eagle creek park eagles crest 2007 floral inventory

Ten year resurvey of permanent plots

at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve,

Eagle Creek Park, Indianapolis, IN

Rebecca Dolan and Marcia Moore

Friesner Herbarium, Butler University

4600 Sunset Ave.

Indianapolis, IN 42608

[email protected] [email protected]

11/23/07

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

2

Background

Permanent plots allow changes in vegetation to be tracked through time. In

1997, we established eight plots with 3 x 3 center grid points scattered

throughout Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve at Eagle Creek Park. We quantified

all woody and herbaceous species present in the plots and evaluated the quality

of the vegetation, noting especially invasive exotic species of concern. The

results of that study, along with details of our sampling technique and a review of

site characteristics were presented in our report to IndyParks dated October 13,

1997. Here we present results of a resurvey of the plots conducted during the

summer of 2007, and compare the data with those obtained in 1997.

Methods

We used the same vegetation survey procedures used in our 1997 survey. Data

were collected during the first two weeks of June, the same time of year as our

original work. Following the initial survey, point centers were permanently

marked with numbered tags affixed to plastic poles and their locations plotted

using global positioning systems (GPS). One of the original plots, labeled “E”,

was never permanently marked by IndyParks staff and so was not resampled this

year. Locations of plots are indicated in Figure 1.

3

Figure 1. Location of permanent plots at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve.

4

Results

A total of 111 species were identified within the sample plots in 1997, with 114

seen in 2007 (Table 1). Although the total number of species seen in plots

varied by only three between 1997 and 2007, this does not mean there was a

change involving only three species. Thirty species were seen in 2007 that were

not recorded in 1997 (Table 1). These plants include three ferns (Ebony

spleenwort, Beech fern and Christmas fern), several grasses, and other plants

characteristic of mature upland hardwood forest communities. Missing in 2007,

but seen in 1997 were early spring ephemerals such as Bloodroot, Cutleaf

toothwort, Dutchmen’s breeches, and Harbinger-of-spring, indicating that

although sampling occurred at the same time both years, the season was

advanced phenologically in 2007. No plants listed as rare, threatened, or

endangered by the Division of Nature Preserves were seen in either sample

years. Only one new non-native species was seen, Winged burning-bush. Two

new species, the shrubs Leatherwood (Dirca palustris) and Blackhaw (Viburnum

prunifolium), were seen off-plots in 2007. These were noted during treks to the

plots, we did not attempt to canvas the entire preserve.

Plot-level data for both sample years are presented in Appendix 1 for tree-layer

vegetation and in Appendix 2 for herb-layer vegetation. For the tree-layer, some

large trees were lost due to death between 1997 and 2007. A few large trees

were present in plots in 2007 that were not recorded in 1997. Some of these

trees are of large enough size that they are unlikely to have been missed in 1997

and could not be new growth. Likely explanations for the discrepancy between

the two sample years include slight changes in the location of point centers as

the permanent markers were installed and points were GPS’ed (a tree was

considered in the plot if more than one-half of the trunk was in, so a few cm.

change could affect inclusion) and data recording errors. In cases of

discrepancy, the 2007 data are suggested to be more reliable.

5

Table 1. All species present on plots at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve in 1997 and 2007. Scientific name Common name 1997 2007

Acer negundo Box elder x x

Acer nigrum Black maple x

Acer saccharum Sugar maple x x

Actea alba Doll's eyes x x

Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye x x

Agrimonia parviflora Small-flowered agrimony x

Alliaria petiolata* Garlic mustard x x

Allium tricoccum Wild leek or ramps x x

Anemonella thalictroides Rue anemone x

Antennaria neglecta Field pussytoes x x

Arisaema dracontium Green dragon x

Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit x x

Asarum canadense Wild ginger x x

Asimina tribola Paw paw x x

Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort x

Aster divaricatus White wood aster x x

Boehmeria cylindrica False nettles x x

Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake fern x

Brachyelytrum erectum Bearded shorthusk x

Cardamine concatenata Cut-leaf toothwort x

Carex communis Sedge x

Carex jamesii Sedge x

Carex laxiflora Sedge x x

Carpinus caroliniana Musclewood x x

Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory x x

Carya glabra Pignut hickory x x

Carya laciniosa Shellbark hickory x x

Carya ovata Shagbark hickory x x

Celtis occidentalis Hackberry x x

Cercis canadensis Redbud x x

Cinna arundinacea Wood reed x

Circaea quadrisulcata Enchanter's nightshade x

Claytonia virginica Spring beauty x x

Cornus florida Flowering dogwood x x

Cornus racemosa Gray dogwood x

Crataegus mollis Downy hawthorn x x

Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort x

Cystopteris fragilis Brittle fern x x

Danthonia spicata Poverty grass x

Dichanthelium clandestinum Deertongue x

Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's breeches x

Diospyros virginiana Persimmon x

Discorea quaternata Fourleaf yam x

Dryopteris marginalis Marginal woodfern x

Elymus hystrix Bottlebrush grass x

Epifagus virginiana Beech drops x

6

Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger of Spring x

Erigeron annus Fleabane x

Erythronium americanum American troutlily x

Euonymous alatus* Winged burning-bush x

Eupatorium purpureum Sweet joe-pye weed x

Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot x x

Fagus grandifolia American beech x x

Festuca subverticillata Nodding fescue x

Fraxinus americana American ash x

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash x

Fraxinus profunda Pumpkin ash x

Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash x x

Galium aparine Cleavers x x

Galium boreale Northern bedstraw x

Galium circaezans Wild licorice x

Galium tinctorium Tiny bedstraw x x

Galium triflorum Fragrant bedstraw x

Geranium maculatum Wild geranium x x

Geum canadense White avens x x

Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffee-tree x

Helianthus decapetalus Thin-leaved sunflower x

Helianthus divaricatus Woodland sunflower x

Hepatica americana Liverleaf x x

Hydrangea arborescens Wild hydrangea x Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Appendaged waterleaf x x

Hydrophyllum canadense Broad-leaved waterleaf x x

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Largeleaf waterleaf x x

Hypericum punctatum Spotted St. John's wort x

Impatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed x x

Isopyrum biternatum False rue-anemone x x

Jeffersonia diphylla Twinleaf x

Juglans nigra Black walnut x x

Laportea canadensis Wood nettle x x

Lindera benzoin Spice bush x x

Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar x x

Lonicera japonica* Japanese honeysuckle x x

Lonicera tatarica* Tatarian honeysuckle x x

Lysimachia lanceolata Lance-leaved loosestrife x x

Medeola virginica Indian cucumber-root x

Menispermum canadense Canada moonseed x x

Osmorhiza claytonii Sweet cicely x x

Ostrya virginiana Hophornbeam x

Oxalis stricta Yellow wood sorrel x x

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper x x

Phacelia bipinnatifida Phacelia x x

Phalaris arundinaceae* Reed canary grass x

Phlox divaricata Spring phlox x x

Platanus occidentalis Sycamore x x

Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass x

Podopyllum peltatum May-apple x x

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Polemonium reptans Greek valerian x x

