early church history teacher proof1 proofed by jen · wars. he called and presided over the council...

ConTEnTS

Teaching Guidelines ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28Chapter 7 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36Chapter 9 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40Chapter 10 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................44Chapter 11 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46Chapter 12 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48Chapter 13 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50Chapter 14 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52Chapter 15 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56Chapter 16 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60Chapter 17 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62Chapter 18 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64

AppEndix

appendix a: reading 1 — Christian Persecution .....................................................................................................................................................................68reading 2 — Justin and the logos .........................................................................................................................................................................70reading 3 — irenaeus against the Gnostics .................................................................................................................................................71

appendix B: Who’s Who in the early Church .....................................................................................................................................................73appendix C: Chart of ecumenical Councils ..........................................................................................................................................................76appendix d: Major heresies and schismatic Movements .......................................................................................................................77

TESTS & KEy 79Test i: Chapters 1-4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................80Test ii: Chapters 5-9 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................82Test iii: Chapters 10-15 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................84final exam .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87Test i: Chapters 1-4 — answer Key ................................................................................................................................................................................90Test ii: Chapters 5-9 — answer Key ..............................................................................................................................................................................92Test iii: Chapters 10-15 — answer Key ......................................................................................................................................................................94final exam — answer Key ....................................................................................................................................................................................................97

iii

CHApTEr 8CHApTEr SummAryThis chapter outlines Constantine’s rise to power and his following search for unity in the Church, which culminated in the council of Nicaea. Constantine is characterized as a somewhat confused, but nonetheless genuine, convert who came to power through successful civil wars. he called and presided over the council of Nicaea for the purpose of church unity, though its most significant impact was theological.

rEviEwConstantine, arius

KEy TErmS To rEviEwChi-rho

rEAdinG QuESTionS To rEviEw1, 3, 5

noTES – reading Questions• On Arianism, Question 3: as is

explained in future chapters, arianism is a heresy which claims that the son is not eternally existent, but is the first created being. arians conjured this notion, amongst other things, from a false understanding of the term “firstborn” which is applied to Jesus. This notion was distressing to many of the orthodox camp, for if the son was not of the same essence as the father, then how could the son be the author of salvation? again, we see how the logic of Christian redemption clarifies heresy. This, of course, is not to mention that “firstborn” is a term relating to ancient notions of inheritance and not origin. The firstborn receives the inheritance of the father, which, in the case of Christ, is the Church and the world redeemed through him.

36 Chapter 8

• Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch, Question 5: These three cities, along with Jerusalem, held the greatest prestige in Christianity from about the late second century onward. later, much power would move to the new imperial city of Constantinople, the “New rome.” one thing to notice: of these cities, only one is a Western city—rome. This example is but one of many to show that Christianity was far more pervasive and infl uential in the East and North. Africa in the fi rst three centuries than the West. in the fourth century, as we will see, the West would achieve greater prominence as it became common for the bishop of rome to invoke the legacy and authority of Peter.

37Chapter 8

noTES – primary readings• Eusebius, the Arian, pp. 310-311:

Though never fully condemned an arian, it is clear that eusebius had arian tendencies. Now, eusebius does att ribute much worth and honor to Christ, but does elicit doubt about the consubstantiality of the son with the father when he speaks of the son having “second place after him.” if not outright arian, eusebius is, at the very least, forgetful of st. Paul’s words: “and he is the head of the body, the church. he is the beginning, the fi rstborn from the dead, that in everything he might be preeminent.” (Colossians 1:18) No second place there.

38 Chapter 8

39Chapter 8

TESTS & KEy

79

TEST i: Chapters 1-4

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. Settled largely in caves near the Dead Sea. ______________________________________________________2. Claimed that Jesus only seemed to be a man. ____________________________________________________3. refers to the wide emigration of Jews from the area of Palestine. __________________________________4. insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself

from any association with the old Testament. ___________________________________________________5. The love of wisdom. _________________________________________________________________________6. Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures written in the 3rd century B.C. _________________________7. a diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.” __________________________________8. one who gives witness to something. __________________________________________________________9. a compilation of the four canonical Gospels made into one harmonious narrative. ______________________ 10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part,

Christian truth. _____________________________________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “logos.”

