e stimating recreational visitation lly-mana land l 2017 sitation s prepared for: office of policy...
TRANSCRIPT
E
to
Fi
stimating
o Federa
inal Report
g Recrea
lly-Mana
t | 25 Apri
tional Vi
ged Land
il 2017
sitation
ds
prepared for:
Office of Policy
United States D
prepared by:
Christopher Leg
Smith, and Rob
Industrial Econo
2067 Massachus
Cambridge, MA
617/354-0074
y Analysis
Department of th
ggett, Eric Horsc
bert Unsworth
omics, Incorpora
setts Avenue
A 02140
he Interior
ch, Christopher
ated
AC
Thpeinc(BWWEncoSimandrof
CKNOWLED
his report benersonnel provicluding Pame
Bureau of LanWildlife ServicWhite (Forest S
ngineers). Steomments on chmon (Departm
nd Wildlife Seaft report. Th
f the Interior’s
DGEMENTS
nefited from thided commenela Ziesler andnd Managemece); Jerome JaService); and eve Lawson ahapters 3 andment of the Inervice) providhis report was s Office of Po
S
he assistance nts on the sumd Bret Meldrunt); Kevin Ki
ackson (BureaKathleen Per
and Nathan Rd 4. Finally, Snterior Officeded technical
written undeolicy Analysis
of a number mmary sectionum (Nationalilcullen, Phil au of Reclamarales and Wen
Reigner of ResSarah Cline, Ce of Policy Anoversight for
er the Service s.
of individualsns for their resl Park ServiceLePelch, andation); Donaln-Huei Changsource SystemChristian Cronalysis), and Pr the project aFirst authorit
s. A number ospective agene); David Bakd Katie Lyon ld English andg (Army Corpms Group provwley, BenjamPeter Grigelis
and commentsty for the Dep
i
of agency ncies, ker
(Fish and d Eric ps of vided
min s (Fish s on the partment
TA
1. IN
2. E
2
2.
3. N
3.
3.
3.
4. RE
RE
AP
AP
AP
AP
ABLE OF C
NTRODUCT
EXISTING M
.1 Agency Su
National Pa
Bureau of L
Fish and Wi
Bureau of R
Forest Servi
Army Corps
.2 Compariso
NEW TECHN
.1 Social Me
Overview 2
Assessment
.2 Cellular A
Overview 2
Assessment
.3 Remote Se
Overview 3
Assessment
ECOMMEND
EFERENCES
PPENDICES
PPENDIX A.
PPENDIX B.
PPENDIX C.
CONTENTS
ION 1
ETHODS 4
ummaries 4
ark Service 4
Land Manageme
ildlife Service
Reclamation 10
ice 11
s of Engineers
on of Method
NOLOGIES F
dia Data 22
22
27
Activity Data
29
31
ensing Data 3
33
33
ATIONS 35
S 39
:
. GLOSSAR
. PERSONS
MATERIA
. ESTIMATI
NATIONA
ent 6
8
0
15
ds 18
FOR VISITO
29
33
RY OF VISIT
S-PER-VEHI
ALS (NATIO
ING VISITAT
AL MONUME
R COUNTS
TATION TER
CLE DATA C
NAL PARK
TION AT WA
ENT (NATIO
22
RMS
COLLECTIO
SERVICE)
ALNUT CAN
ONAL PARK
ON
NYON
SERVICE)
ii
EXHIB
1. IN
FeyeBuBuCoagthe
BIT 1.1. AN
A
NBFBFATSoAPRLepcoNA2Bye
Feundisareinfde
NTRODUCT
ederal lands anar (Exhibit 1.
ureau of Landureau of Reclaorps of Enginencies”). In ae economic ac
NNUAL RECRE
AGENCY
National Park Seureau of Land ish and Wildlifureau of Reclaorest Service
Army Corps of ETotal ources:
Acreage: NPS (2erales (USACE)
Recreation VisitePelch (USFWSersonal commuommunication
Notes: A. All visitation 015) and USFS . The USACE’s ears due to ch
ederal land mander their jurisstribution of te used to evalfrastructure pcisions regard
ION
nd waters pro.1). These incd Managemenamation (Receers (USACE
addition, localctivity and sp
EATION VIS IT
ervice Management fe Service amation
Engineers
2016a); BLM (20), personal comtation EstimatS), personal counication, Janu, February 201
estimates are (which is an a 2016 visitationanges in data c
anagement agsdiction, incluthose visits, aluate economrojects, assesding policies
ovide recreatioclude areas mant (BLM), the clamation), thE) (hereafter rl communitie
pending assoc
TATION BY A
016a); USFWS mmunication, Fe (for most rec
ommunication, uary 2017; USF7.
for the 2016 cnnual estimaten estimate is locollection met
gencies requiruding the num
and the characic values ands visitor impathat potential
onal opportunanaged by the Fish and Wile Forest Servreferred to as s and busines
ciated with trip
GENCY
ACREAGE M
(IN MILL
(2016); ReclamFebruary 2017.cent year avai December 201FS (2016a); and
calendar year we for the 2011-ower than pubthods, as descr
re accurate damber of visits,cteristics of thd impacts, devacts on naturally impact vis
nities to millie National Paldlife Service
vice (USFS), a“federal land
sses derive sigps to these lo
MANAGED
LIONS)
84 250 150 6.5 193 12
695.5
mation (2015); . ilable): NPS (2016; Jerome Jacd Kathleen Per
with the excep-2015 period).
blicly-available ribed in Chapte
ata on recreati, the spatial a
he visitors thevelop plans foal resources, msitors, conduc
ons of visitorark Service (Ne (USFWS), thas well as the
d managemengnificant bene
ocations.
RECREATION V
ESTIMA
(IN MILLI
CRS (2014); Ka
016b); BLM (20ckson (Reclamarales, personal
ption of BLM (w estimates for er 2.
ion occurringand temporal emselves. Theor transportatimake informect natural reso
1
rs every NPS), the he
e Army t efits from
VISITATION
ATE
ONS)A
331 62 50 28
149 250B 870
athleen
016b); Phil ation),
which is for
recent
g on lands
ese data ion and ed ource
dareslocscaarr
WfedunagFuento dif
In animdequ20poin ranonavcohigfieco
Thagnutheim
Chmeanstaagto veof acr
mage assessmsources acroscated near fedaling. Finallyray of topics r
hile the impoderally-manag
nmonitored acencies must b
urthermore, alormous divervisitors, so th
ffers across si
general, visitd each metho
mplemented, astinations wit
uarter. These s011) and haveopulation surv
the general pndom sample
n-site methodsoiding issues unts on federgh-quality coueld personnel untry implem
his report descencies to char
umber of alterese agencies i
mproving data
hapter 2 focusethods currend the characte
atistics that arencies. With estimate visithicle and pedadministrativross agencies
ments, meet as sites. Busin
deral lands alsy, researchers related to visi
ortance of recrged lands is access points anbe efficient inlthough consirsity in the typhe most accurites.
tation data canod poses uniquand respondenthin a fixed tisurveys lean h recently suff
veys (Groves,population wil
of households, visits are cowith respons
ral lands are punts at sites wor counting t
ment data colle
cribes the metracterize visit
rnative approain the future.collection, do
ses on currentntly used to cheristics of visre generated, aregard to simtation (as opp
destrian countve data (e.g., cs, including th
gency reportinesses, local gso have an intand academicitation.
