Early GreeceChapter 5 Section 1 Pages 127-132

3 Major Periods of Ancient Greece Civilizations

1. Early Civilizations: Minoans (Crete) and Mycenae (mi se ne)

2. Classical Greece (flourishing of arts, literature, philosophy; domination by Sparta and Athens)

3. Hellenistic Age: Macedonia Empire and Alexander the Great

Crash Course

The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5 - YouTube

Reading Focus

• What were Minoan and Mycenaean cultures like?

• What were the common characteristics of Greek city-states?

• What role did stories of gods and heroes play in Greek culture?

Main Idea

The earliest cultures in Greece, the Minoans and the Mycenaean's, were trading societies, but both disappeared and were replaced by Greek city-states.

Early Greece

What are the characteristics of Ancient Greece’s geography?

Geographic Features

1.Sea: heavy influence on physical environment of Greece (Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea)

2.Mountains (with narrow valleys): cover more than ¾ of Greece’s surface area and islands: more than 2000 islands (Crete being the largest)

3.No major rivers on Greek mainland but fertile soil

4.Climate: winter= mild climate; summer= hot climate with rainfall from October to March = long growing season

Resources and Crops

RESOURCES • grain • fine cheese made of goat’s milk • timber • wild game • wool of sheep = cloth MOST IMPORTANT CROPS • olives = oil • grapes = wine • grain • clay = pottery

Effects of Geography

• Seafaring tradition: reliance on navy and fleets for power and protection

• Sea provided link to trade and cultural exchange with Mediterranean communities

• Isolationism: protection but lack of effective communication

• Greece was organized into polis (independent city states) separated by seas and rugged mountains

• Emergence of dominant city states (Athens, Sparta)

Ancient Greece

Many parts of early Greek history are still a mystery, but we do know that two distinct cultures developed in early

Greece.

• Much of Minoan life revealed by excavations

– Solidly constructed buildings

– Private rooms

– Basic plumbing

– Brightly colored artwork

– Artwork shows life tied to sea, women as priests, dangerous games

Excavations at Knossos

Minoans and Mycenaeans

Palace of Minos at Knossos (K-NOSS-oss)

• Knossos-most powerful monarch for Minoans • Palaces controlled all agricultural goods and products by storing in

large storerooms • Palaces became the centres of exchange for Minoan economy • Palaces had dozens of interconnecting rectangular rooms on two or

more storeyswhich were grouped around a large open courtyard (administrative and religious)

Minoan Culture

• • Art work (drawings, murals or frescoes) at Knossos shows dangerous sports such as leaping over the backs of charging bulls as well as dancing, athletics, and festivals

Myth of the Minotaur

• Minoan Myth of King Minos at Knossos • Theseus defeats the Minotaur (half man half

bull) and escapes from the maze like structure called the labyrinth, saving the youth of Athens

Rapid Decline

• Minoan civilization fell apart rather suddenly, possibly from disaster.

– Large eruption of volcanic island near Crete may have affected worldwide weather patterns.

– Damage to Minoan ports, crops may have weakened society

• Minoans conquered by warlike Mycenaeans

Speculation

• Much history of Minoan civilization result of guesswork, speculation

–Historians cannot read Minoans’ writing, Linear A.

–Does not appear to be related to languages of mainland Greece

• Until writing deciphered, most knowledge will come from art, objects

THEORIES FOR DECLINE OF MINOANS

• 1750 BCE- earthquake destroys Minoan palaces • 1628 BCE- volcano erupts at Thera • 1400 BCE- War between Minoans and Myceaneans led to

decline of power

Enter the Mycenaeansc. 1700 – 600 BCE

• 1490 BCE- Minoan palaces had been rebuilt however all were destroyed except at Knossos by Mycenaean warriors

• Mycenaeans took control of Crete at Knossos by 1500 BCE • Myceneans controlled mainland Greece = main political centre

was Mycenae • More interested in war as pottery and grave sites reflect

hunting, weapons, armour and war as well as fortified palace walls

• Slowly Minoan culture and traditions disappeared

The Mycenaean States

• Mycenaeans built small kingdoms, often fought with each other

• Name comes from fortress, Mycenae

Minoan Influences

• Mycenaeans traded with Minoans, copied writing

• Became great traders

• Trade increased after they conquered Crete

First Greeks

• Mycenaeans considered first Greeks, spoke form of Greek language

• Earliest kingdoms owed much to Minoans

Mycenaean Differences

• Society dominated by intense competition, frequent warfare, powerful kings

• Kings taxed trade, farming to build palaces, high walls

Mycenaeans

Mycenaean Strength

• To show off strength, Mycenaeans built great monuments like Lion’s Gate

• Kings’ constant quest for power, glory inspired legends

• Most famous, story of Trojan War

Downfall

• War played part in end of Mycenaean civilization, as did drought, famine

• By end of 1100s BC, Mycenaean cities mostly in ruins; dark age followed

• Greek civilization almost disappeared

Trojan War

• War supposedly involved early Greeks, led by Mycenae, who fought powerful city called Troy, in what is now Turkey

• War may not have happened, but ruins of city believed to be Troy

Mycenaean Strengths and Downfall

Taxes build MonumentsLions Gate

THEORIES FOR DECLINE OF MYCEANEANS(Dark Ages)

• Shift in climate leading to drought forcing Myceanans to migrate to more fertile lands.