___________________________________________________________________________________________2. Bishop of Caesarea; the most important and influential historian of the early Church.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. The bishop of Lyons; exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates.

___________________________________________________________________________________________4. Primarily known for his work Apostolic Tradition. ________________________________________________5. second-century critic of Christianity; wrote a work named True Doctrine. ___________________________

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. according to Chadwick, how did Greco-roman society largely treat the Jews?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What was the predominant controversy concerning the Christian mission to the Gentiles? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What was the Christian stance toward the Gentile authorities of the roman empire? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What, in general, was the roman policy concerning other religions? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

80

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

Test i: Chapters 1-4

5. Primarily, what was the nature of Christian persecution? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What were the Gnostics generally trying to achieve? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. how were the scriptures corrupted, according to Marcion? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What was the Gnostic view of nature? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What were the three “weapons” against the heresies of Gnosticism and Marcionism? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. What was the most important cause of Christian success? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

11. how did the early Christians meet the challenge of slavery and status of women? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What would gain Jews more favor than Christians from the pagan world? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What was the “best” argument in support of the divine origin of Christianity? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

14. What was Justin’s evaluation of philosophy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

15. What is “recapitulation” as described in the book? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

16. how does irenaeus understand history? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

17. What was irenaeus’ main argument against the Gnostics? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

81Test i: Chapters 1-4

TEST ii: Chapters 5-9

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. Claimed that the three persons of the Trinity are not distinct persons but aspects of a single person.

___________________________________________________________________________________________2. The theological claim that the Father suffers, specifically with respect to the crucifixion.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. Meaning “nature” or “essence,” but later used in theological language to mean “person” as a

distinct entity. ______________________________________________________________________________4. A work which laid 5 different texts parallel to one another in columns accompanied with Origen’s

textual notes. _______________________________________________________________________________5. a movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their

faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of decius. ______________________________6. held that church leaders who had succumbed to the pressures of persecution made their priestly

work illegitimate. ___________________________________________________________________________7. The first Greek letters in the name of Christ, which was used as a Christian symbol. __________________8. Belief that the son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the father.

___________________________________________________________________________________________9. from the Greek meaning “of like essence.”______________________________________________________10. from the Greek meaning “of the same essence.” _________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. former slave who became the bishop of rome in a.d. 217. ________________________________________2. The first great Latin theologian; laid the groundwork for the doctrine of the Trinity. __________________3. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and

prolific biblical scholar. _______________________________________________________________________4. Bishop of Carthage; most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he

articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church. ______________________________5. responsible for starting the worst Christian persecution, in which Christians were pursued, their

buildings taken, and their literature confiscated. _________________________________________________6. Became emperor after civil wars with both Maxentius and licinius; gave great aid to the Church by

promoting building campaigns and making the empire a peaceable place for them to live. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The bishop of alexandria and vocal opponent of the arian heresy. _________________________________

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. What were the two options for the celebration of easter during the easter controversy?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

82

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

Test ii: Chapters 5-9

2. how does one best articulate God’s “oneness” and “threeness” simultaneously? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. according to Tertullian, what was the primary intellectual task of the Christian? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. in contrast to Clement, what was origen’s estimation of pagan philosophy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the purpose of origen’s hexapla? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. according to origen, what is the purpose of the Bible? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What was specifically demanded under the persecution of Decius? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What controversy did the decian persecution create? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What was Constantine’s personal religious belief? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Why did Constantine wish for a council to gather at ancyra in 325? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What did the Council of Nicaea resolve concerning the relationship between the father and the son? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What made the “homoiousios formula” attractive to many of the Greek church leaders? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What was the unfortunate result of the Council of rimini and seleucia after Nicaea? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

14. What was the resolution of the Council of Constantinople concerning the holy spirit? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

83Test ii: Chapters 5-9

TEST iii : Chapters 10-15

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. from the latin signifying a civilian or rural villager. _____________________________________________2. adherents would undergo “secret” rites which often involved a myth of death and rebirth.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. The bishop over the principal city in a certain province. __________________________________________4. from the Greek word for an athlete, the term denotes those who subject themselves to more strenuous

spiritual practices. ___________________________________________________________________________5. The latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.

