) aluminum, calcium, hydrogen, and iron

6. Diamonds and graphite are both minerals that arecomposed of the element carbon. Diamond has ahardness of 10,while graphite has a hardness of1.Based on your knowledge of earth science, whatis the most probable cause of this difference inhardness?

7. Minerals are composed of (1) one or more rocks(2) only one rock (3) one or more chemical elements(4) only one metal

8. The cubic shape of a mineral crystal is most likelythe result of that crystal's (1) hardness (2) densitydistribution (3) internal arrangement of atoms(4) intensity of radioactive decay

9. The following diagrams represent four differentmineral samples.

Which mineral property is best represented bythe samples?(1)density (2) cleavage (3) hardness (4)streak

10. Mineralsare identified on the basis of (1)themethod by which they were formed (2)the type ofrock in which they are found (3)the sizeof theircrystals (4)their physicaland chemical properties

11. Asix-sidedmineral crystalwith a pyramid end isavery hard mineral called (1)hornblende (2)ortho-clase feldspar (3)quartz (4)biotite mica

12. The relative hardness of a mineral can best be tested

by (1) scratching the mineral across a glass plate(2) squeezing the mineral with calibrated pliers(3) determining the density of the mineral (4) break-ing the mineral with a hammer

13. What property would a mineral have if it appears likea new quarter in reflected light? (1) a metallic luster(2) metallic element composition (3) magnetic(4) a high density

14. What information about a mineral is needed to

determine its density? (1) shape and volume(2) shape and mass (3) volume and mass (4) volumeand hardness

15. Which property of the mineral diamond allows dia-mond powder to be used to shape gems for jewelry?(1) crystal shape (2) cleavage (3) luster (4) hardness

16. When dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on the sedi-mentary rock limestone and the metamorphic rockmarble, a bubbling reaction occurs with both. Whatwould this indicate? (1)The minerals of these rocksare similar. (2) Heat and pressure have changed themolecular structure of these two rocks. (3)The physi-cal properties of these two rocks are identical. (4)Thetwo rocks originated at the same location.

17. What do most igneous, sedimentary and metamor-phic rocks have in common? (1)They are formedfrom molten material. (2)They are produced byheat and pressure. (3)They are composed mostly ofminerals. (4)They are found mostly in distinct layers.

Mineral Composition

Mica KA135i30,O

Olivine (FeMg)25i04

Orthoclase KAI5i30S

Plagioclase NaAI5i30S

Pyroxene CaMg5i206

Quartz 5i02

18.Whichpairof rocKScouldeachbecomposedofonlyone mineral? (1)dunite and rock salt (2)peridotiteand rock gypsum (3)dolomite and obsidian (4)mar-ble and schist

19. Which sedimentary rocksare formed from mostlyorganic matter? (1) rock saltand shale (2)coal andlimestone (3)dolostone and rock gypsum (4)sand-stone and conglomerate

Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the fol-lowing diagram which represents the formation of asedimentary rock (sediments are drawn actual size).

..

Sediments Sedimentary Rock

20. Theformation of which sedimentary rock is shownin the diagram?

21. Which two processesformed this rock? (1)foldingand faulting (2)melting and solidification (3)com-paction and cementation (4)heating and applica-tion of pressure

22. Which would most likely occur during the for-mation of igneous rocks? (1) compression andcementation of sediments (2) recrystallizationof unmelted material (3) solidification of moltenmaterials (4) evaporation and precipitation ofdissolved sediments

23. Which graph best shows the relationship betweenthe sizeof the crystals in an igneous rock and thelength of time it has taken the rock to solidify?

ilL iiG ire iiDTime- Time- Time- Time-

(1) (2) (3) (4)