• Increased fighting amongst Myceaneans cities.• Tribe of nomadic warriors from north of Greece (Dorians)

destroyed Mycenaeans • Lost use of writing.• Greek civilization will almost disappear.

Compare and Contrast

How were Minoan and Mycenaean cultures similar? How were they different?

Answer(s): similar—both were trading states; different—Mycenaean writing has been translated; Mycenaeans had frequent wars

A new type of society emerged in Greece in the 800s BC. The society was centered on the polis, or city-state. Each polis developed independently, with its own form of government, laws and customs.

• Polis, center of daily life, culture

• Greeks fiercely loyal to their polis

• Did not think of selves as Greeks, but as residents of their particular city-state

Life in the Polis

• Polis built around high area, called acropolis

• Acropolis used as fortification

• Included temples, ceremonial spaces

• Agora, public marketplace, below

Infrastructure

• Shops, houses, temples near agora

• Gymnasium, athletes’ training grounds, public bath

• Sturdy wall for defense surrounded polis

Other Attributes

Greek City-States

Political Systems of Greek City-States

Each major polis had a different political system that developed over time.

• Corinth, an oligarchy, ruled by a few individuals

• Athens, birthplace of democracy

• Sparta, one of mightiest city-states, but least typical

Beginnings

• Sparta located on Peloponnesus, large peninsula of southern Greece

• First surrounded by smaller towns; over time Sparta seized control of towns

• After conquering town of Messenia, Spartans made Messenians into helots

War

• Spartan emphasis on war not due to fondness for fighting, but as way to keep order in society

• Helots outnumbered Spartans seven to one, kept in check by strong army

Helots

• Helots were state slaves given to Spartan citizens to work on farms so citizens did not have to perform manual labor.

• As result, Spartan citizens free to spend time training for war

The Might of Sparta

Spartan Government:

Democratic Timocratic Monarchial Oligarchy• Government ruled by a Council= made up of 2 kings

(aristocracy) and 28 nobles (over age of 60) who made most political decisions and foreign policy and was supreme criminal court

• Assembly of the Spartiate (democracy)- Spartan males over the age of 30 who could veto and approve decisions made by Kings and Council

• 5 Ephors (oligarchy)- led the council, ran the military and educational system and could veto any ruling made by the Council or Assembly

• •Spartan government was considered one of the most stable in all of Ancient Greece = led to a warrior and military state (state above individual)

• Aries- God of war was a patron god of the city, of wars, battles, and warriors, and also of fearlessness in battle.

Daily Life in SpartaMEN• At 30 men became citizens and could vote in Assembly, marry, own a house • Educated in reading, fitness and use of weapons • Boys started military training at the age of 7; joined military at age of 20;

end of military service at the age of 60 • Soldiers given land which was farmed by the helots

\WOMEN • Girls taught reading and writing • Participated in running and wresting, foot races, staged battles • Wives of Spartan soldiers supervised farms • Expected and driven to produce strong and healthy children and be loyal to

the state • Spartan women could own and control property but held no political rights

SLAVES • •Slaves were called helots (agricultural slaves / peasants) made up 2/3 of

population = defeated Messenian peoples • Attempted revolt in 640 BCE but was crushed (this forced Sparta to create a

stronger army)

Sparta was led by two kings who served as military commanders. Decision-making was largely left to an elected council of elders.

To support their military lifestyle, the Spartans demanded strength and toughness. All babies were examined after birth and unhealthy children were left in the wild to die.

Militaristic State

• Unusual among Greek city-states

• Women played important role

• Trained in gymnastics for physical fitness, to bear strong children

• Women had right to own property, unlike women in most of Greece

Women in Society

Identify Cause and Effect

Why did Sparta’s political system develop?

Answer(s): Because of Sparta's emphasis on war; it was led politically by two kings who served as military commanders.