reation data isa significant cnd are rural in
n designing anstency in datapes of federalrate and cost-e
n be collectedue challenges
nts are asked time period in heavily on mefered from de2007). Furth
ll be extremelds, even whenounted wherese or recall biaprimarily (1) owhere recreatiechnologies uection protoco
thodologies ctation on the laches that capFinally, it proocumentation
t methods. Foharacterize visitors. We alsand we comp
milarities, we fposed to impleters where pracampsite regi
he degree to w
ing requiremegovernments, terest in thesecs use these d
s well-establichallenge becan nature. Withnd implementa collection ml lands and reeffective data
d using eithers. With off-sitto report the nthe past, such
emory (Chu eclining respo
hermore, for mly low, makinn reasonably le they occur, aas. The challeobtaining suffion is widely used at differeols in a consi
currently usedlands under thpitalize on tecovides a serien, and accessi
or each of thesitation, incluso describe hopare and contrfind that all siementing off-actical, and taistrations). Wwhich data co
ents, and efficand other pla
e data for opedata to conduc
ished, charactause many sitth limited opeting data collemethods is desecreational opa collection m
r an on-site orte methods, anumber of triph as the most et al., 1992; Conse rates commany sites, thng it difficult large sample at the recreatienges associa
fficient resourdispersed, anent types of sistent manner
d by federal laheir jurisdictichnology that es of recommeibility of the d
e six agenciesuding the absoow those agenrast data colleix agencies ap-site surveys)ake advantage
We find a numbllection effort
ciently allocatanning agencierations plannct research on
terizing visitates have mult
erating budgetection effortssirable, there
pportunities avmethodology o
r an off-site ma survey is typps taken to sprecent month
Connelly and Bmmon to genehe incidence o
to find visitosizes are used
ion areas, thusated with on-srces to implemnd (2) ensurinsites in all are.
and managemion. It then dimay be usefu
endations for data.
s, we describeolute number ncies use the vection methodpply on-site m), use automate of a variety ber of differents are coordin
2
te scarce ies ning and n a wide-
ation on tiple ts, federal . is
vailable often
method, pically pecific h or Brown,
eral of visitors rs in a d. With s site ment ng that as of the
ment iscusses a ul to
e the of visits visitation
ds across methods ted of types nces nated by a
cenresauadacc
Afin meproto lanforlimactwhpecelanFinbenu
Chdorecintco(5)pe
ntral office, thsolution of thtomated coundressed, the dcess to the sta
fter describingChapter 3 tha
edia data, cellovide technicrecreation da
nd managemer visitor use d
mited by partitivity data arehen visiting rercent. Howevllular data, and cellular actinally, remote lieve they wo
umerous sites.
hapter 4 proviocumentation,commendatioter-agency coordination of ) the developmrsonnel, and (
he availabilitye estimates, th
nters are updadefinitions usatistics.
g current metat may be uselphone activit
cal details regaata, and provident agencies. Wdata collectioncipation bias e somewhat mecreation areaver, there are nd potential isivity data wousensing data
ould be practi
ides a series o and accessib
ons focus on: oordination off reporting mement of guida(6) exploratio
y of methods he method an
ated, the degreed for various
thods in Chapeful in future aty data, and rearding implemde an overall We find that wn at a scale neand evolving
more promisinas and cellphochallenges ressues related tuld likely be are likely usecal for the ge
of recommendbility of visita(1) document
f current data ethods, (4) imance documenon of alternati
documentatind frequency wee to which ds visitation m
pter 2, we desassessments oemote sensingmentation, disassessment owhile social mever before img popularities ng in that visione ownershipelated to the ato privacy. Puseful in furteful for speci
eneration of lo
dations for imation data by ftation of currecollection me
mprovements ints and traininives to curren
on, the spatiawith which c
double countinmetrics, and th
cribe several of visitation, ig data. For escuss research
of its potentialmedia data prmagined, their
of various plitors typicallyp rates are ap
availability anPilot studies uther evaluatinalized applicaong-term visit
mproving the cfederal agencent data colleethods, (3) inin current datng materials f
nt data collect
al and temporaonversion facng of visits ishe provision o
alternative apincluding usinach approachh linking the l usefulness trovide opportr usefulness mlatforms. Cely carry cellphopproaching 10nd spatial resousing social mng their potentations, but wetation statistic
collection, ies. Specifica
ection methodnter-agency ta collection mfor site-level tion methods.
3
al ctors for s of public
pproaches ng social
h, we approach o federal
tunities may be llular ones
00 olution of
media data tial. e do not cs across
ally, the ds, (2)
methods,
2. EX
Thgaprosumcoacrma
2.1 AG
NA
Thacr33recmopa
Infincinfeco(Nvastaco
Vi
XISTING M
his chapter sumther informatovided for eacmmary was dnversations wross agenciesanagement ag
GENCY SUMM
ATIONAL PAR
he National Pares across all 1 million visicreational puronuments, batrkways, and p
formation abocluding NPS formation assonomic impa
NPS, 2016c). Vriety of reaso
affed, are closllection meth
isits to NPS u
Direct ctickets scounts. IWashingcounts a
Proxy csuch as using au
ETHODS
mmarizes thetion about visch agency (N
developed usinwith agency sts. Appendix Agencies use to
ARIES
RK SERVICE
ark System is50 states, the
its occurred arposes in 201ttlefields, recrpreserves.
out visitation leadership, re
sists with operct analysis, nVisitation is nons; some sitesed to the pubhods.
units are estim
counts: Thesesold for specifIn many casegton D.C. meare obtained fo
counts: Thesecounts of occ
utomated coun
e methods useitation and vi
NPS, BLM, USng a combinataff. The fina
A provides defo track and rep
s comprised oe District of Cat NPS sites fo6 (NPS, 2016reation areas,
is currently cesearchers, burational plannatural resourc
not measured es are adminisblic, or do not
mated using a
e include counfic attractionss, these are ce
emorials, visitfor a sample o
e are counts thcupied campsinters, such as
ed by federal isitor characteSFWS, Reclaation of availaal section of tfinitions of keport their visi
of 413 units thColumbia, andfor cultural, hi6b). These site, lakeshores, s
collected to inusinesses, andning, facilitiesce damage asor reported fo
stered by othet have approv
range of meth
nts of people s, backcountryensus counts,tation estimatof times durin
hat are correlaites or traffic
s vehicle, trail
land managemeristics. A sepamation, USFable documenthe chapter coey terms that itation data.
hat cover mord several terriistorical, interes include natseashores, sce
nform a ranged members of s design and msessments, an
for a small numer agencies, wval from NPS
hods, which a
at visitor ceny permits issu, though for stes are based ong a day).
ated with the counts. They
l, and door co
ment agencieparate summa
FS, and USACntation and ompares meth
federal land
re than 84 militories (NPS, rpretative, antional parks, enic rivers an
e of stakeholdf the public. Tmanagement,nd other purpomber of sites
while others armanagement
are listed belo
nters or on theued, and otherome sites, sucon sampling (
total numbery are often obounters. The p
4
s to ary is CE). Each
hods
llion 2016a). d
nd trails,
ders, The , oses for a
re not t on data
ow.