24. Which diagram below shows an area in which fine-grained igneous rocks are most likely to be found?

~ -?Q ~- . - ~- "";;;:c

~~~~

(1)

~ ('i "'fc

~i'~'{'f~~ =<~f:~ ~~

(3)

~. , ; ,",', , c.. . ,,:,",'" ,'.' "..

.'...:..:',; ",' ," ',',,':' :..' . ""';:

(2) (4)

25. The green sand found on the shores of the HawaiianIsland volcanoes most probably consists of the min-

erai (1) quartz (2)olivine (3) biotite mica (4)potas-sium feldspar

26. Generally as the percentage of felsic 'minerals in a rockincreases, the rock's color will become (1) darker

and its density will decrease (2) lighter and its densitywill increase (3) darker and its density will increase

(4) lighter and its density will decrease

27. The diagram below represents a cross section of acoarse-grained igneous rock (drawn to true scale).

This rock is most likely (1) rhyolite (2) scoria (3)

basalt (4) granite

PlagioclaseFeldspar

Biotite

Amphibole

PotassiumFeldspar

Quartz

28. After collecting samples of igneous rocks, a student

wishes to classify them as either intrusive or extru-sive,Which characteristic of the samples might bethe most useful to use?

29. A fme-grained rock has the following mineral com-position: 50 percent potassium feldspar (ortho-

clase),26 percent quartz, 13 perce-nt plagioclasefeldspar, 8 percent biotite mica, and 3 percent of the

amphibole hornblende. The rock would most likelybe (1) granite (2) rhyolite (3) gabbro (4) basalt

30. Metamorphic rocksform as the direct result of(1)precipitation from evaporating water (2)meltingand solidification of magma (3) erosion and deposi-tion of soil particles (4)heat and pressurecausingchanges in existing rock

31. What isthe main difference between metamorphicrocksand most other rocks? (1) Most metamorphicrockscontain only one mineral. (2)Many metamor-phic rocks have an organic composition. (3) Manymetamorphic rocksexhibit foliation and distortionof structure. (4) Most metamorphic rockscontaina high amount of oxygen and silicon.

32. The regional metamorphism of a sandstone rock willcausethe rock (1) to be melted (2)to recrystallizeinto smaller rock fragments (3)to become denser(4)to occupy a greater volume

33. Slate is formed by the (1)deposition of feldsparsand micas (2)foliation of schist (3) metamorphismof shale (4)folding and faulting of gneiss

34. Which rock is composed of materialsthat show thegreatestvariety of rock origins? (1)a limestonecomposed of coral fragments cemented togetherby calcium carbonate (2)a conglomerate composedof pebbles of granite,siltstone,and gneiss (3)a veryfine-grained basaltwith sharpedges (4)a sandstonecomposed of rounded grains of quartz and feldspars

35. What ancient environment is the most likely inferredby the large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse,NewYorkarea?

36. Which statement about a large bedrock exposureofgranite and gneiss is most likely correct? (1)a num-ber of volcanoes is nearby (2)the granite and gneissare the result of lavaflows (3)the rockswere neverunder water (4)a great deal of erosion hastakenplace at this location

37. Which statement about inorganic rocksistr'ue?(1)all inorganic rocksareformed from other rocks(2)all inorganic rocksexcept igneous rocksareformed from other rQcks (3)all inorganic rocksexcept metamorphic rocksareformed ITomotherrocks (4)alJinorganic rocks~xcept igneous andmetamjJrphic rocks areformed from other rocks

38. Which geological resource in New York State resulted

from glaciation? (1) coal and oil deposits (2) sandand gravel deposits (3) iron and zinc ores (4) garnetand quartz crystals

44. The following table shows some properties of rocks.

Which rock wouid be the best one to use to face a

government building or to build a monument?

Baseyour answers to questions 39 through 43 on thefollowing chart. The chart shows information aboutselected mineral and energy resources.

39. Name two resources that would last longer if peopleused public transportation.

40. What is the primary sourceof all the resourceslistedin the chart? (1) recycled and discardedwastematerials (2)deposits within Earth'scrust (3)sub-stancesextracted from ocean water (4)meteoritesthat came from outer space

41. Which of the minerals listed below contain onlyone element? (1)graphite (2) hematite (3) halite(4)garnet

42. Which of the minerals listed in the chart does

