Early ExplorationEarly Exploration

NotesNotes

Geographic FactorsGeographic Factors

What were the geographic factors that fed What were the geographic factors that fed the rise in exploration?the rise in exploration?

1.1. The TurksThe Turks blocked the trade route from the blocked the trade route from the Mediterranean Sea to the land route to Asia.Mediterranean Sea to the land route to Asia.

2.2. CrusadesCrusades—European countries tried to regain —European countries tried to regain control of holy sites that had been taken over control of holy sites that had been taken over by the Muslims and were exposed to trade by the Muslims and were exposed to trade items.items.

3.3. PortugalPortugal—They didn’t have a Mediterranean —They didn’t have a Mediterranean port location and needed an option.port location and needed an option.

4.4. Arabs’Arabs’ prices were too high. (Middle Man) prices were too high. (Middle Man)

Suppliers and GoodsSuppliers and GoodsWhat goods were traded?What goods were traded?

Africa: (West)Africa: (West)

• Ghana—salt and Ghana—salt and goldgold– Imposed taxes on Imposed taxes on

goods, so traders goods, so traders found new routes found new routes over timeover time

• Mali—goldMali—gold

• Songhai—skins, Songhai—skins, ivoryivory

China and India:China and India:

• Spices, sugar, silk, Spices, sugar, silk, cotton, porcelaincotton, porcelain

TechnologyTechnology

What were technology changes that What were technology changes that increased exploration?increased exploration?

• Better shipsBetter ships– triangular sail, sturdy ruddertriangular sail, sturdy rudder

• Better toolsBetter tools– Astrolabe, magnetic compassAstrolabe, magnetic compass

• Better mapsBetter maps– CartographerCartographer—a person who makes/studies —a person who makes/studies

mapsmaps Included ocean currents and latitude Included ocean currents and latitude lineslines

Other FactorsOther Factors

What other factors encouraged What other factors encouraged exploration of new trade routes?exploration of new trade routes?

1.1. Renaissance PeriodRenaissance Period• RenaissanceRenaissance means “new birth” means “new birth”• Period of time when the wealthy studied Period of time when the wealthy studied

classical books or ancient Greece and Romeclassical books or ancient Greece and Rome2.2. Rise of monarchsRise of monarchs

• Countries were ruled by kings and queens Countries were ruled by kings and queens and they paid for the exploration tripsand they paid for the exploration trips

The LeaderThe Leader

• Prince Henry “The Navigator” of Prince Henry “The Navigator” of PortugalPortugal– Started a school of navigation in 1420Started a school of navigation in 1420– Didn’t sail, but planned voyages and Didn’t sail, but planned voyages and

analyzed their reportsanalyzed their reports– Astronomers, geographers, Astronomers, geographers,

mathematicians shared info with mathematicians shared info with Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders.Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders.

– Expert mapmakers updated maps/chartsExpert mapmakers updated maps/charts

Other Ways They PreparedOther Ways They Prepared

Many explorers read the Viking Sagas.Many explorers read the Viking Sagas.

A A SagaSaga is a traditional story. is a traditional story.

Christopher Columbus read the written Christopher Columbus read the written works of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek works of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek Astronomer.Astronomer.

PortugalPortugal

• Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias– Sent by King John IISent by King John II– Sailed to Cape of Good Hope, tip of AfricaSailed to Cape of Good Hope, tip of Africa

• Vasco Da GamaVasco Da Gama– Sailed around Africa to IndiaSailed around Africa to India

• Pedro Alvares CabralPedro Alvares Cabral– Swung wide to Africa and reached Brazil Swung wide to Africa and reached Brazil

firstfirst– Established important forts for tradeEstablished important forts for trade

SpainSpain

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus– Sailed to Bahamas/CaribbeanSailed to Bahamas/Caribbean– Thought he had found IndiaThought he had found India

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci– South AmericaSouth America– The Americas are named after himThe Americas are named after him

Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco Nunez de Balboa – Hiked over mountains to see the Pacific OceanHiked over mountains to see the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan– Sailed through a strait (narrow waterway)Sailed through a strait (narrow waterway)– Named the Pacific Ocean (pacifico-peaceful)Named the Pacific Ocean (pacifico-peaceful)– circumnavigatecircumnavigate—sail around the world—sail around the world

Who Sailed for Whom?Who Sailed for Whom?

Portugal:Portugal:• 1487—1487—

Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias• 1497—1497—

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama• 1497—1497—

Pedro Alvares Pedro Alvares CabralCabral

*Columbus sailed for *Columbus sailed for both countries!both countries!

Spain:Spain:• 1492—1492—

Christopher Christopher ColumbusColumbus

• 1502—1502—Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

• 1513—1513—Vasco Nunez deVasco Nunez deBalboaBalboa

• 1520—1520—Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation(Treaty of Tordesillas)(Treaty of Tordesillas)

Pope Alexander drew Pope Alexander drew an imaginary line an imaginary line running down the running down the middle of the Atlantic middle of the Atlantic from the North Pole from the North Pole to the South Pole.to the South Pole.