e grounds, r similar ch as the (i.e.,
r of visits, btained proxy
Vicocoest(IRvisda
ApNathe
ThindAtothmu
1 Th
Ef
re
counts apersons site survand schecollectio
Statisticestimatevisitors estimatecounted professi
Flat estiresourcebased on
isitor use statillaborating wnsistency andtimates on theRMA) websitsitation data uta on a month
number
hours ofvisit);
number
other reqparticula
ppendix C proational Monume example cov
he NPS is currdividual is a ct some sites, vher sites, thesultiple entranc
he NPS does not co
fforts are underway
egularly represent v
are combined per vehicle) t
veys conducteedule for colleon form.
cal correlatioes for other arentering the v
e is produced at the visitor
onal judgmen
imates: A flaes that cannotn historical in
istics staff in with parks to dd reliability ofe publicly-acce (https://irm
using methodhly basis via I
of recreation
f recreation an
of recreation
quested informar attraction w
ovides an exament, locatedvers the estim
rently workincountable visivisitors who ese visitors are ces per day ar
onduct systematic a
y to establish ratio
visitor and group c
with a multipto estimate toed periodicallyecting person
on estimates:reas. For examvisitor center for the additi
r center. This nt.
at, or constantt be monitorednformation an
the NPS Socidevelop site-spf data collecticessible Intega.nps.gov/Stas approved byIRMA. Units
and non-recr
nd non-recrea
and non-recr
mation, such within the par
ample calculatd near Flagstamation of recre
ng to operatioit. However, tenter multiplecounted ever
re common, t
and cyclical data c
onale and support f
haracteristics vita
plier (e.g., camotal use. The my.1 Appendix
n-per-vehicle
: Some visitatmple, at Fort Sare counted b
ional visitors method is ba
t, estimate of d in a cost-eff
nd/or professio
ial Science Prpecific data cion across un
grated Resourats/). Personny the Social Sare required
reation visits;
ation use (i.e.,
reation overni
as visitation rk (NPS, 2016
tion for estimaff, AZ. Thereeation and no
nalize the rulthis rule is noe times in a sinry time they ethe NPS appli
collection to acquir
for socioeconomic
l to use calculation
mpers per occmultipliers arx B contains adata, along w
tion estimatesScott Nationaby hand, and that enter thesed on histori
visitation is uffective way. Tonal judgmen
rogram are recollection metits, and publi
rce Managemnel at each NPScience Progrto report the
, visits scaled
ight stays; an
associated wi6c).
mating visits toe is no overnion-recreation
le that one entot always impngle day are o
enter. For moies adjustmen
re information nee
monitoring and to
ns.
cupied campse developed f
an example prwith an examp
s are based onal Historic Sita regression-b
e park but are ical informati
used for someThese estimatnt.
esponsible forthods, ensurinshing visitatioent Applicati
PS unit collectram and submfollowing inf
d by average h
nd
ith special eve
o Walnut Canght use at thisvisits and hou
trance per dayplemented cononly counted ost parks whent factors to co
eded to update the
pilot studies that
5
site or from on-rotocol ple data
n te, based not
ion and/or
e tes are
r ng on ons t
mit the formation:
hours per
ents or a
nyon s unit, so urs only.
y per nsistently. once. At re orrect for
e multipliers.
will more
duestvis
Ththepro
WdarepHoho
In coexspematra
BU
ThlocsitlanFosinNapa
Infsitmacores
2 A
uplicate reporttimated visitssitor survey.
he visitor use e user to searcovided:
annual r
monthly
counting
other sit
hile parks areta by hour or porting instruowever, they ow a persons-p
addition to thnducted periopenditure datecific surveysanagement plansportation p
UREAU OF LA
he BLM manacated primariltes hosted appndscapes and or example, thngle road thatational Conserking and num
formation abotes.2 This infoanagement, ecmmunicationsponsible for
small number of B
ting. At Greas are reduced b
statistics are ch for a park
recreation visi
y public use re
g and reportin
te-specific inf
e required to rby day. Thes
uctions for eacdo not providper-vehicle es
he visitor use odically to cota for economs are used to sans, wilderne
plans, and lon
AND MANAGE
ages over 3,60ly in the westproximately 6recreation ex
he Yaquina Ht passes throuervation Area merous design
out visitation ormation is usconomic impa
n, December 2developing si
LM sites are closed
at Smoky Mouby fixed perc
published on using a map o
itation;
eport;
ng instruction
formation (e.g
report visitatise data are avach park descride documentastimate was d
statistics desllect addition
mic impact anasupport planness and backcng-range interp
MENT
00 recreation tern United St62.4 million vxperiences, wiead Lighthough an entrancin Nevada is nated parking
is currently csed to supportact analysis, a2016). The BLite-specific m
d or inactive.
untains Natiocentage based
IRMA as theor search bar,
ns; and
g., traffic cou
ion at the monailable by speibe the “recip
ation supportindeveloped or w
cribed abovenal informatioalyses (WSU,ning applicatiountry manag
rpretive plans
sites on apprtates (BLM, 2
visits (BLM, 2ith both diffu
use in Oregonce booth, whea 197,000-ac
g areas.
collected at alt site and landand other purLM has over
methods to est
onal Park, for d on results fro
ey are develop, and the follo
unts by locatio
nthly level, soecial request. pe” for estimang the estimawhen it was l
, site-specificon about visito, 2016). In maons. Examplegement plans.
roximately 252016a). In 202016b). Thesuse and concenn is a 100-acreereas the Red cre site access
ll open and acd-use planningrposes (David150 field offi
timate visitati
example, totom a site-spec
ped. The portowing inform
on).
ome parks alsThe counting
ating visitationation approachlast updated.
c surveys are ors, such as any cases, thees include vis, long range
50 million acr015, BLM recrse sites featurentrated visitoe site accessibRock Canyon
sible via road
ctive BLM recg, facilities
d Baker, persoices, each of wion. While thi
6
al cific
tal allows mation is
so collect g and n. h, such as
ese site-sitor use
res reation e diverse r access. ble by a n
dside
creation
onal which is is grants
indtraspe
Th
Sitjuddato RMBL
A wh
3 Th
co
dividual field ack visitation ecific method
he methods lis
Automaused to minto visiassociatand otheobservat
Counts includinAbout 4data, therecreatioin some envelopself-repo
Other cuse a coat some visitors visitatioand Larr
te-level countdgment are entabase on an estimate total
MIS database LM site:
number
number
number
“visit” beginshen the visitor
he BLM does not co
onvert automated c
offices flexibvaries substa
ds is often lim
sted below ar
ated traffic ameasure traffitation estimated with recreer visit charactions and prof
based on feeng permits (e.g440 BLM recre BLM requesonal activitiescases to estimes or other simorted informa
counts based mbination of sites. For exafor a period on is based solry Ridenhour
ts and supporntered into BLannual basis. l visitation (poffers the fol
of visits;
of visitor day
of recreation
s when a visitr leaves. For
onduct any formal
counts into visitati
bility and autoantially (Moismited or nonex
e used to trac
and trail counfic volume or tes using infoation, numbe
cteristics. Thifessional judg
e data: Visitag., overnight reation sites csts that visitors, and other vmate the percemilar registraation about vi
on observatif observation aample, BLM sof time at a sitlely on profes, personal com
rting informatLM’s RecreatThe database
personal commllowing inform
ys by activity;
permits issue
tor enters BLMexample, a vi
surveys or rely on
on estimates.
onomy, the acey, 2008). Fuxistent.
ck visitation a
nters: At somfoot traffic o
ormation abouer of visitors ps informationgment.3
ation is trackecamping), reg
charge fees (Drs self-report isit characterientage of visi
ation forms, osit characteris
ion and profand professiostaff might rete in their patssional judgemmmunication
tion from on-stion Manageme uses this infmunication, Drmation about
; and
ed.
