Early HumansEarly HumansPre History – the beginnings of agriculture

Early ManEarly Man

first modern humans appear in Africa about 250,000 years ago

gradually began to spread out of Africa.

By 10,000 B.C. humans had spread across the globe.

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic AgePaleolithic Age

earliest period of prehistory.

It was form 2.5 million years to 10,000 B.C.

Humans first began to use crude stone tools.

Paleolithic means “old stone”.

Society and lifestyleSociety and lifestyleEarly humans were hunter-

gatherers, lived in nomadic groups of 10-30

followed game and vegetation cycles throughout the year.

Men and women were equals and shared responsibility

lived in caves and crude huts made from wood and animal hides.

used fire to keep warm and cook food

Paleolithic ArtPaleolithic Art

Cave PaintingsDiscovered in caves. Most famous are the

cave paintings in Lascaux, France.

Most paintings were of animals.

Paintings were used in religious rituals or had magical powers that brought successful hunt.

AssignmentAssignment

Read pages 21-25 in the World History book.

Using your notes and the text briefly describe the Paleolithic Age.

Explain what it was, how was it different than before, how did they live, what were the cultural and technological advancements?

The Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution and the Beginnings of and the Beginnings of

CivilizationCivilization8,000 B.C.- 3,000 B.C.

The Emergence of CivilizationThe Emergence of Civilization

Culture is a peoples way of life. A civilization is a complex culture

Six important aspects of civilizationCitiesGovernmentReligionSocial StructuresArtWriting

Origins of the Neolithic RevolutionOrigins of the Neolithic Revolution

Shift from hunting and gathering to keeping animals and growing food Led to a stable food

supply, rise of permanent settlements

Allowed people to keep a reliable food supply and gave humans greater control over their environment

Early Permanent SettlementsEarly Permanent Settlements

Early cities developed near rivers, near a reliable water supply, near good agricultural land, and in places that were easy to defend

The rise of agriculture and the The rise of agriculture and the domestication of animalsdomestication of animals

Between 8,000 B.C. and 5,000 B.C. agriculture developed all over the world.

Mesoamerica (Central America and Mexico), China, the Fertile Crescent, and the Indus River Valley in South Asia

Changes in societyChanges in societyComplex communities specialized roles began to

develop Men farming and herding Women domestic tasks like

weaving Developed the first calendars

and systems for marking the passage of time

Later Neolithic period people began to use metals. First they used copper. Later they mixed copper with tin to make bronze a more durable metal.

Neolithic Copper Tools

Definitions and concepts to knowDefinitions and concepts to knowThere will be a quiz over the Neolithic RevolutionThere will be a quiz over the Neolithic Revolution

Neolithic Revolution- why is it important, what were some of the advances and changes in society

Explain how agriculture changed human life. At least two ways

Where did early cities develop?What is culture, civilization?What are the six aspects of civilization?

First CivilizationsFirst CivilizationsSouthwest Asia and Africa

Vocabulary and Concepts to Vocabulary and Concepts to knowknow

Definitions- city state, cuneiform, bureaucracy, theocracy, polytheistic, empire, ziggurat, Hammurabi’s code, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, Fertile Crescent

Places- Mesopotamia, Egypt, Nile River, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Babylon, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf

Be prepared to answer the following question: Compare and contrast Mesopotamia and the Empires of Egypt. Use examples of geography, government, cities, religion, social structure and the arts and architecture, writing

Aspects of CultureAspects of Culture

Government –early governments led by monarchs. organized armies developed laws

Religion- explained nature and existence of things. class of priests developed rulers legitimized their power by claiming to be divine

Social structure based on economic status. Rulers, warriors, priests, officials -upper class. Farmers, artisans and merchants- next class bottom were the slaves, servants

Arts and Architecture was used to portray natural forces , gods and goddesses buildings display the power

Writing used to keep records, for creative thought and expression

Most important early civilizations grew up river valleys

MesopotamiaMesopotamiaGeographyEastern end of the fertile

crescent. Present day IraqBetween Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers. Flooding created rich

agricultural areaSociety organized to control

floodsCreated a stable water

supply, irrigation system in desert environment.