Polygonatum biflorum True Solomon's seal x x

Polygonum amphibium Water smartweed x

Polygonum virginianum Virginian knotweed x x

Polymnia canadensis Leaf-cup x

Polystrichum acrostichoides Christmas fern x

Prenanthes altissima Wild lettuce x x

Prunus serotina Black cherry x x

Quercus alba White oak x x

Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak x x

Quercus muehlenbergi1 Chinquapin oak x x

Quercus rubra Red oak x x

Quercus velutina Black oak x x

Ranunculus septentrionalis Swamp buttercup x

Ribes cynosbati Gooseberry x x

Rosa carolina Pasture rosa x

Rosa multiflora* Multiflora rose x x

Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry x x

Sambucus canadensis Elderberry x

Sanguinaria canadensis Blood-root x

Sanicula marilandica Black snakeroot x x

Sassafras albidum Sassafras x x

Senecio obovatus Round-leaved golden ragwort x

Smilacina racemosa False Solomon's seal x

Smilax herbacea Smooth greenbriar x

Smilax hispida Hispid greenbriar x x

Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod x x

Solidago caesia Blue-stemmed goldenrod x

Solidago flexicaulis Zig-zag goldenrod x

Staphylea trifolia Bladder-nut x x

Stellaria pubera Star chickweed x

Stylophorum diphyllum Wood-poppy x

Taraxacum officinale* Dandelion x x

Thelypteris hexagonoptera Beech fern x

Tilia americana Basswood or linden x x

Toxicodendron radicans Poison-ivy x x

Tradescantia subaspera Spiderwort x x

Trillium flexipes Nodding trillium x

Trillium recurvatum Prairie trillium x x

Trillium sessile Toadshade x

Triosteum aurantiacum Horse gentian x x

Ulmus rubra Slippery elm x x

Uvularia grandiflora Large-flowered bellwort x x

Valeriana pauciflora Large-flowered valerian x x

Viola pubescens Smooth yellow violet x

Viola sagittata Arrow-leaved violet x x

Viola striata Cream violet x x

Vitis vulpina Grapevine x x

*non-native species

8

Tree-layer vegetation

During the ten years between sampling years, the number of trees (defined here

as all woody vegetation larger than 1 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) at

Eagle’s Crest increased by almost 50% (Table 2). Basal area increased by

almost 25%. Increased density was mostly due to large increases in the

numbers of American ash, Paw paw, and Tulip poplar trees (Table 3). Many of

these new trees were in plot C, an area that was noted in 1997 to have been

disturbed by a straight-line wind event. Flowering dogwood decreased. Sugar

maple remained by far the most important species, with an Importance Value

near 40% in both sample years.

Frequency vs. size histograms for selected species show how the size

distribution of trees has changed with time. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

continues to have many small trees, mostly 2.5 cm dbh and smaller (Figure 2a).

Beech (Fagus grandifolia) also has many small trees, suggesting the species is

being reproductively successful and is replacing itself at the site (Figure 2b). Elm

(mostly Ulmus rubra) has many small trees, but fewer new recruits in the

smallest size class than Sugar maple or Beech, relative to larger classes,

suggesting that recruitment of this species is declining (Figure 2c). Histograms

for both White oak (Quercus alba) and Red oak (Quercus rubra) do not show

healthy, sustainable size trends (Figure 2d and e). They have few trees in the

smaller size classes, but continue to have several very large individuals.

Table 2 . Comparison of the structure of tree-level vegetation in permanent plots at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve in 1997 and 2007.

1997 2007

No. of trees 593 884

Density (trees/ha) 910 1,403

Basal area (dm2/ha) 2,038 2,540

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Table 3. Tree-layer vegetation at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve in 1997 and 2007.

(Trees/ha) (Trees/ha) (dm2/ha) (dm2/ha) (%) (%)

American ash Fraxinus americana 1.4 27.0 42.2 208.6 0.9 5.4

American beech Fagus grandifolia 27.8 36.5 169.0 221.5 5.9 5.6

Basswood or linden Tilia americana 8.3 14.3 99.8 40.8 2.7 1.9

Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 2.8 7.9 14.2 47.7 0.6 1.5

Black cherry Prunus serotina 26.4 17.5 58.9 20.1 3.5 1.7

Black maple Acer nigrum - 11.1 - 10.0 - 1.0

Black oak Quercus velutina 4.2 1.6 75.4 31.4 1.8 0.6

Black walnut Juglans nigra 2.8 - 5.2 - 0.5 -

Bladder-nut Staphylea trifolia 2.8 39.7 0.0 1.0 0.2 1.4

Blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 15.3 6.4 1.8 0.2 1.7 0.4

Box elder Acer negundo 1.4 3.2 0.9 2.0 0.2 0.2

Burr oak Quercus macrocarpa 1.4 1.6 5.4 12.1 0.3 0.3

Chinquapin oak Quercus muhlenbergii 13.9 14.3 96.6 142.4 3.1 3.2

Elm sp. Ulmus rubra 55.6 73.0 25.2 38.2 5.2 7.6

Flowering dogwood Cornus florida 30.6 9.5 14.9 1.3 2.9 0.8

Grapevine Vitis sp. 1.4 3.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1.4 1.6 73.4 0.0 1.4 0.2

Hackberry Celtis occidentalis 15.3 7.9 17.3 22.6 2.3 1.2

Hickory seedling Carya species 1.4 - 1.4 - 0.4 -

Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana - 14.3 - 6.3 - 1.1

Kentucky coffee-tree Gymnocladus dioicus - 1.6 - 6.4 - 0.3

Musclewood Carpinus caroliniana 9.7 9.5 2.1 3.7 1.1 1.0

Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra 4.2 9.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.9

Paw paw Asimina tribola 18.1 104.8 0.5 7.9 1.7 3.6

Pignut hickory Carya glabra 12.5 25.4 51.2 22.8 2.6 2.3

Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda - 1.6 - 2.0 - 0.2

Redbud Cercis canadensis 5.6 15.9 4.9 5.8 0.9 1.3

Red oak Quercus rubra 9.7 17.5 284.3 463.1 4.0 7.6

Sassafras Sassafras albidum 1.4 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2