M lands for risit might inc
information from
ccuracy of thurther, the doc
at BLM sites.
me sites, automn trails. Thesut the percentper vehicle, len is based on a
ed at some sitegistrations, an
DOI and USDgroup size, leistics. On-siteitors who do n
or to evaluate stics.
fessional judgonal judgmentecord the numtrol logs. In oment (Moisey, December 2
site observatiment Informaformation in sDavid Baker, t annual recre
recreational plude a short d
other agencies to
e methods uscumentation o
mated countere counts are ctage of vehiclength of time a mixture of o
es using fee dnd fee envelo
DA, 2015). Foength of stay,e observationnot comply wthe accuracy
gment: BLMt to estimate v
mber of observther cases, esy, 2008; Davi2016).
ions or profesation System (site-specific fDecember 20
eation visitatio
urposes and edog-walk or a
generate informat
7
ed to of site-
rs are converted les on site, on-site
data, opes. r these , s are used
with fee of the
M staff also visitation ved stimated id Baker
ssional (RMIS) formulas 016). The on at each
ends a multi-
tion needed to
dalenpeda“avdifsimpeallbo
RMHoarerep
In coWyealspe
F IS
Thwi15apenDewiwetheproan20
4 Th
na
bo
ar
co
y camping tringths into an ople visiting ys is also repverage” visitoffer significanmilar when agrmits issued blow visitors tooat launches, n
MIS is an inteowever, BLMe reported at tports (BLM, 2
addition to collects informaashington Staar at about 20so provide infrsonal commu
SH AND WILD
he USFWS mildlife refuges0 million acrproximately 5vironmental eecember 2016ildlife refugesetland managee USFWS to sogramming, balysis, and vi
016).
he types of recreat
ational conservatio
oat launches); Spec
reas or backcountry
ommercial entities
ip. The estimaestimate of 12for one hour orted by activor (David Bakntly from “visggregated to tby BLM in exo use BLM senational conse
ernal system aM staff can pre
the national a2016b).
ollecting infoation about viate University0 BLM sites. formation abounication, De
DLIFE SERVIC
manages the Ns and 38 wetlaes of land and50 million viseducation and6). Informatios and 35 wetlaement districtsupport operabudget requesisitor satisfact
tion permits issued
on areas); Expanded
cial Area Permits (e
y areas); and Comm
providing recreati
ate of “visitor2-hour visitoreach would bvity using BLker, personal sitor days” forthe national lexchange for reervices and faervation areas
accessible onlepare custom and state level
ormation abouisitor charactey to administeThese survey
out visitor demecember 2016
CE
ational Wildland managemd water (USFsits in 2016 fod interpretatioon about visitaand managemts are closed tational plannists, natural restion (Phil LeP
d by the BLM includ
d Amenity Permits
e.g., for noncomm
mercial Competitiv
onal services).
r days” standar days. One p
both yield oneLM formulas t
communicatir a site or a stevel. “Recreaecreation fees
acilities such as, and special
ly to BLM pereports upon ls in the BLM
ut recreation veristics. To ther and analyzeys primarily fomographics a6).
life Refuge Syment districts. FWS, 2016). Tor hunting, fison (Phil LePeation is curren
ment districts. to the public. ing, facilities source damagPelch, persona
de Standard Ameni
s (e.g., for recreati
mercial uses of sele
ve, Group, and Eve
ardizes recreaperson visitinge visitor day. that describe ion, March 20tate, though th
ation permits”s paid by visias visitor cenl recreation ar
ersonnel (Correquest. Agg
M’s annual “Pu
visits and visihis end, the Be 150 to 400 v
focus on visitoand activities (
ystem, whichTogether, the
The refuge syshing, wildlif
elch, personal ntly collectedThe remainin Visitation inmanagement
ge assessmenal communic
ty Permits (e.g., fo
ional facilities or s
ect “special” areas
ent Permits (e.g., f
ation visits ofg for 12 hoursThe number othe activities 017). “Visits”he figures are
” reflect the nutors.4 These
nters, campgroreas (BLM, 2
ay et al., 2007gregated visitaublic Land St
itor days, the LM partners visitor surveyor satisfaction(David Baker
h includes 560ese cover mo
ystem receivedfe observationcommunicati
d at about 460ng refuges an
nformation is u, recreationalts, economic ation, Decem
or use of visitor ce
services such as cam
such as off-highwa
for organized group
8
f different s or 12 of visitor of an ” may e fairly umber of permits
ounds, 2016b).
7). ation data tatistics”
BLM with
ys each n, but they r,
0 national re than d n, and ion,
0 national nd used by impact
mber
enters or
mpgrounds or
ay vehicle
p events or
ToEseststrpriremsetThind
Eaup
o guide visitatstimation Wortimating visitrategies for: (imarily in desmote or roadltting,” requirihe formation odividual refug
Direct ovideo ca
Traffic visitor cwith info(e.g., nurecreatio
Patrols:number used to edistricts method
Self-regbooks, trare not cas group
Entrancabout 10and boat(e.g., at to visits
Surveystraffic-stcharactesatisfact
Indirectprofessilimited s(USFWS
ach year, betwpload their vis
tion estimatiorkbook in 200ation, which 1) refuges “wsignated areasess refuges wing a broader of a specific pge or wetland
observation: ameras).
counters: Aucenters to recoformation fromumber of visiton, etc.) (see “
: Public use aof recreationestimate the tand refuges woffers a usefu
gistration: Serail registers, collected. Visp size, length
ce fee station06 refuges chating (DOI andentrance stati.
s: Visitation itop surveys),
eristics like grtion, and more
t estimation onal judgmensite observatiS, 2005).
ween August asitation inform
on and reporti05. The workbare listed belo
where visitor as” (focused on
where “visitor mix of visita
plan for estimd management
Visits are cou
utomated traford vehicles em direct obserors per vehicl“Surveys” be
areas (e.g., boal visits is coutotal number owith diffuse aul alternative
elf-reported inand voluntar
sitors are askeof visit, and r
ns and permiarge fees for d USDA, 201ions or visitor
information iswhich provid
roup size, lene.
based on pront is used to eons with assu
and Septembemation to the U
ing, the USFWbook describeow. Broadly sactivities are rn the use of tr
r activities occation estimatiomating visitatio
t district.
unted either d
ffic counters aentering sites.rvation or surle, percentage
elow).
