early hominins - personal.tcu.edupersonal.tcu.edu/papini/comparative/cp5b hominins course.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
EARLY HOMININS
What is a hominin?
Synapomorphy:
•Adaptations for bipedality
–Foot morphology
–Pelvis
–S-shaped vertebrate column
–Foramen magnum and occipital condyle
Other characters are derived:
• Large brain size
• Small canines
• Face underneath brain
VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4-HJURXIxMDuration: 3.47 min
Chimp Bonobos
5-7 Mya
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
?
?
Ardipithecus
ramidusOrrorin
tugenensis
Homo
sapiens
Bipedalism
Early specimens of uncertain hominin status
4.4 Mya
• In general, early specimens of a
particular taxon tend to be of
uncertain status.
•Remember Archeopteryx (half bird,
half dinosaur) and Purgatorius
(possibly a primate with non-primate
characters).
•The same is true for hominins.
Early speciments of uncertain hominin status
Sahelanthropus tchadensis:
*~6.5 Mya
*From Chad, central Africa (not eastern Africa!)
*Less prognathism (typical of hominids)
*Bipedalism uncertain
Orrorin tugenensis:
*~5.8 Mya
*From Kenya, eastern Africa
*Lower jaw fragment
*Bipedalism uncertain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC9aIth1ah4
Duration: 9.59 min
Ardipithecus ramidus: oldest known hominin
VIDEO
Ardipithecus ramidus: oldest known hominin
Ardipithecus ramidus:
*4.4 Mya
*From Ethiopia, eastern Africa
*Bipedal locomotion
*Grasping bit toe
*Small brain
Long arms,
suggest
arboreal life
Opposable
big toe
Height:117-124 cm
Weight: 51 Kg
Relatively
small brain
Long pelvis
Relatively
small
canines
Long flexible
lower back
Chimp Bonobos
5-7 Mya
Bipedalism
Australopithecus
anamensis
Australopithecus
afarensis
Robust
australopithecines
Gracile
australopithecines*4.1 Mya
*Kenya
*3.0-3.6 Mya
*Tanzania, Ethiopia
Lucy
Basal australopithecines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kqcpkx8tfKI
Duration: 4:54 min
Lucy
VIDEO
Australopithecus
afarensis
Australopithecus
aethiopicus
Australopithecus
robustus
Australopithecus
boisei
*1.8 Mya
*Kenya
*2.5 Mya
*Kenya
*3.0-3.6 Mya
*Tanzania, Ethiopia
Robust australopithecines
*2 Mya
*South Africa
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi
Homo
Gracile australopithecines
*3-2 Mya
*South Africa
*3.0-3.6 Mya
*Tanzania, Ethiopia
*2.5 Mya
*Ethiopia
HOMO
Hominin evolution: a brief summary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehV-MmuvVMU
Duration: 3.47 min
VIDEO
Chimp Bonobos
5-7 Mya
Bipedalism
Australopithecus
anamensis
Australopithecus
afarensis
Robust Gracile
*4.1 Mya
*Kenya
*3.0-3.6 Mya
*Tanzania, Ethiopia
Homo
Stone tools
Cranial capacity > 600 ml
*2.3-2.5 Mya
*Tanzania, Ethiopia
Early Homo
Oldowan technology (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Africa)
*3.3 Mya
*Lake Turkana, Kenya
*Made by Homo or Australopithecus?
*2.6-1.7 Mya
*Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
*Made by Homo.
Gracile
australopithecine
Homo habilis
H. rudolfensis
??
*1.6-1.9 Mya
*Tanzania, Kenya
H. ergaster
Early Homo
*1.8-1.9 Mya
*Kenya
Homo ergaster
Turkana boy
1.5-1.6 Mya
Lake Turkana, Kenya
Acheulean technology,
1.4 Mya, Ethiopia
VIDEO
http://youtube.com/watch?v=L87Wdt044b0Duration: 5:41 min
*0.6-0.2 Mya
*Zambia, Europe
H. ergaster
H. erectus
*1.8-0.2 Mya
*Asia: Georgia, Java, China
*Oldowan technologyH. antecessor *0.8 Mya
*Spain
H. heidelbergensis
*1.8-1.9 Mya
*Kenya
Archaic humans
Homo floresiensis
Flores Island (Indonesia)
Modern elephant
Pigmy StegodonModern rat
Flores
giant rat
H. sapiens
H. floresiensis
Dwarfs and giants tend to evolve in
islands. Animals larger than rabbits
shrink, but animals smaller than
rabbits grow. These shifts could be
adaptive responses to limited food
supplies. H. floresiensis could be
dwarfed descendant of H. erectus.
H. floresiensis origin: African or local?
Neanderthals: reconstruction
H. heidelbergensis
Neanderthals H. sapiens
*130-28 Kya
*Europe, Middle East
*Mousterian technology
*<200 Kya
*Ethiopia, South
Africa, worldwide
Recent hominid evolution
*0.6-0.2 Mya
*Zambia, Europe
Neanderthal culture
•Europe, Middle East
•Intentional burials
•Clothing
•Fire
•Care of the injured
•Hunting
•Brain size: 1,200-1,750 cm3
•Mousterian technology
Neanderthal H. sapiens
Neanderthal H. sapiens
Neanderthal tool technology: Mousterian technology, < 100 Kya, Europe
H. heidelbergensis
Neanderthals H. sapiens*130-28 Kya
*Europe, Middle East
*Mousterian technology
*<200 Kya
*Ethiopia, South
Africa, worldwide
Recent hominid evolution
*0.6-0.2 Mya
*Zambia, Europe
Denisovans
*40 Kya
*Siberia
Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Humans
https://www.ted.com/talks/svante_paeaebo_dna_clues_to_our_inner_neanderthal#t-808119
Duration: 17.01 min
VIDEO
Multiregional hypothesis
Africa AsiaEurope
Anatomically
modern H. sapiens
genes arise in many
populations
H. erectus
disperses from
Africa
Time
Homo sapiens: the “out-of-Africa” hypothesis
Cranial capacity
Chimpanzee
EQ ~ 2.2-2.5Gorilla
EQ ~ 1.31Proconsul
EQ ~ 1.19-1.96Aegyptopithecus
EQ ~ 0.65-1.04
Early primates
Early hominins, such as Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy), lived more
than 3 Mya and had smaller brains that larger faces than species
belonging to the genus Homo, which first appeared around 2.5 Mya.
A. afarensis A. africanusEarly Homo
Homo erectus Homo sapiens
Early hominin crania
A. boisei A. afarensis A. africanus
EQ ~ 2.5
A. robustus
GracileRobust
Australopithecines
H. rudolfensis
EQ?
H. heidelbergensis
EQ ~ 3.4-3.8
H. habilis
EQ ~ 4.3
H. erectus
EQ ~ 5.0
Early Homo species
H. sapiens
EQ ~ 7.4-7.8
Cro-magnonNeanderthal
EQ ~ 7.4-7.8
Archaic and contemporary humans
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSSzn4bIwZg
Duration: 3.27 min
The human lineage
VIDEO