Shagbark hickory Carya ovata 6.9 7.9 24.3 50.9 1.4 1.4

Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa 1.4 - 1.4 - 0.2 -

Spice bush Lindera benzoin 25.0 31.8 0.6 1.3 2.4 1.9

Sugar maple Acer saccharum 575.0 774.6 580.8 832.7 40.4 38.1

Sycamore Platanus occidentalis 1.4 1.6 83.1 61.4 1.6 1.0

Tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera 13.9 96.8 57.0 38.4 2.2 4.2

White oak Quercus alba 11.1 12.7 232.3 235.9 5.4 4.1

I.V. = Importance Value = mean of relative density, relative basal area and relative frequency

10

Figure 2. Frequency histograms of selected trees by size class.

a)

Acer saccharum

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 - 2.5

2.6 - 7.5

7.6 - 12.5

12.6 - 17.5

17.6 - 22.5

22.6 - 27.5

> 27.5

DBH (cm)

Fre

qu

en

cy

1997

2007

b)

Fagus grandifolia

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 - 56 - 1

5

16 - 25

26 - 35

36 - 45

46 - 55

> 55

DBH (cm)

Fre

qu

en

cy

1997

2007

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c)

Ulmus rubra

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 - 2.5

2.6 - 7.5

7.6 - 12.5

12.6 - 17.5

17.6 - 22.5

>22.5

DBH (cm)

Fre

qu

en

cy

1997

2007

d)

Quercus alba

0

1

2

3

4

0 - 56 - 1

5

16 - 25

26 - 35

36 - 45

46 - 55

56 - 65

66 - 75

76 - 85

DBH range (cm)

Fre

qu

en

cy

1997

2007

12

e)

Quercus rubra

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 - 56 - 1

5

16 - 25

26 - 35

36 - 45

46 - 55

56 - 65

66 - 75

76 - 85

DBH range (cm)

Fre

qu

en

cy

1997

2007

13

Herb-layer vegetation

Composite statistics that summarize the amount of variation in the herb-layer

vegetation at the plot level show very similar values for richness (the average

number of taxa found in a plot), evenness and Shannon-Weaver diversity (both

indices of species diversity based on the number of taxa and their cover class

values) (Table 4). So, although more species were seen in 2007, the overall

nature of the vegetation patterns was similar.

Table 4. Comparison of herb-layer vegetation in permanent plots at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve in 1997 and 2007.

1997 2007

No. of species 93 110

Richness 12.2 11.0

Evenness 0.96 0.97

Shannon-Weaver diversity 2.34 2.26

In 1997, the most commonly encountered species in the herb-layer was Sugar

maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, followed by Black snake-root (Sanicula

marilandica), Wild ginger (Asarum canadense), and Virginia creeper

(Parthenocissus quinquefolia) (Table 5). In 2007, Sugar maple seedlings

remained common, but had dropped in occurrence from 65% of points to 37%.

The other species continued to be found in about the same frequency both years.

Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) was found in many fewer sites in 2007, perhaps

reflecting a drier early summer. Spring ephemerals were more likely to be

commonly found during 1997.

Wood nettle (Laportea candensis) and Wild ginger (Asarum candense) had the

largest mean cover class values for both sample years. Sugar maple seedlings

had a large value in 1997.

14

Table 5. Common herb-layer species in Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve in 1997 and 2007. Species with 20% overall frequency or greater are listed.

2007 1997

% freq. ave. cc % freq ave. cc

Acer saccharum 36.5 0.8 65.3 1.4

Arisaema triphyllum 33.3 0.4 30.6 0.4

Asarum canadense 58.7 1.3 51.4 1.1

Boehmeria cylindrica 12.7 0.2 20.8 0.5

Cardamine concatenata 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.3

Carya sp. 19.0 0.3 25.0 0.4

Cystopteris fragilis 36.5 0.6 31.9 0.5

Fraxinus sp. 42.9 0.9 31.9 0.7

Galium aprine 3.2 0.0 27.8 0.4

Geranium maculatum 22.2 0.3 22.2 0.5

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum 23.8 0.5 31.9 0.5

Impatiens capensis 6.3 0.1 34.7 0.7

Isopyrum biternatum 20.6 0.3 44.4 0.7

Laportea canadensis 47.6 1.4 44.4 1.2

Lindera benzoin 25.4 0.6 20.8 0.3

Lysimachia lanceolata 6.3 0.1 20.8 0.3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 44.4 1.0 48.6 0.8

Phlox divaricata 19.0 0.2 8.3 1.0

Podophyllum peltatum 19.0 0.3 40.3 1.1

Polygonum virginianum 19.0 0.2 11.1 0.1

Polygonatum biflorum 54.0 0.7 44.4 0.6

Ribes cynosbati 23.8 0.2 5.6 0.1

Sanicula marilandica 52.4 1.2 61.6 1.3

Tradescantia subaspera 20.6 0.4 26.4 0.5

Viola sp. 31.7 0.5 41.7 0.6

15

Species of concern

Only four non-native species were on the plots in 1997 and only six in 2007

(Table 6). Both years, small numbers of individuals of dandelion, multiflora rose,

Tatarian honeysuckle, and Japanese honeysuckle were seen. Reed canary-

grass and Amur honeysuckle were seen off the plots in 1997. Garlic mustard

was also present off plots in 1997. By 2007, it was at found at 7 points, with

many individuals present. Four of the points were in Plot C, the area that was

disturbed by a wind storm just prior to the 1997 survey. Two of the points (A4

and G7) were in undisturbed woods in 1997. Winged burning-bush was found at

2 points in 2007, a new addition to the flora of Eagle’s Crest.

Table 6. Non-native species encountered in plot surveys.

Species 1997 2007

Dandelion C4, C5, C7, C8, D8 D8

Garlic mustard A4, C1, C2, C3, C4, C6, G7

Japanese honeysuckle B4 B4

Multiflora rose B1 B1, F9

Tatarian honeysuckle C5, C9 C5

Winged burning-bush F7, F8

16

Conclusions and Recommendations

Data from permanent plots resampled in 2007 show that Eagle’s Crest Nature

Preserve continues to be a high quality remnant of native vegetation for Marion

County and the central Indiana Region. Tree composition has not changed very

much during the ten years between sample dates. Sugar maple remains by far

the tree with the greatest importance value. The number of trees has increased

significantly, mostly due to increases in Ash, Paw paw and Tulip poplar in areas

that are recovering from a pre-1997 wind disturbance event. Richness,

evenness and diversity of herb-layer vegetation are very similar for both sample

years, although there were changes in the species present.