oat ramps or punted over a of visits in thaccess or dispto traffic cou
nformation is ry hunting or ed to provide recreation act
its: About 35 activities suc
15). Fees are cr centers) or a
s collected viade informatiogth of stay, re
ofessional judestimate visitaumptions abou
er, refuges anUSFWS’s Re
WS developedes seven diffespeaking, thereached by roraffic countercur primarily on methods (Uon is left to th
directly or ind
are placed on The traffic crveys to estime of vehicles
parking lots) aset period of at area. For w
persed recreatunters.
collected frofishing permiinformation a
tivities pursue
refuges chargch as overnighcollected eithat self-pay sta
a surveys (e.gon about visitaecreational ac
dgment: In sation. This maut visitor patt
nd wetland maefuge Annual
d the Visitatioerent methods workbook ou
oad and occurrs); and (2) min an unconf
USFWS, 200he discretion
directly (e.g.,
entrance roadcounts are commate total visit
engaging in
are patrolled atime. This sa
wetland managtion sites, the
m visitors viaits in cases wabout their vied.
ge an entrancht camping, hher by staff meations, then co
g., mail, telepation and visictivities, visito
ome cases, ay involve coterns and beha
anagement di Performance
9
on s for utlines r
more fined 5, p. 2). of the
using
ds or near mbined tation
and the ample is gement patrols
a guest where fees
sit, such
e fee, and hunting, embers onverted
phone, and t or
ombining avior
stricts e Plan
(Rpeactderecactviswo
In cowirefabactsat
ThagFispaincprorecactcoAlcome
BU
Restacam20Jacwawa
DurecFecoInf
RAPP) databasrsonnel. The tivity (e.g., hufined as somecreational acttivity (e.g., husits. For examould be count
addition to gllect informatith the U.S. Gfuges (Sextonout visitor detivities, numbtisfaction (e.g
he USFWS alencies, and nshing, Huntinrticipation in cluding but noovide estimatcreation days tivity, and denducted everylthough the sumparable witethodology (D
UREAU OF RE
eclamation maates, with 289mping, hiking
015). These prckson, personater supplies aater.
ue to resourcecreation manaederal partnersunty, and cityformation abo
se. This databRAPP databaunting, fishineone who entivity. A “visitunting). A vis
mple, if a visitted as a hiking
athering data tion about vis
Geological Surn et al., 2012; emographics (ber of personsg., satisfaction
so partners wational conse
ng, and Wildlifishing, hunt
ot limited to Utes of participby activity, tmographic chy five years aurvey has beeth results fromDOI and DOC
ECLAMATION
anages approx9 separate siteg, fishing, wilroject areas atnal communicand producing
e constraints aagement to a ps (e.g., NPS),y governmentout visitation
base is an intease tracks the
ng, wildlife obers a refuge ot” occurs whesitor engagingtor takes a hikg visit and als
on site, the Usitor characterrvey (USGS) Dietsch et al
(e.g., age, incs per party, spn with service
with the U.S. Crvation organife-Associateting, and wildUSFWS lands
pants by recretrip and equipharacteristics and relies on aen conducted sm surveys conC, 2011).
ximately 6.5 es (or “projecldlife viewingttract more thcation, Januarg hydroelectr
and shared jurpartner agenc, over 156 arets), and the reis currently c
ernal system atotal number
bservation) foor wetland maen a visitor eng in multiple ke and goes hso as a huntin
USFWS perioristics. Most rfrom 2010 to., 2013). Thesome), trip chapending in loces, facilities, a
Census Bureanizations to prd Recreation.
dlife viewing ts. The reportsational activi
pment expendof participan
a stratified ransince 1955, re
nducted earlie
million acresct areas”) provg, boating, anhan 28 millionry 2017). Givric energy, mo
risdiction of lcy. Of the 289e managed byemaining areacollected at al
accessible onlr of visitors anor each USFWanagement dingages in a paactivities is c
hunting in a reng visit.
odically condurecently, the U
o 2012 to survse surveys praracteristics (cal communitand recreation
au, state-level roduce the “N.” The surveythroughout ths generated uty, the numbe
ditures of visitnts (USFWS, 2ndom sampleesults from reer than 1991 d
s of land and wviding recreat
nd other activin recreation vven the agencyost recreation
lands, Reclam9 project area
y a non-Federaas are managell Reclamation
ly to USFWSnd number of
WS site. A “vistrict to engagarticular recre
counted as muefuge, that vis
ucts off-site sUSFWS collavey visitors atovided inform(e.g., recreatioties), and visinal opportuni
fish and wildNational Survy focuses on rhe United Statsing the surveer of trips andtors engaged 2015). The su
e of US houseecent reports due to change
water in 17 wtion access foities (Reclam
visits per year y’s role in ma
n occurs on or
mation usuallyas, 102 are maal partner (e.g
ed by Reclamn project area
10
S f visits by isitor” is ge in a eational ultiple sitor
surveys to aborated t 78 mation onal itor ities).
dlife vey of recreation tes, ey data d in each
urvey is eholds. are not
es in the
western or
mation, (Jerome
anaging r near
y cedes anaged by g., state, ation. as and is
useab
ReitsThVideare
Eaest(Rdavistraenpla(Jecosam
Recorec
FO
Thwiarenaof
5 Th
nu
ed to support out public us
eclamation us regional offi
his decentralizisitation to proscribed in otheas managed
Automaan assum
On-site and log
Fee collmanaginpersonal
ach regional otimate for a p
RUDR) databatabase accesssitation data facks the numbgage in recreaace to accounerome Jacksounted each timme day.
eclamation dollected by Recreation and o
OREST SERVIC
he USFS manilderness areaeas; 9 nationational preserv“sites” as def
he RUDR database
umber of campsites
resource mane (Jerome Jac
ses a decentraces, area officzed approach oject areas mher sections oby Reclamati
ated or manumed number o
camp hosts:visitation cou
lection: At song partner entl communicat
office, area ofproject area anase sometime sible only to Rfor each projeber of “visits,”ation on a giv
nt for situationn, personal come they enter
oes not collecteclamation’s moperational pl
CE
nages 193 millas; 155 national scenic areasves (CRS, 201fined by the U
also stores informa
s, miles of trails, c
nagement plackson, person
lized approacces, and manaresults in theanaged by Fef this chapterion or non-Fe
ual traffic couof persons per
Some projecunts.
ome project artrance fees aretion, Decemb
ffice, or manand uploads it ibetween Lab
Reclamation sect area and fo” which occuven day. Reclns where a visommunicationr a Reclamatio
t data on visitmanaging parlanning.
lion acres of lal forests; 22 s; and 7 natio14; USFS, 20USFS, includi
ation on revenues,
concessionaires, ex
anning, econonal communic
ch to track visaging partner
e application oederal partnerr. The methodederal partner
unts: These cr vehicle to es
ct areas rely o
reas, overnighe used to estim
ber 2016).
aging partner into Reclama
bor Day and mstaff. The RUor each Recla
ur when a perslamation doessitor enters a n, December on site, even
tor characterirtners, Reclam
land in 42 sta national gras
onal monumen016b). Any oing campgrou
expenditures, and
xclusive use permit
omic impact acation, Decem
sitation at its prs to develop of a wide rangrs is tracked uds used to tracrs are listed be
counts are usustimate visita
on on-site cam
ht camping femate visitatio
generates an ation’s Recreamid-October.