NOThavea metallic luster? (1)gold (2)copper(3)graphite (4) halite

43. Which of the materials from the chart is NOTa

mineral or NOTmade of minerals? (1)copper(2) hematite (3) halite (4)coal

45. Wood and coal are both organic natural resources.Explainwhy coal is considered a fossil fuel,whilewood is not.Rock Properties

Granite Hard, coarse crystalline, long-lasting

Pumice Low density, very porous

Sandstone Porous, can be infiltrated by water

Slate Hard, cleaves into thin sheets

MineralGroup Resource Uses

Elements Gold coins, jewelry, investment, electricalconductors, dental fillings

Copper electrical wiring, plumbing, coins

Graphite lubricants, pencil "lead"

Mineral Hematite construction, motor vehicles,Compounds (ore of iron) machinery parts

Halite food additive, melting of ice,watersofteners, chemicals

Feldspar abrasives (sandpaper), jewelryFuels Coal heating, electric generation plants,

plastics and other syntheticchemicals

Petroleum automobile fuel, lubricants, plasticsand other synthetic chemicals,medicines, heating

NAMETOPIC 11QUESTIONS FOR REGENTS PRACTICE

Earth Materials -Minerals, Rocks,and Mineral Resources SET-

PartA1. Whichof the followingpairs of rocksusuallycon-

tains only one mineral?

(1)rockgypsum and marble

(2)sandstone and conglomerate

(3)quartzite and schist

(4)dunite and gabbro

2. Which of the followingproperties ismost useful inmineral identification?

(1)hardness

(2)color

(3)size

(4)texture

3. Which property of minerals is illustrated by thepeeling of biotite mica into thin flat sheets?(1) fracture

(2) cleavage

(3) a low hardness

(4) a weak streak

4. The main difference between sedimentary,

metamorphic, and igneous rocks is the

(1) means by which they are located

(2) conditions under which they are formed

(3) minerals of which they are composed

(4) location in which they are found

5. Which rock was formed by the compaction andcementation of particles 0.07 centimeters indiameter?

(1) conglomerate

(2) sandstone

(3) shale

(4) siltstone

6. Dolostone and rock gypsum are formed by the

processes of

(1) melting and solidification

(2) evaporation and precipitation

(3) erosion and deposition of clastic fragments

(4) weathering and metamorphism

7. Which would most likelycause molten rock materialto become glassy igneous rock? ""'~'Ir<. t~

(1) cooling over a long period of time

(2) cooling under high pressure

(3) cooling on Earth's surface

(4) cooling at great depth within the crust

8. An igneous rock, which has crystallized deep belowEarth's surface, has the following approximate com-

position: 70 percent pyroxene (augite), 15 percentplagioclase feldspar, and 15 percent olivine. What isthe name of this igneous rock?

(1) granite

(2) rhyolite

(3) gabbro

(4) basalt

Use the following diagram to answer questions 9 and10. The diagram shows an igneous rock intrusion insedimentary rock layers.

SedementaryRockLayer

9. Atwhich point would there most likelybe contactmetamorphic rock?

(1)A (2)B (3)C (4)D

10. Which rock type would most likely be located at thecontact between rocks C and D?

(1) metaconglomerate

(2) gneiss

(3) marble

(4) quartzite

11. Which actual-size diagram best represents a sampleof the metamorphic rock gneiss?

..

(1) (3)

.~ (2) (4)

12. In which parts of New York State would you mostlikely find large amounts of bedrock formed byregional metamorphism?

(1) Atlantic Coastal Plain and Newark Lowlands

(2) Hudson Highlands and Adirondack Mountains

(3) Tug Hill Plateau and Allegheny Plateau

(4) Erie-Ontario Lowlands and the Catskills

13. Which type(s) of rock can be the source of depositedsediments?

(1) igneous and metamorphic rocks,only

(2)metamorphic and sedimentary rocks,only

(3)sedimentary rocks,only

(4) igneous,metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

14. A certain igneous rock is composed of large mineralgrains.This suggeststhat the rock formed

(1)on the surface,under high pressure,and at arapid rate of cooling

(2)on the surfaceat high temperature, and at a slowrate of cooling

(3)deep underground under high pressure,at hightemperature, and at a rapid rate of cooling

(4) deep underground under high pressure,at hightemperature, and at a slow rate of cooling

15. Which characteristicwould indicate that a rock