Created a stable food supply and made possible population growth

Ancient MesopotamiaAncient MesopotamiaThree general areas- Assyria, Sumer, and AkkadCultures centered around city-states that

controlled the surrounding areas politically and economically.

City- States of MesopotamiaCity- States of Mesopotamia

Earliest culture Sumerians (3000 B.C.) Formed city states Ur and Uruk. City- state basic political unit of SumerSumerian city- state was a theocracy – a

government ruled by priests and divine authority.Priests important authority figures politically,

religiouslyPower was passed to military leaders who

became kingsTraced authority back to the divine (from the

gods)

Arts and ArchitectureArts and Architecture

Sumerians built with mud bricks

Invented the arch and dome.Most important building in

each city was the ziggurat. ◦Steep sided tower that

functioned like city hall.◦Priests had temples on top

Sumerian arts made to honor and appease the gods

ReligionReligionSumerian religion

polytheistic, worshiped many gods

Sumerian gods and goddesses reflected the cultures- response to the harsh environment they lived in.

Sumerian gods were all powerful- they could send flood or drought to destroy the city

To keep gods happy they built impressive temples and offered sacrifices of food, animals and wine

Sumerian social structureSumerian social structure Sumerian city- states had three

classes. Nobles, commoners and slaves.

Nobles- royal family, warriors, priests

Commoners- farmers, merchants, artisans.◦ 90% of the people were farmers,

had to give a portion of their crops to the priests as a tax

Some women trained as priestesses, some upper class women were formally educated

Sumerian trade networks stretched from the Mediterranean to India

Trade RoutesTrade Routes

Writing Writing Sumerians developed a

form of writing known as cuneiform. One of the earliest

writing systemsMost writing was for

record keepingMade it possible to pass

information from generation to generation, create literature

the Epic of Gilgamesh story of a Mesopotamian hero that searches for immortality.

Other Empires in MesopotamiaOther Empires in Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia was a broad, flat river valley that made the area open to invasion

The Akkadians northeast of Sumer, attacked and took over Sumerian city-states around 2400 B.C.

Spoke completely different language known as Semitic

Around 2340 B.C. Sargon, the leader of the Akkadians took control of the region and formed the worlds first empire.

An empire large political unit that controls many people and territories.

1792 B.C. Babylonians, established new empire over most of Sumer and Akkad

Most famous leader of Babylon- Hammurabi

The Code of HammurabiThe Code of Hammurabi One of the world’s earliest

systems of law. Posted on a stone for

everybody to see. Called for harsh

punishments, punishment dictated by social class.

Principle of retaliation was fundamental to the code

Hammurabi’s code was 282 laws that covered all parts of society-marriage, children, public life, trade, loans, etc. It influenced many laws today.

Other Achievements of the Other Achievements of the Mesopotamian CulturesMesopotamian Cultures

They developed the wheel- wagon wheel, potters wheel

Invented the arch, sundialUsed astronomy and mathInvented geometry to measure fields and

erect buildings. Math system based on the number 60

The military conquests and trade networks spread these inventions and new technologies across the region. This is known as cultural diffusion

Egyptian EmpiresEgyptian Empires

2700 B.C.- 1085 B.C.

Geography of EgyptGeography of EgyptNile river flows south to

north, influenced culture of Egypt

Floods each year enriches the soil.

Good soil allowed farmers to produce surplus food, allowed the population to grow.

Nile served as a means for transportation and communication.

River acted as a unifying force for Egypt

Geography of EgyptGeography of Egypt

Egypt had geographical barriers that kept it from being invaded by others.

Deserts to the east and westThe Red SeaThe Mediterranean Sea to the northThe rapids of the Nile known as cataracts,

kept people from coming down river

Egyptian History (BRIEFLY)Egyptian History (BRIEFLY)

Three major periodsOld Kingdom 2700-2200B.C.Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 B.C.New Kingdom 1567-1085 B.C.Each period was a time of stability, peace

and cultural flourishingMajor upheaval between kingdoms

The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom Egypt was united around

3100B.C. when Menes created the first dynasty.