UDR databaseamation regionson enters Res not currentlysite multiple 2016). As a rif those entra
istics. Where mation may us
ates and Puertsslands; 20 nants, volcanic mf these units munds, alpine s
d recreational faci
ts, etc.).
analysis, and imber 2016).
project areas,site-specific mge of method
using the methck visits to prelow.
ually combineation.
mp hosts to ge
ees, parking fon (Jerome Ja
annual visitatation Use DatRUDR is an stores currenn.5 The datab
eclamation lany have a methtimes in the s
result, visitorsances occur du
these data arese them to inf
to Rico, incluational recreamonuments, amay contain aski areas, picn
lities (e.g., inform
11
inquiries
, allowing methods.
ds. hods roject
ed with
enerate
fees, and ackson,
tion ta Report internal
nt base nds to hod in same day s are uring the
e form its
uding 403 ation and a number nic areas,
mation about
boonsce
Vithe(Eto (2)deassunan
Thnarecthi20provisvisgra
A of Thcorep
Th(2)
6 A
Vi
na
7 Fo
wh
oating sites, ann national foreenic byways l
isitor use estime National Vinglish et al., 2produce estim) to produce dmographics, vsesses visitati
nits in the coualysis, econom
he NVUM protional forest, creation” (Enis definition, a
005). The lengogram focusesit (e.g., to obsit, an individassland. Visi
two-stage samsite days is d
he population nceptualized presents a sin
hree character) existence of
Site typareas), otrailheadpreviousnationalNational
“viewing occasion”
ewing occasions oc
ational forests. Ad
or NVUM purposes,
hich are selected f
nd swimmingests, and an adlocated on or
mates for landsitor Use Mo2002; Zarnocmates of the vdescriptive invisit durationion at one-fiftntry every fivmic valuation
ogram definesnational grasglish et al., 20as are visits togth of a recre
es on “last-exibtain supplies)dual may visitits to individu
mpling approadrawn. A site
of site days fas a matrix w
ngle day withi
ristics are usef proxy data, a
pe: All sites aovernight use d providing hs three categol forest), and vl Forest).
” occurs when an i
ccur on lands outsi
dditional details are
some of the 155 n
for data collection
g areas. Nearldditional 300 near national
ds under the jnitoring prog
ch et al., 2011volume of recformation abo
ns, satisfactionth of all Natiove years.7 Usen, budgeting,
s a recreationsland or desig002). Visits bo simply use
eation visit caniting” visitors) are not count multiple “situal sites are de
ach is used today is define
for an individwhere each coin the calenda
d for stratificand (3) expec
are classified adeveloped sitiking access t
ories (e.g., traviewing corri
ndividual enjoys th
de of USFS jurisdic
e provided below i
national forests are
every year.
ly 149 million million viewl forests (USF
jurisdiction ofgram (NVUM). This moni
creation at natout that visitan, and spendinonal Forest Syes of NVUM and forest pla
n visit as “onegnated wilderby employeesa restroom or
an range from s so that visitonted multiple tes” within thefined as recr
o estimate vised as a contindual National olumn represear year (Zarno
cation prior tocted use level
as either day-tes (e.g., camto a wildernes
ailhead provididor sites (e.g
he scenery while si
ction, such as on st
in this section.
e combined, resulti
n recreation vwing occasionFS, 2016a).6
f the USFS arM), which was
itoring progrational forests ation, includinng (USFS, 20ystem units evestimates incanning.
e person enterrness area fors and contractr obtain informa few minute
ors who brieftimes. Durine national forreation site vi
itation. In thnuous 24-hour
Forest Systements a single soch et al. 201
o sampling sit.
-use developempgrounds), w
ss area), geneding hiking org., public road
imply passing by o
tate or federal hig
ing in 120 National
visits occur ans occur annua
re generated t initiated in 2
am has two goand grasslandng visitor acti016c). The Nvery year, cov
clude econom
ring and exitinr the purpose tors are exclumation (Zarnes to many dafly leave a siteng a single recrest or nationaisits.
e first stage, ar period at a sm unit can be site exit and e1, pg. 2).
te days: (1) sit
ed sites (e.g., wilderness siteeral sites not ir hunting acced providing vi
r through USFS-ma
hways that pass th
l Forest System un
12
nnually ally on
through 2000 oals: (1) ds, and ivities,
NVUM vering all
mic impact
ng a of
uded from noch et al., ays. The e during a creation al
a sample single site.
ach row
te type,
picnic es (e.g., in the ess to a iews of a
anaged land.
hrough
its, 24 of
In unestthethr
8 At
9 Fo
fo
Proxy dhaving pavailablExamplecountersrecreatiothe accu
Expecteuse leveexpectathigher e
the second stniversity persotimate the nume exception oree types of d
Automdepartiobtainepoint norder t
Manuaa randoTwo-thhave ththird arwith rehour shvehicle
Intervhour sh(i.e., thconducintervirecreatover) i
t pedestrian access
or example, most v
or the last time in t
data: All sitesproxy informae that is expees include dats, and lift tickon visits at theuracy of estim
ed use level: els (very high,tions regardinexpected exitin
tage, field peronnel—are dember of last-ef viewing cor
data for every
mated countsing the site thed by installinnear the entranto enter.8
al counts: Momly-selectedhirds of the sahe heaviest flore assigned toeadings from hift, to converes.
views: Interviehift. Field pehere is no samcting an intervew begins wition visitors. is asked addit
s points, infra-red
visitors exit day use
the morning.
s are classifiedation. Sites wcted to be clota from fee en
ket sales at skie site and is a
mates of recrea
All site days , high, mediumng the flow ofng visitor flow
rsonnel—incleployed on seexiting visitorrridor sites ansampled site
: Automated hroughout the ng a temporarnce to the site
anual counts d six-hour shiampled site daow of last-exio the other shthe automatert the 24-hour
ews with vehersonnel attemmpling of vehiview with anoith screening For these vehional question
pedestrian counter
e sites for the last
d as either hawith proxy infosely related tnvelopes at cai areas. Whenavailable yearation site visit
in the calendum, low, or nof last-exiting rws are sampl
luding USFSelected site dars leaving the
nd sites with pday:
counts of all entire 24-houry vehicle coue that all (or n
of all people ift (either 8 Aays are assigniting recreatio
hift.9 These md counter at tr automated c
hicle occupantmpt to intercepicles), providother visitor wquestions to ihicles, a randons to obtain g
rs are used.
time during the af
aving “proxy”formation havto the volumeampgrounds, n this type ofr round, it cants.
dar year are asone) based onrecreation visled at higher r
employees, cays to gather de site on that dproxy data, fie
people or vehur period. Thunter, such asnearly all) veh
or vehicles leAM to 2 PM oned to the shional visitors;
manual countsthe beginningcount to an es
ts during the rpt all exiting
ded that they awhen the vehidentify vehicomly-selected
general data o
fternoon, while mo
” information ve informatioe of recreationpermanent tr
f proxy data cn be used to im
ssigned to onn site managersitors. Site darates.
