Early National Society & Culture

Rise of Democracy Founding Fathers saw themselves as

disinterested gentlemanly elites Common people rejected this & claimed full

equality Leisure now seen as aristocratic & immoral Virtue associated with productive labor

Loss of personal, trust-based relationships led to disbelief in possibility of disinterestedness Long-distance trade relied on paper money & legal

contracts Economic necessity forced founders to abandon

ideal of elected officials serving without pay

Middle Class Culture Middle class replaced gentlemanly elite as

new cultural standard in America Combined virtue & taste of aristocracy with

hard work of commoners Wealthy factory & plantation owners

downplayed their wealth Public opinion replaced views of educated elites

as controlling source of truth Concept of “republican motherhood” gave

women role as educators and guardians of morality

Restrictions on Women Legal doctrine of coverture said women

were covered by their fathers or husbands

Women could only own property, make contracts & sue if unmarried

Only in New Jersey were property-owning widows allowed to vote, & ended in 1807.

Educating women seen as impractical & potentially dangerous

Marriage & Family Sentimentalism in novels,

poems & plays helped give rise to companionate marriage Fathers had less land to give to

sons, so less control over whom they would marry

Fathers could still sue for damages over the loss of daughter’s virginity

Divorce difficult to obtain – often required special act of the legislature

Immigration & Westward Expansion

Immigration increased rapidly after 1815, although dependent on economic conditions Attracted by available land and religious & political

freedom “America letters” from family & friends convinced

many to come Tecumseh’s Indian confederation defeated by

William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe (1811) Government sold public lands cheaply

Minimum land allotment lowered to 160 acres in 1804 Lowered to 80 acres in 1820, at $1.25 an acre

Indian Land Cessions