Non-native species remain a small fraction of the plants present, less than six

percent, but they are on the increase in numbers of individuals. All species listed

in Table 6, with the exception of dandelion, are known to be invasive in wooded

natural areas and should be eradicated as soon as possible from the points

where they were seen and throughout the preserve. Of special concern is Garlic

mustard, which was seen off plots in 1997, but is now present in large numbers

in seven points located in three different plots.

17

Appendix 1. Tree-layer vegetation by plot at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve.

ECNP - Tree data

1997 2007

Plot Common Name DBH (cm) Common Name DBH (cm)

A1 Bladder nut 2.6, 2.3, 1.9, 1.7

Bladder nut 1.6, 1.6, 1.5

Paw paw 1.4 Paw paw 2.8, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 2.0

Paw paw 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7

Paw paw 1.6, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.4

Spice bush 1.8 Paw paw 1.4, 1.3, 1.1

Sugar maple 49.5, 11.2 Sugar maple 52.6, 4.5, 3.3

A2 Basswood or Linden 4.2, 3.0

Basswood or Linden 3.0

Elm sp. 5.6

Paw paw 2.0, 1.4 Paw paw 5.8. 5.8, 5.5, 5.5, 5.0

Paw paw 4.8, 4.5, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1

Paw paw 3.0, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.5

Paw paw 2.5, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.0

Paw paw 1.9, 1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.5

Paw paw 1.2, 1.2

Spice bush 1.3, 1.1

Sugar maple 9.1, 9.0 Sugar maple 13.1

A3 Sugar maple 19.7, 9.5, 9.1 Sugar maple 23.1, 9.3

A4 Grape vine 2.4

Sugar maple 27.2, 24.6, 24.4, 23.5, 15.4, 12.6 Sugar maple 33.0, 28.8, 26.7, 24.6, 16.5, 13.2

A5 Basswood or linden 19.1

Black cherry 24.0 Black cherry 30.0

Sugar maple 16.8, 11.0, 6.6, 5.6 Sugar maple 16.5, 14.6, 9.8, 7.6

18

A6 Black cherry 20.7

KY coffee tree 22.6

Shagbark hickory 17.2 Shagbark hickory 17.6

Sugar maple 20.8, 11.2, 2.4 Sugar maple 24.7, 4.4, 3.5, 2.6

A7 American ash 1.2

Elm sp. 5.4 Elm sp. 7.0

Sugar maple 46.3, 28.8, 3.4, 3.4 Sugar maple 49.4, 5.4, 5.1

White oak 69.2

A8 American beech 54.0 American beech 55.4

Chinquapin oak 63.5 Chinquapin oak 69.0

Paw paw 1.1

Spice bush 1.4, 1.2

Sugar maple 15.8, 6.6 Sugar maple 16.2, 8.2

A9 Ash sp. 82.0 American ash 88.6

Sugar maple 13.4, 9.8 Sugar maple 18.1

B1 Bitternut hickory 2.8

Black cherry 1.4 Black cherry 2.9

Blue ash 1.3, 1.3 Green ash 1.8

Box elder 9.3 Box elder 11.6, 5.3

Elm sp. 23.2


B2 American beech 31.0, 18.3 American beech 34.3, 29.4

Hackberry 39.1 Hackberry 41.5

Sugar maple 4.2, 2.8, 2.7, 2.3, 2.0 Sugar maple 6.4, 4.1, 3.1

B3 Bitternut hickory 36.5 Bitternut hickory 41.5

19

Musclewood 5.9, 5.0 Musclewood 6.3, 5.6

Sugar maple 18.4, 3.1, 1.9 Sugar maple 5.3

B4 American ash 2.4, 1.9

Blue ash 11.3, 1.2 Blue ash 12.6

Elm sp. 2.8

Flowering dogwood 17.2, 2.4 Flowering dogwood 3.4

Red oak 79.5 Red oak 89.5

Sugar maple 2.8 Sugar maple 10.7, 5.4, 3.3, 3.0, 3.0

Sugar maple 2.9, 1.8, 1.2

Sycamore 61.8 Sycamore 70.2

B5 American beech 42.4

Blue ash 3.8


Sugar maple 26.5, 8.4, 3.5, 3.3, 3.2 Sugar maple 28.6, 10.0, 4.4, 4.1, 4.0

Sugar maple 3.1, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2 Sugar maple 3.1

B6 American beech 2.0 American beech 2.8

Bitternut hickory 35.8 Bitternut hickory 41.0

Sugar maple 15.9, 13.0, 1.6 Sugar maple 30.214.0, 2.1, 1.8

B7 Hackberry 3.0




Sugar maple 2.7, 2.2, 1.9 Sugar maple 2.0

B8 Paw paw 2.2, 1.7, 1.6

Spice bush 1.1

Sugar maple 4.6, 3.6, 2.7, 2.4, 2.0, 1.7 Sugar maple 18.2, 12.0, 7.8, 5.9, 3.1

20

Sugar maple 2.7, 2.5, 2.2, 2.1

B9 American beech 82.5 American beech 87.5

American ash 3.1, 2.9

Blue ash 1.1, 1.0

Paw paw 1.0 Sugar maple 10.8, 8.0, 4.6, 4.2, 2.0

Sugar maple 5.4, 4.7, 2.8 Sugar maple 1.5, 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1

C1 Bitternut hickory 2.1

Elm sp. 8.8, 2.6

Spice bush 1.6, 1.1


Tulip poplar 1.3 Tulip poplar 21.2, 8.5, 5.6, 5.3, 5.0

Tulip poplar 4.8, 4.5, 3.3, 2.4, 2.0, 1.8

C2 Bitternut hickory 4.4

Musclewood 11.7

Pignut hickory 18.8

Spice bush 2.4, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 1.7, 1.3 Spice bush 1.5

