earth air tunnels - ashrae · pdf fileearth-air tunnel: principle earth acts a source or sink...
TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION
Energy Saving: One of the
most important global
challenges
Energy Efficiency:
Supply Side: Higher
Efficiency power plants,
renewable sources of energy,
Smart Grids etc
Demand Side: Energy
efficient Building Envelopes
(direct systems), Earth Air
Tunnels (indirect systems) etc
EARTH-AIR TUNNEL: PRINCIPLE
Underground heat exchanger
Also called:
Earth-Air Heat Exchangers
Air-to-soil Heat Exchangers
Earth Canals etc.
EARTH-AIR TUNNEL: PRINCIPLE
Earth acts a source or sink
High thermal Inertia of
soil results in air
temperature fluctuations
being dampened deeper in
the ground
Utilizes Solar Energy
accumulated in the soil
Cooling/Heating takes
place due to a temperature
difference between the soil
and the air
EARTH-AIR TUNNEL: PRINCIPLE
Summer and day Winter and night
Cooling of air by charging of soil Heating of air by discharging of
soil
Performance of EAT also impacted by the thermal conductivity
of soil.
SOIL: FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Moisture content Most notable impact on thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity increases with moisture to a certainpoint (critical moisture content)
Dry density of soil As dry density increase thermal conductivity increase
Mineral Composition Soils with higher mineral content have higher conductivity
Soils with higher organic content have lower conductivity
Soil Texture Coarse textured, angular grained soil has higher thermal
conductivity
Vegetation Vegetation acts as an insulating agent moderating the affect
of temperature
APPLICATIONS OF EAT’S
EAT’s can be used in a vast variety of buildings:
Commercial Buildings: Offices, showrooms, cinema
halls etc.
Residential buildings
University Campuses
Hospitals
Greenhouses
Livestock houses
NIIT University: An example of earth air tunnel being used in an
university
IMPORTANT DESIGN PARAMETERS:
The design parameters that impact the
performance of the EAT are:
Tube Depth
Tube Length
Tube Diameter
Air Flow rate
Tube Material
Tube arrangement
Open-loop system vs closed-loop system
One-tube system vs parallel tubes system
Efficiency
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
TUBE DEPTH
Ground temperature defined by: External Climate
Soil Composition
Thermal Properties of soil
Water Content
Ground temperature fluctuates in time, but amplitude of fluctuation diminishes with depth
Burying pipes/tubes as deep as possible would be ideal
A balance between going deeper and reduction in temperature needs to be drawn
Generally ~4m below the earth’s surface dampens the oscillations significantly
TUBE LENGTH
Heat Transfer depends on surface area.
Surface area of a pipe:
Diameter
Length
So increased length would mean increased heat transfer and hence higher efficiency
After a certain length, no significant heat transfer occurs, hence optimize length
Increased length also results in increased pressure drop and hence increases fan energy
So economic and design factors need to be balanced to find best performance at lowest cost
TUBE DIAMETER
Heat Transfer depends on surface area.
Surface area of a pipe:
Diameter
Length
Smaller diameter gives better thermal performance
Smaller diameter results in larger pressure drop increasing fan energy requirement
Increased diameter results in reduction in air speed and heat transfer
So economic and design factors need to be balanced to find best performance at lowest cost
Optimum determined by actual cost of tube and excavation cost
AIR FLOW RATE
For a given tube diameter, increase in airflow
rate results in:
Increase in film coefficient
Increase in total heat transfer
Increase in outlet temperature
High flow rates desirable for closed systems
For open systems airflow rate must be selected
by considering:
Outlet temperature
Total cooling or heating capacity
TUBE MATERIAL
The main considerations in selecting tube material are:
Cost
Strength
Corrosion
Resistance
Durability
Tube material has little influence on performance
Selection would be determined by other factors like ease of installation, corrosion resistance etc.
Spacing between tubes should enough so that tubes are thermally independent to maximize benefits
TUBE ARRANGEMENT
EAT can be used in either:
Closed loop system
Open loop system
Open Loop system:
Outdoor air is drawn into tubes and delivered to AHUs or directly to the inside of the building
Provides ventilation while hopefully cooling or heating the building interior
Improves IAQ
Closed Loop system:
Interior air circulates through EATs
Increases efficiency
Reduces problem with humidity condensing inside tubes.
TUBE ARRANGEMENT
EAT can be used in either:
One-tube system
Parallel tubes system
One tube system may not be appropriate to meet air conditioning requirements of a building, resulting in the tube being too large
Parallel tubes system
More pragmatic design option
Reduce pressure drop
Raise thermal performance
EAT EFFICIENCY
Calculating benefits from EAT is difficult due to:
Soil Temperatures
Conductivity
Performance of EAT can be calculated as:
where;
To = Inlet Air Temperature
To (L) = Outlet Air Temperature
Ts = Undisturbed ground temperature
𝜂 =𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜(𝐿)
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠
CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE(COP)
COP based on:
Amount of heating or cooling done by EAT (Heat
Flux)
Amount of power required to move the air through
the EAT
COP decreases as system is operated
COP can be integrated into system control
strategies
When COP down to a certain point, EAT should
be shut down and conventional system should
take over
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =Σ𝑄
𝑊
Q= Heat Flux
W= Power
MOISTURE ACCUMULATION AND IAQ
PROBLEM
Condensation inside the tubes has been observed
Condensation occurs if temp. in the tube is lower that dew point temp.
Condensation occurs in systems with low airflow and high ambient dew point temperature
Removal of moisture from the cooled air is always an issue and system may be used with a regular air conditioner or a desiccant
Water in tubes also results in growth of mould or mildew leading to IAQ issues
Good construction and drainage
Tubes are tilted to prevent
water from standing in the
tubes
In the service pit at the lowest
point water can be captured
and pumped
Water tight tubes can be used
to prevent ground water from
entering into the system
ISSUE SOLUTIONS
INSECTS AND RODENTS
Insects and rodents
may enter into the
tubes of an open-loop
system
A sturdy grille and
insect screen should
be installed at the
tube inlet to deter
potential intruders
ISSUE SOLUTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
EATs are based on the following principles
Using earth as a source or sink
Uses Soil Thermal inertia
Depends on the Thermal Conductivity of Soil
Various Factors affect the performance of EAT
which need to be optimized to maximize
performance
Integrate the EAT into the building systems to
maximize performance and maximize energy
savings