• Ancient Greeks believed in hundreds of gods, goddesses; each governed one aspect of nature, life

• Example: Apollo controlled movement of sun; sister Artemis did same for moon

• Greeks believed gods would protect them, city-states in exchange for proper rituals, sacrifices

The Gods of Olympus

• Much of what is known about early Greece comes from studying Greeks’ legends, myths

• Myths, stories told to explain natural phenomena, events of distant past

• Greek myths explained where they came from, how they should live, cope with uncertain world

Legends and Myths

Gods and Heroes

• 12 gods, goddesses were particularly influential in Greek lives• These 12 lived together on Mount Olympus, highest mountain in

Greece• Olympian gods thought to have great power, though not perfect• Myths say gods flawed, often unpredictable—loved, hated, argued,

made mistakes, got jealous, played tricks on each other

• Almost all Greeks worshipped same gods

• Each polis claimed one god, goddess as special protector

• Example: Athens sacred to Athena

• Some locations considered sacred by all Greeks

Worship• Delphi sacred to all Greeks

—priestesses of Apollo were thought to receive visions of future

• Olympia—every four years Greeks assembled there for Olympic Games; athletes competed against each other to honor gods

Sacred Locations

Mount Olympus

• Heroes killed monsters, made discoveries, founded cities, talked with gods on equal terms

• Examples inspired individuals, whole city-states, to achieve great things

• Hubris, great pride, brought many heroes to tragic ends

• Served as lessons not to overstretch abilities

Lessons

• Greeks also told myths about heroes, used to teach Greeks where they came from, what kind of people they should be

• Some heroes, like Hercules, who had godlike strength, renowned through all Greece

• Others, like Theseus, who killed Minotaur of Crete, famous chiefly in home cities

Hercules and Theseus

Myths about Heroes

Describe

What role did mythology play in Greek culture?

Answer(s): explained natural phenomena; taught Greeks where they came from and how to act

Grog 5.1 (5 Points)

Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by listing details about the Greek polis, its typical features, its government, and its role in Greek society.

The Classical AgeChapter 5 Section 2Pages 134-141

Reading Focus

• What were the characteristics of Athenian democracy?

• How did the Greeks manage to win the Persian Wars?

• What advances were made in the golden age of Athens?

• What led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War?

Main Idea

The Classical Age of ancient Greece was marked by great achievements, including the development of democracy, and by ferocious wars.

The Classical Age

Bell Ringer 5.2 (5 Points)

Write a short paragraph-length legend about a hero, real or imaginary. As you write, think about what kind of life lesson readers could learn from your legend

The prosperity of Athens was due in large part to its stable and effective government. That government was the world’s first democracy, a form of government run by the people.

• Athens, birthplace of democracy

• Not always democratic city

• First ruled by kings

• Later ruled by aristocrats who had money and power

Beginnings• Most Athenians

poor, had little power over lives

• Gap between rich, poor led to conflict

• Official named Draco reformed laws

Reform

• Draco thought way to end unrest was through harsh punishment

• Belief reflected in Draco’s laws

• Harshness of laws worsened dispute between classes

Draconian Laws

Athenian Democracy

• 590s BC, lawmaker Solon revised laws again, overturned Draco’s harshest laws

• Outlawed debt slavery; tried to reduce poverty by encouraging trade

• Allowed all Athenian men to take part in assembly that governed city, serve on juries

• Only wealthy men could run for, hold political office

Revision of Draconian Laws

Solon and Peisistratus

Cleisthenes

Cleisthenes took over Athens after Peisistratus

• Reforms set stage for Athenian democracy

• Cleisthenes broke up power of noble families

– Divided Athens into 10 tribes based on where people lived

– Made tribes, not families, social groups, basis for elections

– Each tribe elected 50 men to serve on Council of 500, proposed laws

– Each tribe elected one general to lead Athenian army

Athenian Government

• Those allowed to take part in government expected to:

–Vote in all elections

–Serve in office if elected

–Serve on juries

–Serve in military during war

The Nature of Athenian Democracy

• As democracy, Athens ruled by the people, but not all people able to take part in government; only about 10 percent of total population

• Only free male Athenians over age 20 who had completed military training allowed to vote

• Women, immigrants, children, slaves had no role in government

Council of 500

• Created by Cleisthenes

• Wrote laws to be voted on by full assembly

Assembly

• Included everyone eligible to serve in government

• All present voted on laws, all important decisions

• Called direct democracy

Courts • Complex series of courts• Members could number up

to 6,000• Chosen from the assembly• Heard trials, sentenced

criminals

Height of DemocracyThree Main Bodies

• Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies—

• Assembly• Council of 500• Courts

• The archon acted as head of both assembly, Council of 500

• Archons elected for term of one year, but could be re-elected many times

• Public servant, could be removed from office, punished if failed to serve people well

Archon

Special Roles

How effective was Athenian Democracy?

• Ancient Athens is often referred to as the cradle of democracy • Democracy flourished during the Golden Age of Athens

(4th Century BCE) under Pericles Direct Democracy= All the male citizens would gather, discussed the issues, and then voted on them.

• However, Athenian democracy was flawed. Only male citizens were allowed to take part in running the government (made up approx. 10% of population). Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from public affairs. The policy of ostracism also created some instability as the Assembly could exile a speaker / leader by vote if they feel they are too powerful

Analyze

What were the key features of Athenian democracy?