Sugar maple 5.1 Sugar maple 15.2, 13.4, 8.3

Tulip poplar 6.5, 4.7, 1.9, 1.2

C3 American ash 1.7

Elm sp. 2.5

Pignut hickory 7.2


Sugar maple 3.7, 3.0, 2.6, 1.3 Sugar maple 7.7, 6.7, 6.5, 5.3, 5.0

Sugar maple 3.4, 1.5

Tulip poplar 7.7, 7.4, 4.0, 2.4

White oak 82.3

C4 Elm sp. 1.6

21

Ohio buckeye 1.5

Pignut hickory 11.1, 2.9, 1.4, 1.2

Spice bush 4.1, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.8

Spice bush 1.7, 1.1

Sugar maple 64.0, 41.0, 1.7 Sugar maple 68.7, 38.6, 14.6, 11.3

C5 Spice bush 1.4

Sugar maple 5.9 Sugar maple 14.5, 13.4, 4.8, 4.5, 2.4

Tulip poplar 12.5, 12.0, 9.0, 8.0, 8.0

Tulip poplar 6.2, 4.4, 4.2, 4.1, 2.9

Tulip poplar 2.7, 2.6, 1.9, 1.6, 1.1

C6 American ash 4.7

Chinquapin oak 21.3, 19.9 Chinquapin oak 31.2


Pignut hickory 28.7


Sugar maple 2.6, 2.2 Sugar maple 6.1, 5.8, 4.8, 2.4, 1.3

C7 Paw paw 2.8, 2.4, 2.4, 2.0, 1.7, 1.6 Paw paw 8.3, 5.3, 5.0, 4.5, 4.4

Paw paw 3.7, 2.9, 2.4, 2.1, 1.6

Spice bush 3.9, 3.0

Sugar maple 12.2 Sugar maple 17.0

Tulip poplar 12.8, 10.1, 5.5

C8 Ohio buckeye 2.4

Pignut hickory 2.5


Sugar maple 8.7

Tulip poplar 7.7, 4.3, 4.1, 2.6, 2.3

Tulip poplar 2.2, 2.1, 1.8, 1.5, 1.5

Tulip poplar 1.4, 1.1, 1.1

22

C9 Black cherry 6.5 Black cherry 14.3


Elm sp. 3.2, 1.4

Hackberry 1.0

Paw paw 2.2 Paw paw 4.2, 2.7, 2.7, 1.8, 1.4, 1.1

Pignut hickory 2.1 Pignut hickory 4.4, 3.2, 2.5, 1.2

Red oak 2.0




Tulip poplar 7.8, 4.4, 3.5, 2.8, 2.4, 2.2

D1 American ash 55.4

Basswood or linden 62.2

Bitternut hickory 20.2

Pignut hickory 17.1

Bladder-nut 2.6, 2.3, 1.9, 1.7, 1.6

Bladder-nut 1.6, 1.5

Redbud 2.4 Redbud 6.7, 5.7, 1.9


Sugar maple 6.9, 6.6, 5.7, 4.2, 2.8

White oak 26.4 Sugar maple 2.2, 1.8

White oak 31.7

D2 Basswood or Linden 4.2, 3.0

Blue ash 10.8


Elm sp. 5.6


Red oak 16.0



23


Sugar maple 2.2, 2.0, 1.9, 1.6, 1.5


White oak 36.5 White oak 38.4, 2.0

D3 Chinquapin oak 14.0 Chinquapin oak 48.6, 18.2

Flowering dogwood 7.1

Ohio buckeye 1.7 Ohio buckeye 1.4

Redbud 7.3 Redbud 8.3



Sugar maple 3.7, 3.2, 3.0, 2.9, 2.5

Sugar maple 2.5, 2.2, 2.1, 2.1, 1.7

Sugar maple 1.5, 1.5, 1.3, 1.3

D4 Sugar maple 20.4, 18.5, 17.0, 4.1, 3.2 Sugar maple 25.7, 21.3, 5.3, 3.3, 2.7

Sugar maple 3.0, 2.5 Sugar maple 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.1, 1.8


D5 Black oak 65.0


Red oak 46.2 Red oak 57.4, 55.3, 48.0




Sugar maple 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.3 Sugar maple 2.9, 2.3, 1.8, 1.6, 1.1, 1.1

Sugar maple 1.3, 1.1, 1.0, 1.0

D6 Blue ash 1.0

Chinquapin oak 25.8, 20.7 Chinquapin oak 29.8, 23.7

Pignut hickory 21.9

Red oak 49.4 Red oak 62.4, 56.8


24




Sugar maple 2.5, 2.4, 2.4, 2.3, 2.3

Sugar maple 2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.0, 2.0

Sugar maple 2.0, 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, 1.8

Sugar maple 1.6, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.3

D7 Paw paw 1.1


Sugar maple 7.4, 7.3, 6.3, 5.5, 5.0, 3.3

D8 American beech 1.5 American beech 2.4

Black oak 45.5 Black oak 50.2

Flowering dogwood 3.3 Flowering dogwood 3.0

Shagbark hickory 21.0 Shagbark hickory 41.2, 22.4



D9 American ash 27.1

Bur oak 22.2

Chinquapin oak 17.3


Hackberry 1.0

Sugar maple 18.5, 14.6, 8.8, 5.5

White oak 70.0 White oak 68.6, 35.5, 21.6

F1 Basswood or linden 44.5 Basswood or Linden 45.3

Black cherry 2.8, 2.8, 2.1 Black cherry 4.7, 3.9

Blue ash 1.5 Blue ash 2.3, 1.8, 1.4

Elm sp. 5.9

Hackberry 2.9, 1.9

Ostrya 6.8, 6.8, 3.7

25


F2 Ostrya 8.5, 6.7

Elm sp. 6.3


Sugar maple 5.9, 4.4, 3.7, 2.9, 2.7 Sugar maple 8.0, 6.3, 5.9, 3.1, 3.0, 2.7

F3 American ash 43.8

American beech 3.5

Basswood or linden 4.1

Black cherry 2.1

Elm sp. 9.3, 2.5, 2.2, 1.9


Hackberry 8.0

Ostrya 11.0, 6.5

Pignut hickory 6.1



Sugar maple 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4 Sugar maple 3.5, 1.3