___________________________________________________________________________________________6. a confusion of Christ’s divine nature which states that Christ was fully man in body and in soul, but not

in “spirit.” __________________________________________________________________________________7. The term referring to those who believe that Christ only possessed one divine nature, though taking on

a physical body. _____________________________________________________________________________8. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures. __________________________9. Held that clergy could not hold ecclesiastical office due to their “apostasy” under the reign of Diocletian.

___________________________________________________________________________________________10. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms

could gain momentum. _______________________________________________________________________2. Nicknamed the “Golden mouth,” he was the bishop of Constantinople._____________________________3. Gallic by descent, he became a respected orator and preacher in Milan due to his great learning and

pleasing speech. _____________________________________________________________________________4. first to claim that the authority of the roman Church is based on its apostolic origin in st. Peter.

___________________________________________________________________________________________5. Called the father and founder of monasticism, he was a hermit monk who dwelled in the deserts of egypt.

___________________________________________________________________________________________6. Wrote the most influential work of communal monasticism. ______________________________________7. Founder of the first monasteries and thus considered the founder of communal monasticism.

___________________________________________________________________________________________8. Bishop of alexandria, he was instrumental in the orthodox victory of Nestorianism.

___________________________________________________________________________________________9. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa.

___________________________________________________________________________________________10. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speaking West.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

84

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

Test iii: Chapters 10-15

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. how did the non-Christian masses understand pagan religion?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. how did Julian practically oppose the Christians? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. how did the role and status of bishops change from the time between Julian and Theodosius? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How did Church-State relations affect the nomination of bishops in the fourth century? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. in what tasks were bishops largely, and frustratingly, consumed in the late third century and fourth century? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What seemed to be the goal of ascetic life overall? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What actions of John Chrysostom earned the malice of the people in Constantinople? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What lesson does Chadwick draw from the life of John Chrysostom? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. What was the popular reaction to the theology of Nestorius? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

85Test iii: Chapters 10-15

11. What were the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon concerning the person of Christ? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What was the primary disagreement between the donatists and the Catholics? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. according to Pelagius, what is the origin of sin? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

14. how did the east react to the filioque Clause? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

86 Test iii: Chapters 10-15

finAl ExAm

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. refers to the bishop of rome, who, by virtue of his succession from st. Peter, is the chief bishop over the

roman Catholic Church. _____________________________________________________________________2. Belief that the son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the father.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. refers to the position which denounces the use of images in Church liturgy and devotion.

___________________________________________________________________________________________4. from the Greek meaning “of the same essence.” _________________________________________________5. Means “foreigner,” but also carried the connotation of “uncivilized” or “uncultivated.”

___________________________________________________________________________________________6. a diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.” __________________________________7. Specific tribe of barbarians with settlements extending from modern Germany at the Danube all the way

to the Black sea in modern romania. ___________________________________________________________8. insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself

from any association with the old Testament. ___________________________________________________9. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures. __________________________10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part,

Christian truth. ______________________________________________________________________________11. a movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their

faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of decius. ______________________________12. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world.

___________________________________________________________________________________________13. The latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and

prolific biblical scholar. _______________________________________________________________________2. Known for his work the Tome, in which he invoked the supremacy of the roman Church.


___________________________________________________________________________________________4. Bishop of rome often recognized as a bridge to the Medieval Church from the ancient Church.

