EARLY DISCOVERY OF THE WORLD (I)(Orkney’s, Scotland, c.2450 BC)

Dr. R.M. de Jonge ©, drsrmdejonge@hotmail.comNovember, 2013

SummaryAt a recent excavation on the Orkney Islands, Scotland, a large Engraved Stone was found. A-nalysis of its front side leads to the conclusion its decoration should be considered as a primi-tive script, a kind of Megalithic Writing. It is an attempt to fix down an important story. - The story starts with the discovery of Madagascar in the Second Dynasty. It continues with the discovery of Australia and New Zealand in the Third Dynasty, and finishes with the discovery of America via the Bering Sea, which happened in the Fourth Dynasty during the reign of the 5th king Menkaure (c.2580-2562 BC). - The two southern crossings of the North Atlantic O-cean were discovered by the 2nd king Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. Finally, the northern crossing via Greenland was discovered by the 3rd king Neferirkare (c.2498-2478 BC) of this dynasty.

IntroductionThe Orkney Islands are located in the north of Great Britain at a latitude of 59°N. The small archipelago has a diameter of about 30 miles (50 km), and the southerly shores are situated 10 miles (16 km) north of the Scottish mainland, at the other site of the passage called the Pent-land Firth. Most of the megalithic monuments are located on the largest island, called “Main-land”.

The Ness of Brodgar on this island is a narrow strip of land between the Loch of Harray (with fresh water) in the north, and the Loch of Stenness (with brackish water) in the south. It is an istmus having a width of a few hundred yards pointing to the north-west. At the eastern en-trance of this istmus is the Ring of Stenness, c.1.5 km NW of it the Ring of Brodgar, and an-other 1.5 km NW of it the Ring of Bookan. All three Rings are major megalithic monuments. (Ref.4)

Islands in the OceanThe Azores in the middle of the Ocean were discovered c.3600 BC (with an accuracy of half a century). The Faroes and Iceland, NW of Scotland, were discovered c.3400 BC. The east co-ast of Greenland was discovered c.3300 BC, and its south coast c.3250 BC. However, half a century later the megalith builders gave up their attempts to cross Davis Strait (behind the west coast of Greenland), c.3200 BC. (Refs.3,12)

After the last discovery the Ness of Brodgar became an important ceremonial site. The istmus was symbolic for the narrow strip of land along the south coast of Greenland located west of the Orkney’s, at 59°N. Latitudes were already known c.4800 BC. - The Loch of Harray (with fresh water) in the north was symbolic for the huge ice cap on Greenland, and the Loch of Stenness (with brackish water) represented the Labrador Sea in the south-west. (Refs.3,4)

The small Ring of Stenness was symbolic for Cape Farvel, the south cape of Greenland, at 59+1= 60°N. The large Ring of Brodgar represented the important SW Cape of Greenland, at

59+2= 61°N. Finally, the Ring of Bookan symbolized the west coast of Greenland, at 59+3= 62°N. After its discovery the megalith builders surrendered.

However, the Ness of Brodgar was also symbolic for the three island groups of the Azores, lo-cated west of the Strait of Gibraltar, at 36°N. The Ring of Stenness was symbolic for the two islands of the East Azores, at 36+1= 37°N, the Ring of Brodgar for the five islands of the Central Azores, at 36+2= 38°N, and the Ring of Bookan for the two islands of the West Azo-res, at 36+3= 39°N.

The Strait of Gibraltar, at 36°N, was symbolic for the circumference of the planet Earth of 36 Moiras, or 360°. So, it was symbolic for the desire to circumnavigate the Earth. (Refs.2-6)

Engraved StoneIn 2013 an Engraved Stone was found during the excavation of a habitation site at the Ness of Brodgar, which consisted of at least five huts. So far a total of 450 inscribed pieces were dis-covered, but this was a very nice one. The front side of the Slab is shown in Fig.1. Close in-vestigation shows the decoration appears to be a primitive script. An attempt was made to write down an important story. This story appears to deal with the Egyptian discovery of A-merica. (Ref.1) Length and width of the Stone are about two feet, or 60 cm. The surface area is rather smooth. It appears this area symbolizes the North Atlantic Ocean. The coasts of Europe and Africa are in the east, the equator is in the south, and the coasts of America are in the west. Note, that the attempts to cross the Ocean lasted from about 5700 to 2500 BC, which is for more than 3,000 years!