Egyptian rulers known as pharos

Pharaoh had absolute power.

Created a large bureaucracy to organize and regulate the kingdom

Pyramids built during the Old Kingdom for the pharos and families.

Tombs contained all essentials needed for the person in the afterlife

Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom Egyptian “Golden Age” Expanded kingdom into Nubia,

trade reached Mesopotamia and Crete

Pharos had a new concern for people.

Expected to build public works and provide for the welfare

Swampland drained and a canal connected the Nile and the Red Sea

Invasion by Hyksos people of Western Asia ended the Middle Kingdom

Attacked with horse drawn chariots.

Egyptians learned how to use bronze for farming tools, weapons, adopted horse drawn chariot for military reasons

New KingdomNew Kingdom Egypt created an empire Pharos extremely wealthy,

many built grand temples Akhenaton tried to make the

Egyptians monotheistic and worship only the sun god. Many believed this upset the cosmic order.

Akhenaton died the boy pharaoh, Tutankhamen, restored the polytheistic religion

Unknown invasions by other cultures destroyed the New Kingdom

Religion in EgyptReligion in EgyptReligion provides

sense of security and timelessness.

This was important to the Egyptians

One of the first groups to believe in life after death. The reason for mummies

People believed they were judged for their deeds when they died.

Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion

Egyptians were polytheisticTwo groups of gods- sun gods and land gods.Sun god symbol of lifePharaoh considered the son of the sun godThe two major land gods Osiris and IsisOsiris symbol of rebirth- represented the

rebirth of the land when the Nile floodedIsis represented the new life that the land

brought each springThere were many other god and goddesses in

Egyptian life

Society and Daily LifeSociety and Daily Life Few Egyptians lived in cities, most

of them lived in farming villages along the Nile.

Pharaoh top of society, surrounded by a class of ruling nobles, priests.

Managed the government, wealth of the empire

Egyptians not locked into status, person could move up and down the social ladder

Merchants and artisans next group The largest group- peasants. They

worked the land, provided revenue (taxes) and served in the military

Society and Daily LifeSociety and Daily Life

Egyptians married young. Parents arranged marriages, chief concerns were family and property

Women had great deal of equality Wife was head of the household, educated

the children.Women kept property in marriage and

could get divorced.

Writing, Arts, Architecture and Writing, Arts, Architecture and Cultural AchievementsCultural Achievements Writing allowed their culture to flourish. Earliest writing hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics picture symbols. Eventually each symbol was used to represent a letter. Used to keep records, record information about society,

pass knowledge to future generations . Originally done on stone tablets, but they discovered the

use of a reed, papyrus , to make paper

Writing, Arts, Architecture and Writing, Arts, Architecture and Cultural AchievementsCultural Achievements

Egyptian architecture known for pyramids. Used the first columns in buildingKnowledge of math and geometry

allowed them to build pyramids, survey lands and create public work projects such as canals for irrigation.

Egyptian accounting was a system used to assess and collect taxes and manage revenue

Writing, Arts, Architecture and Writing, Arts, Architecture and Cultural AchievementsCultural Achievements To keep track of times to plant,

harvest and the floods the Egyptians developed a calendar.

Priests observed certain star appeared on the horizon just before the floods came.

The time between one rising and the next was 365 days.

Divided this time in 12 months of 30 days each with 5 days of holidays and feasting.

Accuracy of the calendar- it was only six hours short of the true solar year.

Writing, Arts, Architecture and Writing, Arts, Architecture and Cultural AchievementsCultural AchievementsEgyptian medicine famous in the

ancient world. Doctors check heart rate, set

broken bones, and provide treatment for wounds and infection, performed surgery.

Noted for their ability to preserve dead bodies for the afterlife (mummification).

Cosmetics used by men and women.

Function to enhance beauty, also protect them from the desert environment