___________________________________________________________________________________________5. The bishop of Lyons, he exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates. ___________________________6. a monk who formerly served at the court of a Muslim caliph, known for his contribution in the

iconoclast controversy, in which he advocated the use of images in worship. ________________________

87

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

final exam

7. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms could gain momentum. _______________________________________________________________________

9. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speaking West. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “logos.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________

11. The bishop of alexandria and vocal opponent of the arian heresy. _________________________________12. Bishop of Carthage, he is most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he

articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church. ______________________________

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. What is Leo’s most significant contribution to the authority of Rome?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. how did the lombards improve the state of the papacy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What further encouraged the Church to evangelize the barbarians? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What was Bede’s thesis in his History? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What theological convictions ground the use of liturgy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________


7. What were Clement of alexandria’s criteria for appropriate music? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. explain the relationship between pagan and Christian symbols. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

88 final exam










18. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________



89final exam

Essenes Docetism Dispersion (or “Diaspora”)

Marcionism philosophy Septuagint Gnosticism martyr Diatessaron

Logos

Justin Martyr

Eusebius of Caesarea

Irenaeus of Lyons Hippolytus Celsus

With a certain mistrust and even “hostile prejudice.”

Whether converts were obligated to follow the ceremonial law in order to be Christians.

Christians overall took a peaceful stance toward the Roman state.

The Roman state was generally tolerant of other religions.

TEST i: Chapters 1-4 — answer Key

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. Settled largely in caves near the Dead Sea. ______________________________________________________2. Claimed that Jesus only seemed to be a man. ____________________________________________________3. refers to the wide emigration of Jews from the area of Palestine. __________________________________4. insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself

from any association with the old Testament. ___________________________________________________5. The love of wisdom. _________________________________________________________________________6. Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures written in the 3rd century B.C. _________________________7. a diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.” __________________________________8. one who gives witness to something. __________________________________________________________9. a compilation of the four canonical Gospels made into one harmonious narrative. ______________________ 10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part,

Christian truth. _____________________________________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “logos.”

___________________________________________________________________________________________2. Bishop of Caesarea; the most important and influential historian of the early Church.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. The bishop of Lyons; exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates.

___________________________________________________________________________________________4. Primarily known for his work Apostolic Tradition. ________________________________________________5. second-century critic of Christianity; wrote a work named True Doctrine. ___________________________

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. according to Chadwick, how did Greco-roman society largely treat the Jews?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What was the predominant controversy concerning the Christian mission to the Gentiles? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________


4. What, in general, was the roman policy concerning other religions? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

90

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

Test i: Chapters 1-4 — answer Key

Primarily Christian persecution was localized and took place over relatively short periods of time.

The Gnostics were trying to achieve liberation from matter/the material world.

By being “too Jewish.”

The material world existed at the farthest distance from the supreme god, thus Gnostics tended to disparage material things.

1) Ministerial Authority 2) Articulation of the Canon 3) The “Rule of Faith”

Christian charity

Christians did much to elevate publicly the intrinsic value of women and slaves, though they did not seek to overturn social norms completely.

The fact that the Jewish faith was old and “at least the custom of their fathers.”

The argument from prophecy

That Christianity, in a certain sense, was philosophy in full bloom.

It refers to the gaining of what was lost at the Fall.

He claims that history is like a “progressive education.”

The true teaching of the Church has been faithfully and successfully handed down from the apostles to subsequent trusted leaders, what we call “apostolic succession.”


6. What were the Gnostics generally trying to achieve? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. how were the scriptures corrupted, according to Marcion? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________


9. What were the three “weapons” against the heresies of Gnosticism and Marcionism? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. What was the most important cause of Christian success? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

11. how did the early Christians meet the challenge of slavery and status of women? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What would gain Jews more favor than Christians from the pagan world? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What was the “best” argument in support of the divine origin of Christianity? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

14. What was Justin’s evaluation of philosophy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

15. What is “recapitulation” as described in the book? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

16. how does irenaeus understand history? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________


91Test i: Chapters 1-4 — answer Key

Modalism

Patripassionism

Hypostasis

Hexapla

Novationism

Donatism Chi-Rho

Arianism Homoiousias Homoousias

Callistus Tertullian

Origen

Cyprian

Diocletian

Constantine Athanasius

Either on the 14th day of Nissan (eastern churches) or the Sunday after the Jewish Passover (Rome and Antioch).