Spain got the West and Spain got the West and Portugal got the East.Portugal got the East.

Why wasn’t this line fair?Why wasn’t this line fair?

Spain got all of the new world, and Spain got all of the new world, and Portugal was left with mostly claimed Portugal was left with mostly claimed land.land.

What Did I Do? (Portugal)What Did I Do? (Portugal)

• Prince HenryPrince Henry -started a sailing -started a sailing school in Portugalschool in Portugal

• DiasDias-Explored Africa to its southern -Explored Africa to its southern tiptip

• Da GamaDa Gama-Rounded tip of Africa, -Rounded tip of Africa, sailed to Indiasailed to India

• CabralCabral-Swung wide, explored coast of -Swung wide, explored coast of Brazil, set up trade forts in IndiaBrazil, set up trade forts in India

What Did I Do? (Spain)What Did I Do? (Spain)

• ColumbusColumbus--Did not find Americas first, Did not find Americas first, explored islands in the Caribbean.explored islands in the Caribbean.

• VespucciVespucci-Explored South American coast, -Explored South American coast, Americas named after himAmericas named after him

• De BalboaDe Balboa-Hiked mountains and saw -Hiked mountains and saw Pacific Ocean firstPacific Ocean first

• MagellanMagellan-Circumnavigated the world by -Circumnavigated the world by sailing through a strait near the tip of S. sailing through a strait near the tip of S. America, named the Pacific Ocean—America, named the Pacific Ocean—pacifico pacifico (peaceful)(peaceful)

Exploration in South Exploration in South AmericaAmerica• Spanish explorers were known as Spanish explorers were known as

conquistadorsconquistadors• They received They received grantsgrants, or special , or special

permission, to explore and claim land.permission, to explore and claim land.• CortezCortez-(Mexico) Conquered the Aztecs -(Mexico) Conquered the Aztecs

in the city of Tenochtitlan, put the in the city of Tenochtitlan, put the Aztec emperor, Montezuma in prison.Aztec emperor, Montezuma in prison.

• PizarroPizarro-(Peru) Conquered the Incas, -(Peru) Conquered the Incas, executed their leader, Atahualpa.executed their leader, Atahualpa.

Why Did Spain Succeed So Why Did Spain Succeed So Easily?Easily?

• The natives thought they were gods…The natives thought they were gods…– Weapons the Indians had never seen, guns Weapons the Indians had never seen, guns

and cannonsand cannons– Horses the Indians had never seenHorses the Indians had never seen– Shiny armor/uniformsShiny armor/uniforms

• The natives didn’t like their Aztec The natives didn’t like their Aztec rulers…rulers…– Sided and fought with Spanish for “freedom”Sided and fought with Spanish for “freedom”

Explorer Motivation in Explorer Motivation in AmericasAmericas• Personally--Gold, Jewels, statusPersonally--Gold, Jewels, status

• For country—Land to claim, spread For country—Land to claim, spread religionreligion

• Seven Cities of Cibola Seven Cities of Cibola

(National Treasure Movie!)(National Treasure Movie!)– The natives told the story of cities of goldThe natives told the story of cities of gold

Exploration in North Exploration in North AmericaAmerica• Ponce de Leon-Ponce de Leon- (1513) Explored Florida, (1513) Explored Florida,

searched for the “Fountain of Youth” (St. searched for the “Fountain of Youth” (St. Augustine)Augustine)

• De Vaca and Estevanico-De Vaca and Estevanico- (1528) (1528) Explored Florida to the Southwest Explored Florida to the Southwest (Mexico), became medicine men to survive(Mexico), became medicine men to survive

• De Soto-De Soto- (1541) Explored Western North (1541) Explored Western North America, died and was dumped into the America, died and was dumped into the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

• Coronado-Coronado- (1540) Explored Colorado (1540) Explored Colorado River and Kansas, wanted to find Cibola.River and Kansas, wanted to find Cibola.

French ExplorationFrench Exploration

French explorers wanted French explorers wanted to find a direct water to find a direct water route THROUGH North route THROUGH North America.: America.:

The Northwest The Northwest PassagePassage

Jacques CartierJacques Cartier explored the St. explored the St. Lawrence River near Lawrence River near CanadaCanada

English ExplorationEnglish Exploration

• England sent England sent John CabotJohn Cabot

• He explored NewfoundlandHe explored Newfoundland

• England used his voyage to claim England used his voyage to claim parts of the East coast of Americaparts of the East coast of America

Netherlands (Dutch)Netherlands (Dutch)

• Sent Henry HudsonSent Henry Hudson

• He explored the Hudson River in He explored the Hudson River in present day New York present day New York

• New York was the Dutch settlement New York was the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam before the of New Amsterdam before the English took it overEnglish took it over