Answer(s): direct democracy; only certain men could vote; consisted of assembly, Council of 500, and court system

Athens vs. Sparta

Extra CreditSlide 46-60

Read all slides Complete Slide 49(Athens Vs Sparta chart)

Use this chart to help you answer 3 of the 5 questions on Slide 60.Turn in chart and 3 answers on 1 piece of paper.

1 Test point for each question. Do all four and get 5 points

How would people describe your country’s…

• Government• Education• Social Structure• Allies• Military Strength• Lifestyle• Cultural Achievement

Comparison Activity

• In groups you will complete a chart comparing different features of Athens and Sparta

• In groups of 2 you will create a chart comparing:– Location– Government– Education– Social Structure– Allies– Military Strength– Lifestyle– Cultural Achievement– Role of Women– Food– Population

Athens SpartaPopulation / LocationGovernment

Social Structure

Allies/Military

Lifestyle/Values

Education

Role of Women

Cultural Achievement

Food

Population

AthensBy 432 B.C. largest city-state

– 150,000 Athenians– 50,000 aliens and 100,000

slaves

Sparta• 8,000 adult males• Over 100,000 slaves and

semi-enslaved people

Government

Athens• Direct democracy• Elected officials

including 10 generals, magistrates

• Council of 500: administer decision made by Assembly

• Assembly: all male citizens; passed laws

• Trial by jury

Sparta• Oligarchy: rule by few• Combination of different

forms of gov.• Two kings: led army• 5 Overseers: ran day-to-day

operations of Sparta; had veto power

• Senate: 28 men over 60; elected for life; acted as judges; proposed legislation

• Assembly: all Spartan males

Social Structure

Athens• Freemen: all male citizens• Upper: Aristocrats

– Land owners– Naval captains and military

leaders• Middle: small farmers• Lower: craftsman• Metics: foreigners• Slaves: treated less harshly

than other Greek city-states

Sparta• Spartiates: Land owning

military professionals• Perioeci: foreigners who

were craftsman, artisans• Helots: serfs (farmers) who

worked on the Spartiates land– Gave 1/2 of all their produce to

Spartiates / military

Allies/Military

Athens• Delian League: collection

of city-states that pledged loyalty to Athens– Athens taxed them for

protection• Athens had very strong

navy

Sparta• Peloponnesian League:• Superior army on land• Entire culture was focused

on the art of war

Peloponnesian War

Lifestyle / Values

Athens• Democratic values• Participation in

government a civic responsibility

• Many religious holidays• Theatre / sporting events• Trading empire brought

contact with many other cultures

Sparta• Militaristic values• Citizens were not

permitted to own luxuries

• Children were taught to respect elderly, women, and warriors

Education

Athens• Schools taught reading,

writing and mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics

• Ages 5-14 (wealthy went until 18)

• Academies were set up to study philosophy, rhetoric, and ethics

• Girls were taught homemaking skills

Sparta• Boys: at age 7 they were

taken from their parents and taught the art of war– Had to steal to survive– At age 20 they entered the

military– At age 20 they were able to

marry• Girls: at age 7 they were

reading and writing, gymnastics, athletics and survival skills

Role of Women

Athens• Women were kept at

home• Could not participate in

athletics• Some women held high

posts at religious ceremonies

Sparta• Girls were educated• Could participate in sports• Goal was to produce

healthy babies• Married at 18• Enjoyed a great deal of

freedom• Could own and control

their property• Expected to protect land

while husband was at war

Cultural Achievement

Athens• Art

– Sculptures– Pottery

• Architecture• Drama• Literature• Philosophy• Science• Medicine• Mathematics• Democracy

Sparta• Military supremacy• Simple lifestyle• “ideal” community

Food

Athens• Enjoyed food from all

over the empire• Trade brought goods

from all over the Mediterranean region

Sparta• Spartan Broth: pork,

blood, salt, vinegar• Trained to dislike luxuries

and fancy food• Men lived separate from

wives for much of the time

Discussion

• If you were a young teenage girl of the citizen class, in which city-state would you rather live? Why?

• If you were a slave, in which would you rather live? Why?

• If you were a boy of the citizen class, in which would you rather live? Why?

• If you were a young soldier, in which would you rather live? Why?

• If you were a very wealthy person of the citizen class, in which would you rather live? Why?

In the early 400s BC, the Greek city-states came into conflict with the vast Persian Empire, a larger, stronger opponent.