contractors, andata that allowday. Specificaeld personnel
hicles enterinhese counts ars a pneumatichicles must pa
eaving the sitr 2 PM to 8 P
ift that is expethe remainin
s are used, togg and end of thstimate of exit
randomly-selvehicles for i
are not busy icle passes bycles with last-d occupant (a
on trip charact
ost visitors exit ove
13
or not n n visits. raffic covers all mprove
e of five rs’ ays with
nd ws one to ally, with l gather
ng and re c tube, at a ass by in
te during PM). ected to g one-
gether he six-ting
lected six-interviews
y. The -exiting age 16 or teristics,
ernight sites
Atcalexgasubregthe
Viocpaprowhestthech
Intto whin intprovehocosto
Adovrepco
ViViregTh
10 If
includivehiclefor thenationaforest v
t proxy sites, librate the propected to havther informatbmitting fee egistration, ande proxy variab
iewing corridocur on lands oss through naogram if travehile on the cotimates if eithe primary puroosing that p
terview and censure the sa
here it is consone direction
terviews are covided one cahicle counts a
our shift: (1) mmmercial veh
opping point.
dditional viewverflights, traiporting units nducted with
isitor use dataisitation estimgional levels, he estimates o
f a safe stopping po
ing persons pe are used to c sampled siteal forest are uvisits.
data collectiooxy data sourve the most lation on factorenvelopes), nd duplicate reble to an estim
or sites are unoutside of USational forestselers are experridor. Trips
her (1) the prirpose of the trarticular trave
count proceduafety of field psidered safe ton (the directioconducted at aan be identifieand interviewmanual traffichicles passing
wing occasionn rides, or traand included these individ
a are publishemates are gene
with separateof site visits ar
oint cannot be iden
er vehicle andconvert the 24
e day. Data onused to conver
on on sampledrce. Field perst-exiting recs such as nonon-recreation
egistrations. Tmate of uniqu
nique in that “SFS jurisdictios. Viewing coected to spendon viewing cmary purposerip, but viewinel route.
ures are modifpersonnel. Fio do so. Secon associated wa safe stoppined.10 Finally,
ws, field persoc counts focusg through in o
ns occur outsiam tours. Thein the viewin
duals (English
ed online at hterated at the ne estimates ofre classified a
ntified, then interv
d number of s4-hour vehicln the numberrt estimates o
d site days focrsonnel visit tcreational visincompliance (n visits, groupThese data arue recreation v
“visits” to theon, such as onorridor sites ad at least 15 mcorridors are ie of the trip isng forest scen
fied somewhairst, an automond, the countwith the inter
ng point withi, rather than s
onnel alternatesed on determone direction a
ide of these viese viewing ong occasion esh et al. 2002).
ttp://apps.fs.fenational forestf site visits anas: “day use d
view information is
sites visited. le count into ar of sites visiteof site visits to
cuses on inforthe site duringitors. They co(i.e., percentap size, numbere used to convisits.
ese sites (or “vn state or fed
are only incluminutes withinincorporated s recreation, onery was the m
at for viewingmated traffic c
ter only monirview locationin the corridosimultaneousle between two
mining the numand (2) interv
iewing corridoccasions are stimates, but .
fed.us/nfs/nrmt, multi-fores
nd national fodeveloped,” “
s transferred from
Data on persa visitation esed within eaco estimates of
rmation neceg the six-houronduct interv
age of visitorsr of nights pe
nvert an annua
viewing occaeral highway
uded within thn a national fin the NVUMor (2) recreatimain reason f
g corridor siteounter is onlyitors vehicles n for the site)
or, such as a rely conductingo tasks duringmber of non-views at the sa
dor sites durindocumented surveys are n
m/nvum/resultt, and Forest
orest visits pro“overnight use
another viewing c
14
ons per stimate ch f national
ssary to r period
views to s not er al total for
asions”) s that
he NVUM forest M ion is not for
es in order y installed traveling . Third, est area,
g manual g the six-
afe
ng scenic by USFS
not
ts/. Service
ovided. e
corridor site.
decanis of depa20Napoduvepoco
Ex
AR
ThProacr20 11 P
(O
veloped,” “unn go to multipalways at leasspecial eventveloped separticipants. A
009 or 2010-2ational Forestortal provides uration, grouphicle, number
ortal provides de, county, an
ample Ca lcu
Field pe(crossing
During t(travelinvehiclesvehicle c
Interviewthe exition avera
Field peautomat24-hour
With 0.5estimatewhich arvehicle, period (
RMY CORPS O
he USACE reoject Site Areres in 44 state
017).11 These
Personal communic
OMBIL) database, w
ndeveloped arple sites withist as large as t and organizerately from thnnual estimat014. The est
t System unitscustomizable size, satisfacr of annual vicustomizablend state.
la t ion for a
ersonnel arriveg both lanes),
the six-hour sng in both dires leaving the scounted by th
ws conducteding vehicles aage, in these 1
ersonnel returnted vehicle coperiod.
526 exiting veed 100 vehiclere assumed tothere are an e130 = 100 x 0
OF ENGINEER
creation progeas, or PSAs)es (USACE, 2sites received
ation reflects infor
which is not publicly
reas (general in a national fthe corresponed camp use vhe sampling ptes are availabimates can bes desired. In e summaries oction with visiisits, and active maps depict
Sampled S it
e at 8:00 AM, then remain
shift, the vehiections), whilsite, providinghe pneumatic
d with 30 exitare completing15 vehicles.
n to the site aounter. A tota
ehicles per vees have exitedo be completinestimated 1300.5 x 2.6).
RS
gram is compr across more 2016; Kathleed about 250 m
rmation stored in t
y accessible.
forest area),”forest, the sitnding nationavisits is also aprocess describle for one ofe tailored by taddition to usof interview dit, number of vities (includting the numb
e Day witho
M, set up a pne on site until
icle counter rele the field peg an estimate tube (0.526 =
ting vehicles ig a recreation
at 8:00 AM onal of 190 vehi
ehicle countedd the site (100ng a recreatio0 recreation v
rised of 4,989than 400 wat
en Perales, pemillion visits i
the USACE Operatio
” or “wildernete visit estimaal forest visit eavailable. Thibed above byf two five-yeathe user to focse estimates, data, includinf sites visited, ing primary a
ber of survey
ut Proxy Dat
eumatic tube c2:00 PM.
ecords a total ersonnel manuof 0.526 exit
= 50/95).
indicate that 1n visit and tha
n the next dayicles have bee
d by the pneu0 = 0.526 x 1on visit. Assuvisits to the sit
9 recreation siter resource personal commin 2016 for hi
ons and Manageme
ess.” Becauseate for a nationestimate. The
hese figures ary simply tallyar periods, eitcus on any suthe USFS onl
ng demographnumber of ax
activity). Finarespondents b
ta
counter at the
of 95 vehicleually counts 5ting vehicles
15 (or 50 percat there are 2.6
y to retrieve then recorded d
umatic tube, a90), 50 perce
uming 2.6 peote during the
ites (also calleprojects on 12munication, Feiking, campin
ent Business Inform
15
e visitors nal forest e quantity re
ying all ther 2005-ubset of line
hics, visit xles per ally, the by ZIP
e site exit
es 50 for every
cent) of 6 people,
he during the
an ent of ople per 24-hour
ed 2 million ebruary ng,
mation Link
bopebopoCathefac(U
Vilis
Aubecalcowhvelendainico
12 T
as
13 S
fo
oating, fishingrsonal commu
ody of water, tool or potentiaanyon Park is e PSA level acilities manag
USACE, 2015
isits to USACted below and
Automacombine
TransacRecreati
RevenuManage
Ratio escombinesmall/recamping
Third-pstate/locPerales,
utomated coucause many Plibrated to enunts to estimahich collect inhicles associangth of stay, ata collection pitial screeningnducted a rou
The 2016 estimate s described below i
everal types of cou
ocused beams.
