Early MigrationsEarly Migrations

•Out of AfricaOut of Africa•Indo-EuropeanIndo-European

•BantuBantu•OceaniaOceania

What Would Convince YOU to MIGRATE?

• Work / money?

• Family concerns?

• Health?

• Education?

• Emergency: running from war, crime, disease, famine, drought…?

PUSH vs. PULL

1. Out of Africa“Journey of Man” video

MigrationMigration • NEED A STRONG REASON NEED A STRONG REASON

• Overpopulation? Climate Change?Overpopulation? Climate Change?• Escape Violence? Better life?Escape Violence? Better life?

• Intermittent and incrementalIntermittent and incremental• AbsorbingAbsorbing local populations local populations • Sharing Sharing then then Losing home cultureLosing home culture

• Importance Importance to world to world history:history:Leave a trail of shared cultures, languages, religions, Leave a trail of shared cultures, languages, religions,

technologies… that show us where they came from technologies… that show us where they came from and where they went!and where they went!

2. 2. Indo – European Indo – European MigrationsMigrations

• Language Groups - NOT Language Groups - NOT ethnicities!ethnicities!• IndoEuropeanIndoEuropean- -

• Old Persian Old Persian modern modern FarsiFarsi

• Sanskrit Sanskrit modern Hindi modern Hindi• GreekGreek• Latin Latin modern Romance modern Romance

Languages: Spanish, Languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Portuguese, French, Itialian, Romansch, Itialian, Romansch, Romanian… Romanian…

• Germanic Languages, incl Germanic Languages, incl German, Dutch, EnglishGerman, Dutch, English

Path of Indo-European Path of Indo-European MigrationsMigrations

1.1. To Anatolia To Anatolia from the from the Steppes… then Steppes… then to Greeceto Greece

2.2. To Eastern To Eastern EuropeEurope

3.3. To Iran, India, To Iran, India, Eastern Central Eastern Central AsiaAsia

Waves from c. 4000 to 1000 Waves from c. 4000 to 1000 BCEBCE

Evidence of Migration

Society of Indo-EuropeansSociety of Indo-Europeans• ““Aryo”Aryo” = =

nobleman, lordnobleman, lord• AryanAryan• IranIran• EireEire

Pastoral nomadsPastoral nomads –– • herders- sheep, herders- sheep,

goats, cattlegoats, cattle• no citiesno cities• some agriculturesome agriculture

Simple Social Simple Social Hierarchy-Hierarchy-

• ruling elites, ruling elites, • small class of small class of

priests, priests, • commoners.commoners.

Innovations & Technologies?Innovations & Technologies?

•Domesticated horsesDomesticated horses• Spread carts, chariots Spread carts, chariots SPEED!! SPEED!!• Spread MetallurgySpread Metallurgy strong, durable, strong, durable, inexpensive tools and inexpensive tools and weaponsweapons

• Did not INVENT, but IMPROVED…Did not INVENT, but IMPROVED… Power!!Power!!

3. Bantu Migrations3. Bantu Migrations

Over Over 400 different ethnic 400 different ethnic groups, 26 dialects, groups, 26 dialects, 60 million 60 million people, in sub-Saharan Africapeople, in sub-Saharan Africa, , united by a common united by a common language language familyfamily, and in many cases , and in many cases common customscommon customs. .

SwahiliSwahili is the most is the most commonly spoken of the commonly spoken of the Bantu-based Bantu-based languages. languages.

WhenWhen did the did the BantuBantu Migrate? Migrate?

• It began It began c. 1000 BCE c. 1000 BCE and continued and continued until the until the 3rd or 4th century 3rd or 4th century CE.CE.

Modern Somali, Bantu-language. Refugees… spreading language & culture.

Gradual & IntermittentGradual & Intermittent

What happens to What happens to indigenousindigenous peoples encountered in place peoples encountered in place

(if any)? (if any)?