TEST ii: Chapters 5-9 — answer Key

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. Claimed that the three persons of the Trinity are not distinct persons but aspects of a single person.

___________________________________________________________________________________________2. The theological claim that the Father suffers, specifically with respect to the crucifixion.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. Meaning “nature” or “essence,” but later used in theological language to mean “person” as a

distinct entity. ______________________________________________________________________________4. A work which laid 5 different texts parallel to one another in columns accompanied with Origen’s

textual notes. _______________________________________________________________________________5. a movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their

faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of decius. ______________________________6. held that church leaders who had succumbed to the pressures of persecution made their priestly

work illegitimate. ___________________________________________________________________________7. The first Greek letters in the name of Christ, which was used as a Christian symbol. __________________8. Belief that the son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the father.

___________________________________________________________________________________________9. from the Greek meaning “of like essence.”______________________________________________________10. from the Greek meaning “of the same essence.” _________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. former slave who became the bishop of rome in a.d. 217. ________________________________________2. The first great Latin theologian; laid the groundwork for the doctrine of the Trinity. __________________3. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and

prolific biblical scholar. _______________________________________________________________________4. Bishop of Carthage; most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he

articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church. ______________________________5. responsible for starting the worst Christian persecution, in which Christians were pursued, their

buildings taken, and their literature confiscated. _________________________________________________6. Became emperor after civil wars with both Maxentius and licinius; gave great aid to the Church by

promoting building campaigns and making the empire a peaceable place for them to live. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The bishop of alexandria and vocal opponent of the arian heresy. _________________________________

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. What were the two options for the celebration of easter during the easter controversy?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

92

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

Test ii: Chapters 5-9 — answer Key

That God is “one substance consisting in three persons.”

It was to wage war against demonic powers.

Origen held it in no high esteem whatever and often exuded an “ice-cold disparagement” of it.

It was a means in which Origen sought to find the most accurate Septuagint text in order to answer Jewish detractors.

The Bible’s purpose is to convey “spiritual” truth, not merely history or stories.

It was required that all who worshipped the gods obtain a libellus proving their devotion.

The Decian persecution created what is often called the Novatianist schism.

He was emphatically a Christian, yet held cultic beliefs in the Unconquered Sun (Lat. Sol Invictus).

Constantine primarily desired unity in the Church, but the Arian controversy threatened that unity.

That the Father is of the same essence as the Son (homoousios).

It suggested a high view of the Son’s status, but allowed no room for the Sabellian error.

It was a means by which the Arians were able to persuade the bishops to accept a vague formula which left plenty of room for Arianism.

That though the Son is begotten of the Father, the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father.


3. according to Tertullian, what was the primary intellectual task of the Christian? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. in contrast to Clement, what was origen’s estimation of pagan philosophy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the purpose of origen’s hexapla? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________



8. What controversy did the decian persecution create? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What was Constantine’s personal religious belief? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________



12. What made the “homoiousios formula” attractive to many of the Greek church leaders? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What was the unfortunate result of the Council of rimini and seleucia after Nicaea? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

14. What was the resolution of the Council of Constantinople concerning the holy spirit? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

93Test ii: Chapters 5-9 — answer Key

Paganism

Mystery Cult Metropolitan

Ascetic

Coenobium

Apollinarianism

Monophysite Nestorianism

Donatism

Pelagianism

Julian the Apostate John Chrysostom

Ambrose of Milan

Damasus

Antony Benedict

Pachomias

Cyril of Alexandria

Augustine

Jerome

TEST iii : Chapters 10-15 — answer Key

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. from the latin signifying a civilian or rural villager. _____________________________________________2. adherents would undergo “secret” rites which often involved a myth of death and rebirth.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. The bishop over the principal city in a certain province. __________________________________________4. from the Greek word for an athlete, the term denotes those who subject themselves to more strenuous

spiritual practices. ___________________________________________________________________________5. The latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.