The Stone has the approximate shape of a square, with four equal sides and angles. It means the size of the Ocean was known in the Fourth Dynasty (c.2600 BC). Note, the Orkney’s are located at the complementary latitude of the northern Nile Delta, at 90-31= 59°N. In antiquity the use of complementary latitudes was very common, and Egypt was the greatest civilizati-on on Earth!

For centuries Greenland was the westernmost land of the then known World (c.3300-2500 BC). It means we have to start reading this script with the first decorated triangle at the left si-de above (Fig.1). It represents South Greenland, because it has the approximate shape of this land, its correct orientation, and its correct geographic position in the NW corner of the Ocean (the surface area of the Stone).

The horizontal line at the top is the 70st latitude line through Cape Brewster, the east cape of Greenland, at 70°N. The line at the bottom is the 60st latitude line through Cape Farvel, the south cape of Greenland, at 60°N. The southern Nile Delta is located at its complementary la-titude, at 90-60= 30°N. – Note, that the upper Row has four similar decorated triangles, all of them representing South Greenland. The lower Row has three decorated triangles, which re-present South Greenland as well! (Refs.1,7-11)

Fig.1 Front side of Engraved Stone (Ness of Brodgar, Orkney’s, c.2450 BC) (Courtesy: Ref.1)

DYNASTIESFirst DynastyThe first decorated triangle at the left side above represents the First Dynasty of Egypt. It has a single edge at both sides, confirming it. It confirms South Greenland was already known du-ring this dynasty.

The inside pattern of small diamonds refers to the four archipelagos of small islands in the O-cean, which were already known during this dynasty. (A diamond has four equal sides.) These are the Canary Islands (discovered c.5700 BC), the Cape Verde Islands (c.4600 BC), the Is-lands of Madeira (c.4200 BC), and the Azores (c.3600 BC). The two areas of this triangle re-fer to the discoveries of the Faroes and Iceland (c.3400 BC), respectively. (Refs.3,12)

However, the pattern also refers to all the islands around the South Chinese Sea, SE Asia, which were discovered by the 3rd king Djer and the 4th king Djet of the First Dynasty (c.3025 BC), and the islands of East Indonesia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and Solomon Is-lands, which were discovered by the 6th king Anedjib and the 7th king Semerkhet of this dynasty (c.2945 BC). The two areas of this triangle refer to these two expeditions, respectively. (Ref.-35)

Second DynastyDiscovery of MadagascarThe second decorated triangle represents the Second Dynasty. It has two edges at both sides, confirming it. It was placed at the east side of the first triangle, because during this dynasty-exploration of the World continued towards the east.

There is no pattern inside this triangle, because there weren’t any important discoveries in the Ocean. However, this second triangle refers to the discovery of Madagascar, 20° east of the River Nile, at c.20°S, which occurred in this Second Dynasty.

The pattern of small diamonds in the second area of this decorated triangle shows the shortest sailing distance from Mozambique, East Africa, of 4 Egyptian moiras, or 4°, was discovered by the 2x4= 8th king Peribsen (c.2820-2772 BC) of this dynasty. (A diamond has four equal sides.)

The two edges of the second decorated triangle encode the start of this sailing route at 2x8= 16°S, as well as its sailing direction of 2x8= 16° ESE. – The three areas of this triangle con-firm the 3x16= 48 years of reign of king Peribsen, as well as the correct surface area of the is-land of 48 square moiras, or 593 thousand km2 (officially 587 thousand km2, deviation of +1.0%). (Ref.35)

Third DynastyDiscovery of AustraliaThe third decorated triangle represents the Third Dynasty. The pattern inside has three small isosceles triangles pointing downwards, confirming it.

It has one small isosceles triangle pointing upwards, referring to an important King. This small triangle resembles two large and similar triangles at the immediate left side of it. These two large, empty triangles encode the 2nd king Djoser (c.2753-2723 BC) of this dynasty, who discovered the continent of Australia. Both the third decorated triangle and the mentioned three small triangles inside confirm his 30 years of reign.

The first decorated triangle has two enclosed areas, the second one three, and the third one six. Added together these 2+3+6= 11 areas refer to Cape York in Queensland, Australia, at 11°S, 110° east of the Nile Delta. So, Australia was discovered by king Djoser at the eastern crossing from New Guinea.