was formed from sediments deposited in shallowwater near shore rather than in deep water?

(1) hardness(2)darkcolor (3)a largegrainsize(4)a large amount of cement

Part BBaseyour answers to questions 16 and 17 on the dia-gram below and the Earth ScienceReferenceTables.Thediagram shows the elements found in four minerals.

AI Fe Na cCa

Quartz

FeldsparOlivine

16. Which ofthe minerals in the diagram hasthegreatest variety of elements in it? [1]

17. Which ofthe elements listed in the chart is second in

abundance,by mass,in Earth'scrust?[1]

Follow these directions for questions 18 through 23.The following numbered diagrams represent mineralspecimens. Using these diagrams write the name ofthe mineral which is best described by each of thestatements. (If a mineral has cleavage,the diagramillustrates it.)

0 ~1 Colorless 2 Colorless

er.

18. Diagram 1 isa mineral that easily bubbles whenexposed to dilute acids. [1]

19. Diagram 2 is a very hard mineral that hasa curvedfracture. [1]

20. Diagram 3 shows intergrown crystals of this saltytastingmineral. [1]' .

21. Diagram 4 isan ore of iron with a red streak.[1]

22. Diagram 5 is a soft mineral with cleavagethat formsthin flexible sheets. [1]

23. Diagram 6 is an ore of lead that is soft and has ametallic luster. [1]

3 Colorlessto white 4 Red

5Black 6Gray.

Baseyour answers to questions 24 through 28 on thefollowing diagram. The diagram represents a profileview of exposed rock layers.The layers are labeled Athrough H.

Key

~ Limestone

~-~ Shale

r".'.Y('~.jSandstone

Conglomerate

24. State the range of particle sizes of the sedimentsthat formed rock layer C. [1]

25. State two ways in which the composition of rocklayer A differs from the composition of rocklayer B. [2]

26. State a method by which rock layer A could haveformed. [1]

27. Basedon information in the diagram, state a reasonwhy you would choose to use rockfrom layerAinstead of rockfrom layersCor Dfor a tombstone orstatue. [1]

28. State the name of the sediment that was compactedto form rockunit B. [1]

29. Describe two conditions that can result in the meta-

morphosis of a rock. [2]

Part CThe following paragraph provides information about ameteorite impact in NewYorkState. Use data from theparagraph and your knowledge of earth science toanswer questions 30 through 33.

Recently a NewYorkState Geological Survey geologisthas produced much evidence indicating a large mete-orite impact crater in the Catskillsof NewYorkState.This supposed crater that formed approximately375,000,000years ago is now buried by hundreds offeet of horizontal sedimentary rock.Bydrillingbeneaththe surface sedimentary rock,samples of various rocktypes have been brought up from in and aroundthe crater.

30. Suppose that the meteorite impact producedenough heat to melt much of the meteorite andparts of Earth's surface at the impact site. Describethe type of rock and its texture that would formfrom the melted meteorite and Earth rocks. [1]

31. Further out from the center of the crater, themeteorite impact caused high temperatures andvery high pressure, but the temperatures were nothigh enough to melt the rocks. What type of rockwould form in this environment? [1]

32. At the time of the impact, solid angular rock frag-ments, mostly larger than sand grains,were hurledfar out from the crater.Describe how these frag-ments could form a sedimentary rock and suggestthe most likelyname of this sedimentary rock. [2]

33. Statethe geologic eon, era,and period when thissupposed impact crater was formed. [2]

34. You observe that a sample of mineral has manysmooth sides or surfaces.The sample has not beencut, sanded, or otherwise smoothed by people. Usecomplete sentences to answer the following:Describe two ways in which the parallel smoothsides ofthe mineral specimen were most likelyformed. Then describe an experiment that couldhelp you determine which of the two ways formedthe smooth sides on this mineral specimen. [3]

35. Two students were given nearly identical samples ofthe same mineral and were asked to identify themineral. Student A said the mineral was graphitebecause it had a silvercolor and had a low hardness.Student Bsaid the mineral was hematite becauseofits silver color and lowhardness.Describetwo min-erai tests that could be used to determine the cor-rect identificationof the mineral. [2]