___________________________________________________________________________________________6. a confusion of Christ’s divine nature which states that Christ was fully man in body and in soul, but not

in “spirit.” __________________________________________________________________________________7. The term referring to those who believe that Christ only possessed one divine nature, though taking on

a physical body. _____________________________________________________________________________8. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures. __________________________9. Held that clergy could not hold ecclesiastical office due to their “apostasy” under the reign of Diocletian.

___________________________________________________________________________________________10. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms

could gain momentum. _______________________________________________________________________2. Nicknamed the “Golden mouth,” he was the bishop of Constantinople._____________________________3. Gallic by descent, he became a respected orator and preacher in Milan due to his great learning and

pleasing speech. _____________________________________________________________________________4. first to claim that the authority of the roman Church is based on its apostolic origin in st. Peter.


___________________________________________________________________________________________6. Wrote the most influential work of communal monasticism. ______________________________________7. Founder of the first monasteries and thus considered the founder of communal monasticism.

___________________________________________________________________________________________8. Bishop of alexandria, he was instrumental in the orthodox victory of Nestorianism.

___________________________________________________________________________________________9. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa.

___________________________________________________________________________________________10. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speaking West.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

94

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

Test iii: Chapters 10-15 — answer Key

Pagan religion was a religion of utility and patriotism. Devotion was a useful safeguard against the wrath of unseen powers.

1) He sought to rebuild pagan temples; 2) sought to remove Christians from places of influence; and 3) modeled the structures of paganism on the structures of Christianity.

In this time, bishops began to take the responsibilities of civil servants, causing their status to increase.

We see the hand of government influencing the decision of who would lead within the Church.

They were often called to advocate for their parishioners in secular interests.

They sought detachment from the world in order to love eternal things more than worldly things.

Moral and spiritual purity which thus brought the individual closer to God.

John did not seek to cater to the rather lavish expectations of the people, so they thought him too cold and difficult.

Chadwick highlights John as an example of the uneasy relationship between the Church and the State.

The popular reaction was unfavorable, for the theology of Nestorius challenged the formulations of popular piety.

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. how did the non-Christian masses understand pagan religion?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. how did Julian practically oppose the Christians? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. how did the role and status of bishops change from the time between Julian and Theodosius? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How did Church-State relations affect the nomination of bishops in the fourth century? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. in what tasks were bishops largely, and frustratingly, consumed in the late third century and fourth century? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What seemed to be the goal of ascetic life overall? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What actions of John Chrysostom earned the malice of the people in Constantinople? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What lesson does Chadwick draw from the life of John Chrysostom? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. What was the popular reaction to the theology of Nestorius? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

95Test iii: Chapters 10-15 — answer Key

It resolved that the two natures of Christ exist in perfect unity but without confusion, coming together to form one person and one hypostasis.

Donatists believed that the efficacy of the sacrament depended on the piety of the minister, while the Catholics believed the sacrament possessed its own efficacy.

We sin through the weakness of our condition, not by our inheritance in Adam. Sin, therefore, is an external reality which influences the soul.

Adding this clause to the Creed seemed to the East to be another assertion of authority which ignored the established churches of the East.


12. What was the primary disagreement between the donatists and the Catholics? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________



96 Test iii: Chapters 10-15 — answer Key

Origen Leo I

Antony

Gregory the Great Irenaeus of Lyons

Damascus

Pope

Arianism

Iconoclasm Homoousias Barbarian Gnosticism

Goth

Marcionism Nestorianism

Logos

Novationism

Pelagianism

Coenobium

finAl ExAm — answer Key

TErmS: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided.1. refers to the bishop of rome, who, by virtue of his succession from st. Peter, is the chief bishop over the

roman Catholic Church. _____________________________________________________________________2. Belief that the son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the father.

___________________________________________________________________________________________3. refers to the position which denounces the use of images in Church liturgy and devotion.