It also encodes the position of the southern island of Roti, Indonesia, at 11°S. The pattern in-side contains a total of four small triangles, corresponding to the sailing distance of 4 moiras, or 4°, to the Kimberley District of Australia. So, this western crossing was also discovered. - It also encodes the crossing of Bass Strait to the island of Tasmania, at 40°S, which was dis-covered, too.

The third triangle has six enclosed areas, referring to the step pyramid of king Djoser in Saq-qara, near Memphis, Egypt, having six steps, because the surface area of Australia, including Tasmania, equals 6 square Moiras (1 Moira= 10°, or 1111 km), or 7.4 million km2 (officially 7.6 million km2, deviation of -2.6%).

Discovery of New ZealandThe third decorated triangle encodes the discovery of New Zealand, 30° east of Bass Strait, in the Third Dynasty. The six enclosed areas refer to the 2+6= 8th king Huny (c.2685-2661 BC), who discovered it. (The next decorated triangle contains a total of eight enclosed areas, con-firming it.) The three small triangles pointing downwards confirm his 3x8=24 years of reign.

The small triangle pointing upwards and the similar triangle below it represent North and South Island, respectively. Together with the two large, empty triangles at the left side a sur-

face area is encoded of 20+2= 22 square moiras, or 272 thousand km2 (officially 268 thousand km2, deviation of +1.5%). (Refs.12-17,35)

Fourth DynastyDiscovery of America via the Bering SeaThe fourth decorated triangle represents the Fourth Dynasty. The pattern inside contains a dia-mond having four equal sides, confirming it. The plus-sign divides its surface into four smal-ler areas, confirming it, too.

It is the fourth and last triangle at the east side of the Stone, which means America was disco-vered in the far east in the Fourth Dynasty. - The lower half of the diamond is a kind of arrow pointing to the southern Aleutian islands, at the south side of the Bering Sea. The upper half of the diamond is a similar arrow pointing to the Bering Strait in the north. The previous de-corated triangle is more or less similar, which confirms this view.

Both decorated triangles resemble large arrows pointing to the south. These show America was discovered via the southern Aleutian islands, at c.50°N. Including the diamond each of the triangles contain five enclosed areas, which show America was discovered at this latitude by the 5th king Menkaure (Mycerinos, c.2580-2562 BC). A total of 3+2= 5 small triangles pointing downwards confirm it. The fourth triangle contains a total of 4+4= 8 areas, referring to its exact latitude, 8° below the Orkney’s, at 59-8= 51°N.

On the return route he also discovered the crossing of the Bering Strait, 1° below the holy Arctic Circle, at 67-1= 66°N (Sun religion). The inside pattern of the fourth triangle contains a total of 2+4= 6 patches, confirming its latitude, 6° above Cape Farvel, Greenland (shown in the glyph), at 60+6= 66°N. The diamond contains 4 small patches, also confirming the latitu-de, 4° below the 70th latitude line (shown in the glyph), at 70-4= 66°N.

Fifth DynastyDiscovery of the Atlantic CrossingsAt the left side of this Row a single piece of line was engraved, which represents the east co-ast of Greenland. It shows this island was already known in the Predynastic Period (c.3300-3100 BC). – It also shows the explorations of the Ocean to the west continued in the next, Fifth Dynasty. The decorated triangles in the lower Row represent the Kings of this dynasty. – The line also represents the coast of Baffin Island, Canada, at the other side of Davis Strait. This coast was reached for the first time in the Fifth Dynasty! (Refs.16-24)

KINGS First KingThe first decorated triangle of the lower Row represents the 1st king Userkaf (c.2517-2510 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. It has a single edge at both sides, confirming it. The pattern inside has one small triangle pointing upwards to the large, empty triangle above it. It appears he is compared with a predynastic king! It suggests nothing happened during his short reign.

The four small triangles and the outside edge form together 4+1= 5 units, confirming the Fifth Dynasty. Including the two inner edges these form a total of 5+2= 7 units, confirming the 7 years of reign of this king.

The pattern inside more or less resembles the previous pattern of the Third Dynasty (upper Row). The three enclosed areas suggest the 3rd king of the Fifth Dynasty will be important

(last decorated triangle of lower Row). However, the two small, upper triangles each have an edge, which suggest the 2nd king of this dynasty will be important, in particular (next deco-rated triangle).

Second King SahureThe second decorated triangle of this Row represents the 2nd king Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC) of this dynasty. It has a single edge at both sides, which clearly refers to the first decorated tri-angle of the upper Row, which represents the First Dynasty. The complicated pattern inside appears to show he crossed the Ocean and returned via the archipelagos of small islands al-ready known in this First Dynasty.