White oak 52.0

F4 American beech 5.0, 3.0, 1.6

Black cherry 3.7, 2.1 Black cherry 4.8, 1.3

Flowering dogwood 3.8, 3.2, 2.5 Flowering dogwood 4.0, 3.8, 3.3


F5 American beech 2.3

Flowering dogwood 9.0, 8.1, 6.1, 2.6 Flowering dogwood 6.5

Ostrya 6.9


Sugar maple 3.3, 3.1, 3.1, 2.9, 2.6


26

F6 American beech 2.5

Basswood or linden 15.9, 11.3 Basswood or Linden 17.3

Black cherry 7.5, 7.1, 5.3, 3.6 Black cherry 11.1, 8.2

Black walnut 18.5

Elm sp. 2.5

Hackberry 3.6



F7 American beech 5.3, 1.7 American beech 7.5, 3.3



Spice bush 2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 1.9, 1.8

Sugar maple 62.0 Sugar maple 54.5

F8 American beech 2.2, 2.1, 1.6 American beech 2.7, 2.5, 2.1

Black cherry 8.3

Elm sp. 1.5





F9 Blue ash 2.0 American ash 2.4

American beech 3.9, 3.0 American beech 5.0, 4.2, 4.0, 3.6, 1.0

Black cherry 9.2, 8.3, 2.7 Black cherry 11.4, 10.7

Flowering dogwood 7.8, 7.3, 6.0, 6.0

Sassafras 4.4 Sassafras 7.0

Sugar maple 7.3, 3.6, 2.3 Sugar maple 12.5, 5.4, 4.3, 3.9, 3.4


G1 Paw paw 2.0

Pignut hickory 4.0

27

Spice bush 1.5 Spice bush 2.8

Sugar maple 14.9, 4.8 Sugar maple 22.0, 13.3, 4.1, 3.7, 3.7, 2.5

G2 Spice bush 1.7, 1.7 Spice bush 1.3

Sugar maple 21.0, 14.7, 9.8, 1.9 Sugar maple 24.3, 6.6, 2.2

White oak 19.5

G3 American beech 3.7


Pignut hickory 47.7 Pignut hickory 11.8



G4 Sugar maple 18.5, 15.0, 14.4, 13.8, 5.4 Sugar maple 22.5, 17.3, 16.8, 5.2, 4.3


Sugar maple 2.0, 1.8, 1.7, 1.7, 1.6 Sugar maple 2.2, 2.0 1.9, 1.8, 1.7


G5 Spice bush 1.6





G6 Red oak 53.3 Red oak 59.8



G7 Hackberry 1.3

Sugar maple 46.0, 43.5, 27.0, 21.5 Sugar maple 45.0, 23.1, 23.0, 22.6, 3.7, 2.0

G8 American beech 52.3 American beech 54.5

Spice bush 1.2

28



G9 Bladder-nut 1.3, 1.2 Bladder-nut 2.2, 2.1, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6

Bladder-nut 1.5, 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2


H1 American ash 1.7

Elm sp. 2.8, 1.1 Elm sp. 17.1, 6.1, 1.8, 1.3

Grape 2.5

Ohio buckeye 3.2

Redbud 3.0 Redbud 6.9, 4.8, 4.5

Sugar maple 5.5, 2.5, 2.4, 2.1, 1.9

Sugar maple 1.7, 1.7, 1.5, 1.4, 1.2

Tulip poplar 11.5

H2 Elm sp. 10.2

Grape 4.9

Redbud 11.9 Redbud 7.2


Tulip poplar 12.1, 10.5, 9.9, 4.6 Tulip poplar 18.5, 17.8, 6.7

H3 American ash 2.7

Elm sp. 12.5, 2.3

Tulip poplar 3.4 Red bud 7.5

Tulip poplar 7.5, 7.2, 3.4 Tulip poplar 14.1

H4 Black maple 13.8


Pignut hickory 2.8



Tulip poplar 8.7

29

H5 Black walnut 11.6

Black maple 6.8, 2.6

Elm sp. 14.2

Ohio buckeye 5.0, 4.5 Ohio buckeye 5.9

Pignut hickory 11.9 Pignut hickory 15.5

Sugar maple 15.5, 7.6, 6.1, 4.5, 3.5, 1.7 Sugar maple 19.7, 8.9, 7.9, 5.2, 3.2, 1.2

H6 Blue ash 2.5 American ash 55.5, 2.9


Elm sp. 9.7, 3.0, 2.5, 1.4 Elm sp. 16.5, 11.2, 7.7, 5.4, 4.7

Elm sp. 3.3, 2.7



Sugar maple 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.3, 1.8


H7 Basswood or Linden 9.3

Elm sp. 6.4, 6.0, 3.8, 2.0 Elm sp. 7.2, 5.7, 5.0, 3.7, 2.3

Musclewood 5.0

Ohio buckeye 4.7

Ostrya 8.6

Pignut hickory 5.3


H8 American beech 2.7


Elm sp. 8.4, 6.7, 4.9, 4.6, 3.2 Elm sp. 10.6, 9.4, 7.4, 6.7, 5.2

Elm sp. 2.7, 2.5, 2.3 Elm sp. 4.9, 3.3, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6

Elm sp. 1.8, 1.7

Musclewood 4.8 Musclewood 5.1



30

H9 American ash 1.3



Musclewood 3.7

Ohio buckeye 6.3

Paw paw 1.1




31

Appendix 2. Herb-layer vegetation by plot at Eagle’s Crest Nature Preserve. Values are cover class values. Common names are given in Table 1.