Absorption!Absorption!Assimilation, displacement, conquest, intermarriage, alliancesAssimilation, displacement, conquest, intermarriage, alliances

““Forest People”Forest People”

Bantu & Other African LanguagesBantu & Other African Languages

Innovations & TechnologiesInnovations & Technologies• New cropsNew crops

• Ie: Ie: BananaBanana, via Madagascar, , via Madagascar, native to south Asianative to south Asia

More efficient food More efficient food productionproduction

• More & better nourished More & better nourished peoplepeople

• IronIron smelting technology smelting technology• Superior Superior weaponsweapons• Excellent Excellent toolstools

• Agriculture takes Agriculture takes spacespace……with Populations increase, with Populations increase, need to spread out on more need to spread out on more landland.

SignificanceSignificance of the Bantu of the Bantu MigrationMigration

• Brought Brought AgricultureAgriculture • Brought Brought IronIron tools & tools &

weaponsweapons• Brought new Brought new culture culture

and willingness to and willingness to adaptadapt

• Social Hierarchy- Social Hierarchy- • ChiefChief• Age Grade/ Age Age Grade/ Age

SetSet• 100 people or fewer, 100 people or fewer,

per communityper community

• Religion – Religion – • MonotheismMonotheism- creator - creator

god, judgegod, judge• Ancestral spiritsAncestral spirits

4. Migration in Oceania4. Migration in Oceania

40-50,000 years ago!40-50,000 years ago!

Out of Africa TheoryOut of Africa TheoryWorld Migration ContinuesWorld Migration Continues…

AustraliaAustralia• Remained Remained

Hunters/GathererHunters/Gatherers until coming of s until coming of Europeans in Europeans in 1800’s1800’s

• Remained in Remained in AustraliaAustralia

New GuineaNew Guinea• Developed Developed

AgricultureAgriculture• Root crops: yams, Root crops: yams,

tarotaro• Raised animals: Raised animals:

pigs, chickenspigs, chickens• Population grew Population grew

and spreadand spread

AustronesiansAustronesians

• Language groupLanguage group• Seafaring people – Seafaring people –

explored, settled, tradedexplored, settled, traded

•Outrigger canoesOutrigger canoes• Population pressure Population pressure

colonizationcolonization

Two Groups of AustronesiansTwo Groups of AustronesiansPhilippinesPhilippines• Micronesia• Indian Ocean

• Madagascar – brought bananas to Africa from Micronesia

Polynesian IslandsPolynesian Islands

•Lapita People – first to sail into Pacific Ocean & establish settlements to the East

Lapita PeopleLapita People• Farmers Farmers

• Agricultural villagesAgricultural villages• Raised pigs, chicken, yams, Raised pigs, chicken, yams,

taro, fruit, breadfruit, … taro, fruit, breadfruit, … bananasbananas

• Irrigation for taro plantsIrrigation for taro plants• Fish & SeaweedFish & Seaweed• Killed off large animals & Killed off large animals &

birdsbirds

• Extensive trade networks Extensive trade networks far across oceanfar across ocean

Lapita PeopleLapita People

• Remained in contactRemained in contact with folks at home & with folks at home & along networkalong network

• Hierarchical ChiefdomHierarchical Chiefdom::• Hereditary chiefHereditary chief• Local aristocracy = royal Local aristocracy = royal

relativesrelatives• Taxes = portion of Taxes = portion of

agricultural surplus to agricultural surplus to Chief, plus surplus Chief, plus surplus timber, fish, etc.timber, fish, etc.

Lapita Migration ContinuedLapita Migration Continued

• Why? Why? • Conflict?Conflict?• Overpopulation?Overpopulation?• Trade?Trade?

• To: Tonga, To: Tonga,

Samoa, ...HawaiiSamoa, ...Hawaii

Happiness is: Migrating to Happiness is: Migrating to Hawaii!Hawaii!

SummarySummary

What do we know,What do we know,

How do we know it,How do we know it,

What difference does it make?What difference does it make?

SummarySummary• 4000 BCE to 400 CE in Africa & Eurasia, & earlier

in Oceania.

• Migration Migration spread & mingling of cultures:• Technologies, farming• Religions• Governments• People!

• WhyWhy migrate?• HowHow do we know?

• Languages!• DNA• Material Culture (artifacts)

• EffectEffect on World History?

Photo: Division of India & Pakistan sudden mass migration – largest in modern history.