early chordates, craniate and vertebrate origins where does it start? part 1
TRANSCRIPT
Early Chordates, Craniate and vertebrate origins
Where does it start?
Part 1
Phylum Chordata
Animal Kingdom Vertebrates over here
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Phylum Chordata
Pikaia – a very early (fossil) chordate
Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Chordata - Origins
Carpoids
…..a link between non-chordates and chordates?
Fossil echinoderms
DeuterostomiaAmbulacraria
Chaetognatha Xenoturbellida Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata
Xenoturbella Enteropneusta Pterobranchia
Hooded circletof spinesaround mouth
Loss of gill slits
Pentaradiality
Endoskeleton ofstereom ossicles
Buccal diverticulumMesocoelomic
ducts
Postanal tail
Notochord
Endostyle orthyroid glandCoelom tripartite
Axial complex
Unique larvalmorphology
Diffuse nervous system
Unusual ciliary structure
Mouth not derived from blastopore
Enterocoely
Gill slits in pharynx
Radial determinate cleavage
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
5 traits define all chordates
Protochordata Agnatha
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gills
Neural crest
*notochord*dorsal hollow nerve cord*pharyngeal slits*postanal tail*endostyle
5 traits define all chordates
Endostyle
Chordate Traits
Gill arches
Vertebral Column
Complex central Nervous system
Adaptive significance
Pikaia – a very early (fossil) chordate
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Phylum Chordata
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Protochordates”
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium)
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Craniates
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Vertebrates
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Fishes”
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Fishes”: 6 distinct lineages
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Tetrapods
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Amphibians
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Amniotes
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Mammals (Synapsida)
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin n epidermis
Diapsida (“reptiles” + birds)
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Protochordates”
Not craniates – but the same phylum
Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancetes, amphioxus
perforated pharynx
nerve cord notochord
endostyle post-anal tail
Subphylum Craniata
Subphylum Craniata
Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Craniata
Vertebrata
Vertebrata
Craniata
Cranium
Craniate innovations
Craniate innovations
Tripartite brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Craniate innovations
Complex Cranial Sense organs
Olfaction
Vision
Hearing (otic)
Craniate innovations
Inner ear with at least one semicircular canal
Unique embryonic tissues
Craniate innovations ?
neural crest cells
ectodermal placodes
Craniate
Acraniate Chordate
Very early craniates (probably)
†Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys †others
†Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys †others
Very early craniates (probably)
Relationships under debate
†Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys
Most primitive (living) craniate
Hagfishes
Vertebrata
Craniata
Vertebrata
Vertebrates
Vertebrate innovations
Vertebrae
Inner ear with at least two semicircular canals
Vertebrate innovations
All sorts of new physiology
Vertebrate innovations
Most primitive living vertebrate
Lampreys
Vertebrata
Craniates
Vertebrates
Craniates
Vertebrates