• Roots of Persian Wars lay in region of Ionia, in what is now Turkey

• Ionian city-states founded as Greek colonies, fell under Persian rule, 500s BC

– Ionian Greeks unhappy with Persian rule

– Wanted independence

– Rebelled, 499 BC

Causes of the Conflict• Ionian Greeks asked fellow

Greeks for help

• Athens sent aid, ships

• Persians put down revolt

– Revolt made Persian emperor Darius angry enough to seek revenge

– Planned to punish Ionians’ allies, especially Athens, by attacking Greek mainland

Revenge

The Persian Wars

Why did the Persians invade Greece?

In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people

who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian Greeks.

In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the

mainland Greeks to help them rebel

against the Persians.

Help!

Athens sent warships to help them, but they were

not strong enough to defeat the Persian army.

We’re on the way

The made the Persian King, Darius, very angry with Greece.

AGH!Those

Greeks will pay for this

The First Persian Invasion

• 490 BC, Persians set out to fulfill Darius’s plans for revenge

• Fleet carrying tens of thousands of Persian troops set out for Greece

• Came ashore near town of Marathon, not far from Athens

Marathon

• Legend says Athenian messenger ran from Marathon to Athens after battle to announce Greek victory; died from exhaustion after delivering message

• Legend inspired modern marathon, 26-mile race commemorating dedication, athleticism

Persian Retreat

• Warned in advance, Greeks arrived at Marathon, caught Persians unloading ships, charged in phalanx, tight rectangle formation

• Persians counterattacked, more Greeks closed in, Persians retreated

First Invasion

In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade Greece. He wanted to punish the Athenians for helping

the rebels.The Persian army

landed at Marathon, north of Athens, in

490 B.C.

The Persians greatly

outnumbered the Greeks.

Marathon

The Persians were amazed at the

strong will of the small Athenian

force. They had no horses or archers, only

fierce foot soldiers.

Persian Empire

Athens

Sparta

After a few days, the Persians

decided to attack Athens by sea.

While they were loading their ships, the Athenians attacked and defeated

them.

The Persians Retreated.

Phalanx

MarathonThe Greeks sent their fastest runner

Pheidippides to carry home news of the victory.

He sprinted 26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state of Athens.

He arrived and said, “Rejoice, we conquer,” and died from exhaustion

The Marathon race is named after this event.

• Greek victory at Marathon shocked both Greeks, Persians• Athenians could not believe they had defeated stronger foe• Persians humiliated, furious• Darius planned second invasion, but died before invasion launched• Son Xerxes vowed revenge, continued to plan attack on Greece

Preparations for a Second Invasion

What Happened at Thermopylae?

                                                                                  

The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a temporary victory. He encouraged the Athenians to build up their

fleet and prepare for battle with the Persians.

In 480 B.C. Darius’ son Xerxes sent a larger force to conquer Greece.

He sent 200,000 soldiers and nearly 1,000 ships.

By this time Athens had convinced Sparta to join them in battle. Twenty Greek city-states joined together to

meet the Persian invaders.

Sparta took charge of the army.

Persia Invades GreecePersia Invades Greece

The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through northern Greece.

It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae, there 7,000 Greeks waited for the

Persians.

For several days they stopped the Persian army from moving forward

Someone led the Persians behind the Greek army, the Spartan soldier began to retreat to their ships

as the Persians marched forward.

A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of

Thermopylae.

They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days.

They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get in behind the army.

They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.

Who won at Salamis?

Salamis

The Persians marched south

after their victory at Thermopylae

and destroyed the city of Athens.

Athens

Thermopylae

The Athenians had already moved to

Salamis, a small nearby island.

The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water. The smaller Greek ships

destroyed them.

More than 800 Persian

ships attacked the

Athenian navy near the island.

Persian army was no longer a match for the Greeks; and within a year the Greeks had won the Persian Wars.

The Greeks worried that they would not have time to prepare their troops for battle. To slow down the Persians, a group of Spartans and their allies gathered in a mountain pass at Thermopylae, through which the Persians would pass to get into Greece.

• Spartans held off entire Persian army for several days

• Persians shown alternate path through mountains; were able to surround, kill Spartans

• Spartans’ sacrifice bought time for Greeks’ defense

The Second Persian Invasion

Second Invasion and Aftermath

• Persians marched south to Athens, attacked, burned city; needed fleet to bring additional supplies

• Athenian commander lured fleet into narrow strait

• Greek warships cut them to pieces

After Thermopylae

Sequence

What events led to the Greek victory in the Persian Wars?

Answer(s): Athens and Sparta allied to fight the Persians; Spartans held off the Persians at Thermopylae, allowing Athens to prepare; Persian supplies were cut off when the Greek fleet destroyed their ships; Spartans led the Greek army to defeat the Persians at Plataea

As leaders in the Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta became the two most powerful, influential city-states in Greece. After the wars, Athens entered a golden age as the center of Greek culture and politics.