Scientific Name 1997 value

2007 value

Plot A1 Asarum canadense 3 2

Asimina triloba 4 2

Carex sp. – 1

Dicentra cucullaria 2 –

Dryopteris marginalis – 1

Gallium aparine 2 –

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum 3 2

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum 3 2

Isopyrum biternatum 1 –

Laportea canadensis 3 3

Polygonatum biflorum – 1

Quercus sp. – 1

Smilacina racemosa 2 –

Smilax herbacea – 1

Trillium recurvatum – 1

Plot A2 Acer saccharum 2 –

Asarum canadense 2 –

Carya sp. – 1

Cystopteris fragilis – 1

Fraxinus sp. – 2

Galium aparine 2 –

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum 3 –

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum – 2

Impatiens capensis 2 –


Phlox divaricata 2 –

Polygonatum biflorum 1 –

Polymnia canadensis – 2

Sanguinaria canadensis – 1

Sanicula marilandica 2 2

Tradescantia subaspera – 3


Actea alba – 1

Allium tricoccum 3 –

Asarum canadense 2 2

Boehmeria cylindrica – 1

Cardamine concatenata 1 –

Carya sp. – 2


Geranium maculatum 1 1

Helianthus decapetalus 1 –



32





Alliaria petiolata* – 2


Cinna arundinacea 1 1

Claytoniiia virginica 1 –

Cystopteris fragilis 2 2


Fagus grandifolia – 1

Fraxinus sp. 1 3






Podophyllum peltatum 2 –

Polygonum virginianum – 2

Quercus sp. – 1

Sanicula marilandica 1 –

Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola striata 1 –


Allium trioccum 2 –



Carex laxiflora 1 1

Carya sp. – 1


Cryptotaenia canadensis – 2








Osmorhiza claytoniii 1 –

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 3



Quercus sp. – 1


Toxicodendron radicans – 2

Ulmus sp. 2 –

Viola striata 1 2

33

Plot A6 Asarum canadense 2 1

Boehmeria cylindrica 2 –


Carya sp. – 2






Laportea canadensis – 3

Lindera benzoin – 1





Tradescantia subaspera 3 2

Plot A7 Acer saccharum 2 2




Erythronium americanum 1 –

Festuca subverticillata – 2

Fraxinus sp. – 1


Geum canadense – 1



Parthenocissus quinquefolia – 1

Polygonatum biflorum 1 1


Smilax hispida – 1

Tradescantia subaspera 2 –

Plot A8 Acer saccharum 2 2


Anemonella thalictroides – 1


Asimina triloba – 1


Circaea quadrisulcata – 1


Galium aparine 2 1







Phacelia bipinnatifida 2 –

34

Podophyllum peltatum 4 3


Polymnia canadensis – 1



Plot A9 Acer saccharum – 2

Actea alba – 1










Sanicula marilandica – 1



Uvularia grandiflora 3 –

Plot B1 Acer saccharum 1 3




Carex sp. 1 –

Eupatorium rugosum – 2





Isopyrum biternatum – 1


Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 –


Prenathes altissima 1 –

Rosa multiflora* 1 1


Solidago altissima – 1


Trillium recurvatum – 1

Viola sp. 1 2

Plot B2 Arisaema triphyllum 2 –



Celtis occidentalis 1 –


Erigenia bulbosa 1 –

35



Isopyrum biternatum 1 1


Lysimachia lanceolata 1 –

Phlox divaricata – 2



Stellaria pubera 1 –

Viola sp. 1 –

Plot B3 Allium tricoccum 4 –

Arisaema triphyllum 1 1





Erigenia bulbosa 1 –

Galium aparine 1 1



Laportea canadensis 4 –


Plot B4 Acer saccharum 1 –




Aster divaricatus – 2

Carex jamesii – 2

Circea quadrisulcata – 1



Erythronium americanum 1 –

Fagus grandifolia 1 –

Fraxinus quadrangulata 3 2




Lonicera japonica 2 2

Oxalis stricta 1 –




Toxicodentron radicans 2 2


Trillium sessile – 1

Viola sp. 1 2

Viola striata – 2

36






Carya sp. 1 –








Osmorhiza calytoni – 1




Plot B6 Arisaema triphyllum 1 1



Carya sp. – 1



Hydrophyllum appendiculatum – 1




Lindera benzoin 3 –

Osmorhiza claytoniii – 2





Uvularia grandiflora 2 –




Carya sp. – 1


Geranium maculatum 3 –









37



Tilia americana – 1

Trillium recurvatum 1 –

Trillium sessile – 1

Viola sp. 1 1

Plot B8 Acer saccharum 2 –

Arisaema triphyllum – 1




Carex sp. 1 –

Geranium maculatum – 2




Menispermum canadense 1 2


Phlox divaricata 1 1


Sambucus candensis – 1



Toxicodendron radicans 1 –

Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 1 1

Plot B9 Acer saccharum 2 1


Asarum canadense – 3

Carex laxiflora – 2

Carex sp. 1 –

Fraxinus quadrangulata 2 –








Plot C1 Acer saccharum – 1






Fraxinus sp. – 1


38









Ulmus rubra – 1

Vitis sp. – 2

Plot C2 Acer saccharum 3 –


Boehmeria cylindrica 3 2

Carpinus caroliniana – 2



Hydrophllyum appendiculatum – 3

Hydrophyllum canadense 5 –

Impatiens capensis 3 1





Rubus occidentalis – 2

Trillium flexipes – 2

Vitis sp. – 1

Plot C3 Alliaria petiolata* – 3



Carya sp. – 2

Cornus sp. 1 2

Fraxinus sp. – 3








Liriodendron tulipifera – 2





Prunus serotina – 2

Ribes cynosbati – 1



39





Eupatorium sp. 2 –

Fraxinus sp. – 2









Polygonum sp. 1 –

Prunus serotina 1 –

Rubus sp. 3 1


Taraxacum officinale* 2 –



Viola sp. 1 –

Vitis sp. – 2

Plot C5 Actea alba 2 1

Aesculus glabra – 2


Asplenium platyneuron – 1








Liriodendron tulipifera 2 –

Lonicera tatarica 2 3


Rubus sp. 3 –


Sanquinaria canadensis – 1

Solidago flexicaulis 3 2

Stylophorum diphyllum – 1




Ulmus rubra – 1

Vitis sp. – 1

40






Asimina triloba 2 –

Carex laxiflora 1 1

Carex sp. – 1


Eupatorium sp. 1 –

Fraxinus sp. – 2




Helianthus divaricatus 1 –








Polygonum virginianum 1 3




Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 2 –

Plot C7 Asarum canadense 1 3

Asimina triloba 3 –

Cirsium sp. 1 –

Elymus hystrix – 2

Fraxinus sp. – 1



Hydrophyllum macrophyllum 2 –





Ribes cynobasti 1 2






Vitis sp. 1 1

Plot C8 Acer saccharum 2 1

41


Brachyelytrum erectum – 1

Carex laxiflora 1 1


Fraxinus sp. – 3




Hepatica americana 2 2










Quercus sp. 1 –

Ribes cynobasti 2 2

Rubus sp. 2 –



Solidago sp. 2 1




Viola sp. 2 1

Vitis sp. 1 1