The bottom part of the pattern inside contains four long strips, which show he departed from the four southern Cape Verde islands, at 15°N. The three enclosed areas of the triangle encode the sailing direction of 30° SSW. It resembles an arrow pointing south, which indicates he discovered the Southern Crossing of the Ocean, with the wind and the current. This second decorated triangle shows the sailing distance was about 2 Moiras, or 20°. So, he arrived at Ca-pe São Roque (the holy Rock), Brazil, at 5°S, as confirmed by the total number of five verti-cal strips.

The western part of the pattern inside contains 4+4= 8 small areas, which show the Return Route started at Cape Race, the SE Cape of Newfoundland, 8° above the West Azores, at 39+8= 47°N. This second decorated triangle shows the initial sailing direction was 20° ESE and the sailing distance, with the wind and the current, was about 2 Moiras, or 20° to the two islands of the West Azores. It is clear this Return Route was also discovered by the 2nd king. The total number of 8+1= 9 areas inside confirm he returned via the nine islands of the Azo-res.

So, the 2nd king Sahure discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean. The two Rows of decorated triangles on this Stone are made in honor of this 2nd king. The two edges of the triangles of Dynasties II, III and IV are made in honor of him. The two enclosed areas of the first triangle representing Dynasty I are also made in honor of this king!

His decorated triangle contains a total of 9+1= 10 areas. The two small, upper triangles inside the previous decorated figure refer to this 2nd king. Together the 10+2= 12 patches confirm his 12 years of reign.

Third King NeferirkareThe third decorated triangle of the lower Row represents the 3rd King Neferirkare (c.2498-2478 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. It has no edge, because Greenland was already known in the Predynastic Period (c.3300-3100 BC). The triangle consists of two parts, because he used the knowledge of the 2nd king Sahure, who discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean.

The third triangle shows this king discovered the Northern Crossing of the Ocean, from the Shetland Islands via Cape Farvel, Greenland, to Cape Chidley, Canada, at the complementary latitude of the southern Nile Delta, at 90-30= 60°N. In antiquity the use of complementary la-titudes was very common. The left side of the triangle shows he crossed Davis Strait from the west coast of Greenland, at 60+3= 63°N.

So, the 3rd king Neferirkare discovered the third, Northern Crossing of the Ocean. At the western edge of the Stone is a carving of a row of three small triangles (images of South

Greenland), which confirm this 3rd king reached North America. This third carving is in ho-nor of this 3rd king. The three large, empty triangles pointing upwards are made in honor of him. The second decorated triangle of the upper Row consists of three enclosed areas in honor of this 3rd king! – The two areas in his decorated triangle confirm his 20 years of reign.

The first and second triangle of the upper Row has a total of 2+3= 5 areas, encoding the Fifth Dynasty, when all these important discoveries occurred. It honors the 2nd and 3rd king, res-pectively. This Stone has a length as well as a width of c.55 cm, or 5.0 micromoiras, confir-ming this important Dynasty. It was found in a habitation site of five huts, which confirm this Dynasty, too. (Refs.25-29)

DiscussionFourth DynastyLower on the Stone is a carving of an angle of 40°. It refers to the Stone itself, which repre-sents the North Atlantic Ocean. Its approximate size was known in the Fourth Dynasty. It is the fourth carving on the front side of the Stone, confirming it. – However, the Stone also symbolizes the continent of North America, which was discovered in the Fourth Dynasty. It has the shape of a square with four equal sides and angles, confirming it.

The Stone also symbolizes the South Atlantic Ocean. Its approximate size was known since the Fourth Dynasty. It also represents the continent of South America, which was discovered simultaneously.

AmericaThe first decorated triangle of the upper Row has two enclosed areas, and the second one three. Including the diamond (symbol of the Fourth Dynasty) each of the third and fourth tri-angles contain five enclosed areas. Together these 2+3+5+5= 15 enclosed areas encode the surface area of the discovered continent of South America of 15 square Moiras, or 18.5 milli-on km2 (officially 17.8 million km2, deviation of +3.9%).

Together with the three decorated triangles of the lower Row (or the three empty triangles of the upper Row) these areas encode the surface area of the discovered continent of North Ame-rica (without Greenland) of 15+3= 18 square Moiras, or 22.2 million km2 (officially 22.5 mil-lion km2, deviation of -1.3%). (Refs.30-38)

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