• Alliance’s treasury kept on islands of Delos

• Alliance known as Delian League

• Athens controlled ships, money

• League grew in membership, power

Delian League

• Some members resented Athenian dominance

• Members who tried to quit attacked by league fleet, forced back into alliance

• League became Athenian empire

Increased Influence

The Golden Age of Athens

A City in Ruins

• People wanted to rebuild Athens after Persian Wars

• Some money for rebuilding came from within Athens

• Substantial amount came from treasury of Delian League

Height of Culture

• Grandest temple, Parthenon, dedicated to goddess Athena

• Athenians expanded port, built new roads, constructed high walls around city

• Rebuilt Athens considered height of Greek culture, sophistication

Collective Funds to Rebuild

• Other members of League not happy Athenians used collective funds to rebuild city, but none powerful enough to stop Athens

• Rebuilding began at top, with acropolis, series of grand temples

Rebuilding Athens

Much of the rebuilding of Athens was due to one man—Pericles, a skilled politician and gifted public speaker.

• Commissioned building Parthenon, other monuments

– Hired artists, sculptors to decorate them

• Wanted Athens to be most glorious city in Greece

– Believed it had best government, noblest people, monuments to prove superiority

Patron of the Arts

The Age of Pericles

Life in the Golden Age

Trade brought great wealth to Athens.

• Merchants from other parts of world moved to city, bringing own foods, customs

• Athens very cosmopolitan as result

– Grand festivals, public celebrations, events

– Athletic games and city theaters

– Athens was the heart of Greek culture

Draw Conclusions

What made the 400s a golden age in Athens?

Answer(s): trade brought great wealth; cosmopolitan city; city rebuilt; center of Greek culture and politics

As the leader of the Delian League, Athens was the richest, mightiest polis in Greece. Being rich and mighty brought many powerful rivals, the greatest of which was Sparta, which wanted to end its dominance.

Tensions built between Delian, Peloponnesian Leagues

•Mutual fear led to war between Athens, Sparta

Tension Built

• Athens feared military might of another league

• Sparta feared loss of trading

• 431 BC, the two declared war

• Lasted many years

War

The Peloponnesian War

Peloponnesian League

• Sparta head of Peloponnesian League, allied city-states

• Formed 500s BC, to provide protection, security for members

War in Greece

• Initially neither side gained much advantage

• Sparta, allies dominated land; Athens, allies dominated sea

• Athenians avoided land battles; neither side won more than minor victories

Sparta’s Victory

• 415 BC, war broke out again; Sparta took to sea as well as land, destroyed Athenian fleet; Athens surrendered 404 BC

• Peloponnesian War almost destroyed Athens; Sparta also exhausted by war

Plague and Peace

• 430, 429 BC, plague struck Athens, changed course of war

• Pericles, Athens’ leader through beginning of war, among dead

• After plague, fighting heated up until truce in 421 BC

The Course of War

Cycle of Warfare

After victory, Sparta’s army tried to act as Greece’s dominant power

• Sparta’s wealth, resources badly strained, power worn down

• Spartans could not keep control of Greece

• City-state of Thebes defeated Sparta, could not maintain control either

• Struggle for power led to long cycle of warfare that left all Greece vulnerable to attack

• 340s BC, Macedonia, Greek-speaking kingdom to north, swept in, took control of all Greece

Identify Cause and Effect

What caused the Peloponnesian War?

Answer(s): mutual fear; Sparta feared Athens would stop it from trading, Athens feared the military might of the Peloponnesian League

Grog 5.2 (5 Points)Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by identifying the causes and effects of the Persian Wars.

Greek AchievementChapter 5 Section 3Pages 142-148

Reading Focus

• How did Greek philosophy influence later thinking?

• What types of literature did the Greeks create?

• What were the aims of Greek art and architecture?

Main Idea

The ancient Greeks made great achievements in philosophy, literature, art, and architecture that influenced the development of later cultures and ideas.

Greek Achievements

Bell Ringer 5.3 (5 Points)

Write an obituary such as you might find in a newspaper remembering the life of Pericles. The obituary should give a few facts about his life and detail his major accomplishments.

Despite their condemnation of Socrates, the people of ancient Greece were great believers in philosophy. The word philosophy itself comes from the Greek word philosophia, meaning “the love of wisdom.”

• Earliest philosophy traced to 500s BC

• Reached height in Athens during 400s, 300s BC

• Inspired by greatest philosophers—Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Background

Greek Philosophy

• By working through series of questions, Socrates thought people could discover basic nature of life

• Method of learning through questions called the Socratic method

Socratic Method

• Socrates believed philosophers could learn what made good people, societies by asking questions

• Started with basic questions, like “What is truth?”