___________________________________________________________________________________________4. from the Greek meaning “of the same essence.” _________________________________________________5. Means “foreigner,” but also carried the connotation of “uncivilized” or “uncultivated.”

___________________________________________________________________________________________6. a diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.” __________________________________7. Specific tribe of barbarians with settlements extending from modern Germany at the Danube all the way

to the Black sea in modern romania. ___________________________________________________________8. insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself

from any association with the old Testament. ___________________________________________________9. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures. __________________________10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part,

Christian truth. ______________________________________________________________________________11. a movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their

faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of decius. ______________________________12. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world.

___________________________________________________________________________________________13. The latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

pEoplE: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided.1. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and

prolific biblical scholar. _______________________________________________________________________2. Known for his work the Tome, in which he invoked the supremacy of the roman Church.


___________________________________________________________________________________________4. Bishop of rome often recognized as a bridge to the Medieval Church from the ancient Church.

___________________________________________________________________________________________5. The bishop of Lyons, he exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates. ___________________________6. a monk who formerly served at the court of a Muslim caliph, known for his contribution in the

iconoclast controversy, in which he advocated the use of images in worship. ________________________

97

Name:__________________________________________________ date: ___________________ score: ________

final exam — answer Key

It rests primarily in his articulation and stalwart adherence to the doctrine of Petrine authority, which states that the bishop of Rome is the successor of St. Peter.

After the Lombards kicked out the Byzantine armies and granted the Church a degree of independence, Gregory the Great was free to act more independently of the Byzantine East.

The Christians thought that if the barbarians were made Christians, their violence would be stayed and their relationship with the Roman culture would be peaceable.

“The Church alone can provide the cement capable of bonding the fractious tribes in different parts of the British Isles.”

The conviction that the Church “could not live on a purely individualistic inwardness.”

That the true teaching of the church has been faithfully and successfully handed down from the apostles to subsequent trusted leaders, what we call “apostolic succession.”

Clement thought that church music should be orderly and “austere,” so to avoid association with paganism.

In form, pagan and Christian symbols were identical. The Christians, however, would take these symbols and inject rich Christian meaning into them.

Augustine

Julian the Apostate

Jerome

Justin Martyr Athanasius

Cyprian

7. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms could gain momentum. _______________________________________________________________________

9. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speaking West. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “logos.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________

11. The bishop of alexandria and vocal opponent of the arian heresy. _________________________________12. Bishop of Carthage, he is most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he

articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church. ______________________________

SHorT AnSwEr: Answer the following questions in the space provided.1. What is Leo’s most significant contribution to the authority of Rome?

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. how did the lombards improve the state of the papacy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What further encouraged the Church to evangelize the barbarians? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What was Bede’s thesis in his History? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What theological convictions ground the use of liturgy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________


7. What were Clement of alexandria’s criteria for appropriate music? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. explain the relationship between pagan and Christian symbols. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

98 final exam — answer Key

That the Father is of the same essence as the Son (homoousios).

Primarily Christian persecution was localized and took place over relatively short periods of time.

Christians overall took a peaceful stance toward the Roman state.

Constantine primarily desired unity in the Church, but the Arian controversy threatened that unity.

The material world existed at the farthest distance from the supreme god, thus Gnostics tended to disparage material things.

It was required that all who worshipped the gods obtain a libellus proving their devotion.

That God is “one substance consisting in three persons.”

The Bible’s purpose is to convey “spiritual” truth, not merely history or stories.

It resolved that the two natures of Christ exist in perfect unity but without confusion, coming together to form one person and one hypostasis.

They sought detachment from the world in order to love eternal things more than worldly things.

We sin through the weakness of our condition, not by our inheritance in Adam. Sin, therefore, is an external reality which influences the soul.

Adding this clause to the Creed seemed to the East to be another assertion of authority which ignored the established churches of the East.










18. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________



99final exam — answer Key

early church history teacher proof1 proofed by jen · wars. he called and presided over the council...

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