Plot C9 Acer saccharum 3 1

Aesculus glabra 2 –



Carya sp. 2 2

Cinna arundinacea 1 –


Fraxinus sp. 3 2


Hepatica americana 1 1





Lonicera tatarica 1 –

Medeola virginiana 2 –





42


Polygonum sp. 1 1

Prunus serotina 2 1

Quercus sp. – 1

Rubus sp. 2 –




Ulmus sp. 2 –

Viola sp. 2 –

Plot D1 Acer saccharum 4 4



Carex sp. 2 3

Cercis canadensis 1 –



Jeffersonia diphylla 3 –




Sanguinaria canadensis 1 2

Solidago sp. 1 –

Staphylea trifolia – 2

Vitis sp. 1 1


Agrimonia parviflora 1 2


Carex sp. 1 1





Podophyllum peltatum – 1






Viola sp. 1 2




Fraxinus sp. – 1



Hydrophyllum marcrophyllum 1 –

43


Jeffersonia diphylla 1 –




Quercus sp. 1 1

Smilax hispida 1 –



Arisaema triphyllum 2 –

Cystopteris fragilis 1 –


Fraxinus sp. 1 5




Quercus sp. – 1

Solidago sp. 2 3




Fraxinus sp. – 2






Ulmus sp. 1 –



Carya sp. – 1

Cercis canadensis – 1


Fraxinus sp. – 3



Prenanthes altissima 1 2

Quercus sp. 1 1

Sanguinaria canadensis 1 –



Crataegus sp. 2 3


Fraxinus sp. 2 2



44



Quercus sp. – 1

Solidago sp. 2 3

Viola sagittata – 1

Plot D8 Acer saccharum 1 –

Antennaria neglecta 1 2

Aster sp. 1 –


Erigeron annuus – 2


Fraxinus sp. 2 –

Galium tinctorium – 2

Hydrangea arborescens – 2



Ribes cynobasti – 2

Solidago sp. 1 –

Taraxacum officinale* 1 1

Viola sagittata – 2

Plot D9 Acer saccharum 1 –


Carex laxiflora 1 –

Carex sp. 3 –

Dichanthelium clandestinum – 1



Fraxinus sp. 2 2

Galium circaezans 1 –

Hepatica americana – 1

Hypericum punctatum 1 –


Lysmachia landeolata – 1



Polystrichum acrostichoides – 1

Prenanthes altissima 1 –

Quercus sp. – 1

Senecio obovatus 1 –


Solidago caesia – 1

Solidago flexicaulis – 1

Viola sp. 1 –

Plot F1 Botrychium sp. 1 –

Carex laxiflora 1 2

Carex sp. – 2

Celtis occidentalis – 1

45

Fraxinus sp. 4 4


Lysimachia lanceolata 1 2




Prenathes altissima – 2

Quercus sp. – 1

Rubus sp. 3 1



Solidago sp. 1 –


Viola sp. 2 2

Plot F2 Acer saccharum 1 –



Carex sp. – 2

Carya sp. 1 –

Cercis canadensis 1 –

Dioscorea quaternata – 2

Festuca verticillata – 2

Fraxinus sp. 1 –

Geum canadense 1 –




Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 1 –


Carex sp. 1 2


Galium sp. – 1



Ostrya virginiana – 1


Phlox divericata 1 1


Plot F4 Acer saccharum 2 2



Carex sp. – 2

Fagus grandifolia 1 –


Fraxinus quadrangulata – 2

Fraxinus sp. 2 2

46


Galium tinctorium – 2





Phlox divaricata 1 1



Prunus serotina 3 2

Ribes cynobasti 2 2



Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 1 –

Vitis sp. – 2



Carex sp. 1 3

Carex sp. 2 – 1

Cornus florida 1 –








Quercus sp. 1 –




Carya sp. 1 2










Polygonum virginianum 1 –

Quercus sp. – 1

Rosa sp. 1 –


Toxicodendron radicans 1 –

Viola sp. 2 1

47


Arisaema dracontium – 1


Cornus sp. – 2

Euonymus alatus* – 2

Fagus grandifolia 2 3

Fraxinus sp. 3 2

Lindera benzoin 3 5





Viola sp. 1 –





Euonymus alatus* – 1


Fraxinus sp. 3 2

Galium sp. – 1

Galium tinctorium 3 2








Solidago sp. 1 1


Viola sp. 2 –

Vitis sp. 1 –


Botrychium sp. 1 –

Cornus florida 1 –

Fraxinus sp. 3 3







Rosa multiflora* – 1


Viola sp. 1 2

Vitis sp. – 2

48

Plot G1 Acer saccharum 3 –

Aesculus glabra 1 –












Quercus sp. – 1


Viola sp. – 2

Plot G2 Actea alba – 2





Lindera benzoin 4 3


















Lindera benzoin 3 3

Podophyllum peltatum – 2




Plot G4 Acer saccharum 1 1

Allium tricoccum – 1

49



Carya sp. 1 2

Carex sp. 2 – 2

Cystopteris fragilis 1 –

Fraxinus sp. 2 1




Lindera benzoin 3 3








Quercus sp. – 1

Viola sp. 2 1





Carex laxiflora 1 1

Carya sp. 1 –



Fraxinus sp. 1 1


Lysmachia lanceolata 1 –




Viola sp. 2 2





Carya sp. – 2


Fraxinus sp. 3 2






Polemonium reptans 1 –


50




Viola sp. 1 2








Lindera benzoin 3 2





Viola sp. 2 –




Epifagus virginiana – 1

Fraxinus sp. 3 3




Lindera benzoin 2 2



Phacelia bipinnatifida 1 1



Ribes cynobasti 3 –


Plot G9 Acer saccharum – 1



Asimina triloba 4 4


Carex sp. 1 –


Fraxinus sp. 1 –







51






Staphylea trifolia 4 4

Viola sp. 2 1

Plot H1 Acer saccharum 3 2




Eupatorium rugosum 1 –

Fraxinus sp. – 2



Hydrophyllum canadense – 2

Impatiens capensis – 1


Osmorhiza claytoniii – 1






Solidago sp. – 1

Unknown seedling – 1

Viola sp. – 1

Plot H2 Acer saccharum – 1

Asrarum canadense – 2


Aster sp. 2 –

Carex sp. 1 –



Hydrophyllum canadense 4 2





Vitis sp. 1 –

Plot H3 Arisaema triphyllum 2 –


Aster species #1 1 –



Hydrophyllum canadense 5 4


52






Vitis sp. – 2

Plot H4 Asarum canadense – 2



Ribes cynobasti – 2


Plot H5 Acer saccharum 3 –

Actea alba 2 –


Carex jamesii – 1


Fraxinus sp. – 3







Oxalis stricta – 1



Prenanthes altissima 1 –





Ulmus sp. – 1

Valeriana pauciflora – 1

Viola sp. – 3

Plot H6 Acer saccharum – 2


Allium tricoccum – 1





Fraxinus sp. – 3






53




Quercus sp. – 1



Viola sp. – 1

Plot H7 Acer sp. – 2





Carex sp. 1 1

Fraxinus sp. – 1








Quercus sp. 1 1





Uvularia grandiflora 1 2

Viola sp. 1 1

Vitis sp. – 1

Plot H8 Acer saccharum 2 –


Aster sp. – 1

Aster sp. 2 – 1


Carex sp. 1 2



Dryopteris sp. – 1








Viola sp. – 1

Plot H9 Acer saccharum 3 1

54





Carex jamesii – 1

Carex sp. 2 –


Dryopteris marginalis – 1

Fraxinus sp. 1 2




Menispermum canadensis 2 1


Polemonium reptans 3 2



Solidago sp. 1 –


Triosteum aurantiacum – 1

Vitis sp. 1 –

*non-native species

eagle creek park eagles crest 2007 floral inventory

Documents

sample plots

locations of plots

original plots

background permanent

location of permanent

new species

herbaceous species present

new nonnative species