• Socrates followed up with more questions

Asking Questions

Philosophy of Socrates

Socrates Cup of Death

Theory of Government

• Philosophers most qualified to make good decisions

• Did not support Athenian democracy in which all men could take part

• Plato wanted to make philosopher’s education more formal

• Founded the Academy, which in Plato’s lifetime became most important site for Greek philosophers to do their work

Plato

• One of Socrates’ students, became great philosopher in own right

• Left behind great number of writings that record ideas on wide variety of topics, from nature of truth to ideal form of government

• The Republic argues that government should be led by philosophers

The Third Philosopher

• Aristotle was among students who studied at the Academy

• More concerned with nature of world that surrounded him

• Tried to apply philosophical principles to every kind of knowledge

Inferring New Facts

• Aristotle also helped develop field of logic, process of making inferences

• Example: birds have feathers, lay eggs; owls have feathers, lay eggs; therefore, owl must be a type of bird

Emphasis on Reason and Logic

• Emphasis on reason, logic

• Reason, clear and ordered thinking; use reason to learn about world

• Observe carefully, think rationally about what one has seen

Aristotle

Identify

Who were the greatest philosophers of ancient Greece?

Answer(s): Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

These two works became basis for the Greek education system.

Other Greek literature remains, with a great many works still popular today. Greeks excelled in poetry—both epics and other forms—history, and drama.

Greek Literature

Other Forms of Poetry

Greeks wrote many types of poetry besides epics• Hesiod wrote descriptive poetry about works of gods, lives of

peasants• Greeks also created lyric poetry

– Named after the lyre, musical instrument often played to accompany reading of poems

– Lyric poems do not tell stories, but deal with emotions, desires

• Lyric poets – Sappho, one of few Greek women to gain fame as writer;

dealt with daily life, marriage, love– Pindar, late 500s, early 400s; poems commemorated public

events, like Olympic Games

• Among fields for which Greeks best known • Greek authors wrote about and analyzed own past• First major Greek historian, Herodotus• Lived in Greece during wars with Persia; described battles and

public debates in The Histories

History

While the Greeks wrote histories to preserve the past, they created a new form of writing for entertainment—drama, the art of playwriting.

Drama

Distinct Forms

ComediesTragedies

Find the Main Idea

In what forms of writing did the Greeks excel?

Answer(s): epics, history, poetry, drama

Beauty

• Athenians enjoyed beauty, both written and visual

• Expressed love of written beauty through literature; visual beauty through architecture, art

Enhancements

• To enhance appearance of buildings, added fine works of art, painted and sculpted

• Grandest buildings built on acropolis, at city’s center

Architecture

• Athenians wanted their city to be most beautiful in Greece

• Built magnificent temples, theatres, public buildings

Parthenon

• Most magnificent on acropolis

• Massive temple to Athena

• Begun by Pericles, 447 BC

• Took 14 years to build

Greek Architecture and Art

Greek Architecture and Art

Parthenon impressive not for sheer size, but for proportion• Designers careful not to make too tall, too wide• Parthenon more than 200 feet long, 100 feet wide

– Had doors, no windows– Surrounded by tall, graceful columns– Above columns, slabs of marble carved with scenes from myths– Ruins appear white today, but parts originally painted in vivid

hues– Huge gold, ivory statue of Athena stood inside Parthenon

Parthenon

Human Forms

• Greek sculptors among finest world has ever known

• Particularly adept at sculpting human form; studied people at rest, moving

• Tried to re-create what they saw, paid particular attention to muscles

Lifelike, Not Realistic

• Greeks wanted statues to look lifelike, active, not necessarily realistic

• Portrayed subjects as physically perfect, without blemishes, imperfections

• Greek statues almost all depict figures of great beauty, grace

Sculpture

Poseidon

Roman Copies

• Few original works remain; most copies made a few hundred years later

• Roman artists made many copies of greatest Greek statues

• Many copies survived even after original statues destroyed

Sculpture

Larger Paintings

• Little evidence of larger works; written sources say Greeks created murals in many public buildings

• Often included scenes from Iliad, Odyssey; showed aftermath of battles, rather than battle itself

• Themes similar to tragic drama popular with Athenians

Painting

• Only a few original Greek paintings survive

• Best preserved are paintings on vases, plates, other vessels

• Scenes from everyday life, or from myths, legends

• Most use only red, black; still convey movement, depth

Make Generalizations

What were some characteristics of Greek architecture and art?

Answer(s): architecture—proportion, columns, vivid colors; art—idealistic sculpture depicting the human form; red and black vessels with scenes conveying movement and depth; murals and wall paintings

Grog 5.3 (5 Points)

Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by writing a description of each of the listed literary forms and then listing a few Greek writers who used each form

Alexander the Great and His LegacyChapter 5 Section 4Pages 150-155

Reading Focus

• How did Alexander the Great rise to power?

• What was life like in the culture called the Hellenistic world that developed after Alexander’s death?

• What were some significant Hellenistic achievements?

Main Idea

Alexander the Great formed a huge empire, spread Greek culture into Egypt and many parts of Asia, and paved the way for a new civilization to develop in those areas.

Alexander the Great and His Legacy

Bell Ringer 5.4 (5 Points)

Write a short letter to Plato in which you either agree or disagree with his belief that philosophers should rule cities. Whichever position you take, use evidence to support your argument.

Macedonia rose to power and took control of Greece in the years that followed the Peloponnesian War.

• Most Greeks considered Macedonians backward

– Lived in villages, not cities

– Spoke form of Greek unintelligible to other Greeks

• 359 BC, Macedonia’s fortune changed when Philip II took throne

The Rise of Macedonia• One of Philip’s first actions

as king

• Adopted phalanx system, but gave soldiers longer spears

• Included larger bodies of cavalry and more archers

• Set out to conquer Greece

– Faced little opposition

– Quickly crushed armies

– Conquered all but Sparta

Army Reorganization

Alexander the Great

Alexander’s Conquests

• Alexander faced almost immediately with revolts in Greece

• Set out to reestablish control

• Used harsh measures to show rebellion not tolerated

• Crushed Theban army and sold people into slavery, burned city

Alexander Becomes King

• Philip’s conquests might have continued, but he was assassinated

• Title, plans for conquests fell to son, Alexander the Great

• Alexander only 20, but had been trained to rule almost from birth

• Learned warfare and politics from father, mother, and Aristotle

• Within year Alexander’s army had won victory against Persians in Asia Minor

• Moved south to Phoenicia, Egypt; welcomed as liberator, named new pharaoh

• Next destroyed Persian army near Gaugamela, in what is now Iraq; caused Emperor Darius III to flee

Campaigns

Empire Building

Expanding the Empire

With defeat of Darius, Alexander the master of Persian world

• Troops marched to Persepolis, a Persian capital, burned it to ground as sign of victory

• But Alexander not satisfied with size of empire

– Led army deeper into Asia, winning more victories

– Led army to the Indus, perhaps to conquer India

– Soldiers had had enough, refused to proceed farther from home

– Alexander forced to turn back to west

End of the Empire

Alexander's Empire broke up into kingdoms

Summarize

Why did Alexander’s empire break apart after his death?

Answer(s): He did not name an heir, so the empire was divided among three powerful generals.

By bringing together a number of diverse peoples in his empire, Alexander helped create a new type of culture. It was no longer purely Greek, or Hellenic, but Hellenistic, or Greeklike.

The Hellenistic World

Center of Culture

• With trade money, Alexandrians built great palaces, streets lined with monuments; city was home to centers of culture, learning

• The Museum, temple to spirit of creativity, home to many works of art

Trading Centers

• Alexandria one of largest trading centers, but not only one in Hellenistic world

• Cities in Egypt, Persia, Central Asia trading centers for Africa, Arabia, India

• Traders brought back goods, new ideas like teachings of Judaism

Center of Learning

• Library of Alexandria contained works on philosophy, literature, history, sciences

• Alexandria remained center of culture, learning long after Hellenistic period

Alexandria and Beyond

• Shift from Hellenic Greece to Hellenistic world brought drastic changes to lives

• Most obvious change, how people were governed

• City-state no longer main political unit, replaced by kingdom

• Traditional Greek democracy gave way to monarchy

Drastic Changes

Life in the Hellenistic World

Explain

How did society change in the Hellenistic age?

Answer(s): different cultures blended; government changed; women gained more rights

The most influential new school was Stoicism, with emphasis on reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality. Stoics believed people should find their proper role in society and fulfill it.

• Blending of cultures brought significant changes

• Exchange of ideas from different cultures

• New advances in philosophy, literature and science

• New schools of philosophy developed in Alexander’s empire

• One called Cynicism; students rejected pleasure, wealth, social responsibility

• People live according to nature

Philosophy

Hellenistic Achievements

• People should seek pleasure, considered good; try to avoid pain, considered evil

• To find pleasure, develop close friendships with people who share similar ideas

Epicureans

Art and Literature

Art and literature also changed during Hellenistic Period• Hellenistic artists learned to convey emotion, movement in

works, especially sculpture• Women became much more common as subject of art,

literature– Most earlier Greek statues had depicted men– Love stories became popular form for first time– Earlier literature dealt with actions of gods– Hellenistic writings focused on common events in people’s

everyday lives

• Tremendous advances in science, technology during this period

• Among great Egyptian scholars, Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry we still learn about today

• Egypt also home of Eratosthenes, who calculated size of the world

• Other Hellenistic scientists studied the movement of the stars; the makeup and inner workings of the human body

Science and Technology

Science and Technology

Analyze

What advances did Hellenistic scholars make in science and technology?

Answer(s): geometry; calculating the circumference of the globe; study of the movement of the stars; study of the human body; new inventions

Grog 5.4 (5 Points)

Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by writing one sentence in each box to summarize Alexander's life, career, and legacy.