g, swimming, unication, Fetypically a lakal flood heighone of 26 PS
and estimates gement, recreaa; USACE, 2
CE sites are esd described in
ated countersed with on-sit
ction data: Cion Reservatio
e data: Overnment System
stimates: Ested with an assmote PSAs w
g.
party estimatcal parks, nonpersonal com
nters are partPSAs have a snsure an accurate total visitanformation abated with recrand other visiprotocol is tog question), reund of on-site
is lower than pubin this section.
unters are used, in
picnicking, abruary 2017)ke or river, an
ht. Most projeSAs at Canyonare producedation program013).
stimated usingn the followin
s: These inclute surveys to e
Camping and son Service (N
night use revem (CEFMS).
imates based sumed occupa
with no autom
tes: Independnprofit parks, mmunication,
ticularly effecsingle or limitrate count is oation. The loabout the numbreation, the peit characterist interview anesulting in a ue surveys at a
licly-available esti
ncluding pneumatic
and other recr.12 Most USAnd include theects contain nun Lake in Tex
d for all PSAsm evaluation,
g several metng paragraphs
ude traffic andestimate visit
shelter transaNRRS) (www
enue data fro
on the numbancy rate. Th
mated counters
dent estimatesand private eFebruary 201
ctive for enumted road entry
obtained, and ad factors are ber of people ercentage of vtics. If a vehicnd count the vunique estimasubset of PSA
imates for recent
c tubes, inductive l
reation uses (KACE projects e adjacent lanumerous PSAxas. Visitations to support U
and economi
thods and datas.
d trail countetation.
action data frow.recreation.go
m the Corps
er of parking ese are used ps for day use
s from leased ntities (USAC17).
merating day uy system.13 A“load factorsdeveloped usper vehicle, t
vehicles depacle exits a sitevehicle at its late of visits. TAs to develop
years due to chan
loops, magnetome
Kathleen Peraare oriented a
nd up to maximAs. For exampn data are col
USACE managic impact anal
a sources, wh
rs, which are
om the Nationov).
of Engineers
spaces or camprimarily at or no charge
areas manageCE, 2015b, K
use at USACEAll counters ars” are appliedsing on-site suthe percentagarting for the le multiple timast departure
The USACE rp load factors
ges in data collect
eters, breakbeams,
16
ales, around a mum ple, llected at gers with lysis
hich are
nal
Financial
mpsites
for
ed by Kathleen
E sites re d to the urveys, e of last time,
mes, the (using an
recently
tion methods,
and infrared
(Upe
NRThof sepestfro
Sonu“dusecamest
Apma20visabTh
AlReausoftrach
Th“Vweresavest
ThwiCaclainc
14 H
de
USACE, 2015nding inform
RRS transactihe NRRS systoccupants pe
parately fromtimate is convom the NRRS
ome USACE Pumber of parkispersed landed to estimatempsite are cotimate visitati
pproximately arina, or local
017). At somesitation data, ove. At the ot
he USACE ac
ll data sourceseporting Systetomated counftware conver
affic counters aracteristics f
he visitor use Value to the Nebsite providesource projectailable from ttimate as well
he USACE haith assistance ambridge, Maassified for thcludes a revie
Historically, a uniqu
eveloping general l
a; USACE, 2mation collecti
ion and CEFMtem provides er site. In CE
m other revenuverted into anS data.
PSAs are remking spaces ands.” These sitee visitation. In
ombined with ion.
44 percent ofl YMCA chap
e of these PSAand coordinatther PSAs, th
ccepts these es
s described abem (VERS) onter readings (rts the raw co(e.g., whethe
from on-site s
statistics are Nation” (http:/es state and nats. It does nothe USACE ul as separate e
as been workifrom the U.S
assachusetts. he purpose of ew of best pra
ue load factor was
load factors that ca
013).14 Addition approval f
MS financial dthe number oFMS, revenu
ues, and can bn estimate of o
mote and offernd campsites aes do not charnstead, assumthe number o
f PSAs are oppter) (KathleeAs, the USACtes with the o
he third-party stimates as-is
bove are enteon a monthly b(i.e., without
ounts into visier they providsurveys.
published onl//www.corpsrational report
ot provide statupon request. estimates for
ing since 201S. Department
This effort inmanagement
actices for aut
developed for eve
an be applied to co
tional surveysfrom the Offi
data provide of nights that ues collected fbe extracted oovernight visi
r little capacitavailable is smrge for parkin
med occupancof parking spa
perated by thien Perales, pe
CE maintains roperator to imentities colle
s and includes
red into the Ubasis. USACEapplication o
itation estimade one-way or
line in a sectiresults.us/recrts, as well as rtistics at the PEach report pvarious use c
1 to update itt of Transportncludes a revit and data colltomated coun
ery individual coun
ounters with simila
s are planned ce of Manage
information asites are occufrom overnighon a monthly bits using a loa
ty for recreatimall). These ang or campingcy rates per paaces and camp
ird-party entitersonal commresponsibility
mplement the mct visitation ds them in thei
USACE’s VisE personnel e
of a load factoates using infor two-way cou
ion of the USreation/recfasreports for inPSA level, buprovides an ocategories (e.g
ts visitor use dtation’s Volpiew of how relection (USA
nters (USACE
nter. In contrast, th
ar characteristics.
for the near fement and Bu
about overnigupied and the ht use are repbasis. The revad factor deve
ion use (i.e., tareas are refeg, so fee data arking space apsites in these
ties (e.g. a stamunication, Fey for collectinmethods descdata independir visitation st
sitation Estimenter the “rawor) and the VEormation abouunts) and
ACE websitestfacts.cfm). Tdividual wate
ut this informaoverall visitatig., water cont
data collectioe Center in
ecreation sitesACE, 2011). ItE, 2015a). The
he USACE is curren
17
future, udget.
ght use. number
ported venue eloped
the erred to as cannot be and per e areas to
ate park, ebruary ng cribed dently. tatistics.
mation and w” ERS ut the
e called The er ation is ion tact).
n system,
s are t also e
ntly
visthi
Futercoocpea sIf recvis
Tochproindlimin foremstato Dean
2.2 CO
Ferecacrdifincna
ThavImtheregareof
15 A
sitation informis writing refl
uture informatrms of “visitsnstitutes a sincasions, regarrson during a
site four timesa camper staycreation days sitor hours (i.
o complementaracteristics uoduce load fadividuals undmitations; origfollow-up surr economic im
mployed at theatistical sampmanagement
emographic ind ethnicity.
OMPARISON O
ederal land macreation on laross individuafferences in thcluding reservtional parks,
he way in whiailable to man
mportant consie typical modgistration is ree staffed by arecreation at
A discussion of thes
mation postedlects 2012 dat
tion will be b,” “recreationngle person enrdless of the l
any reasonables in a day, he ys on site for of use. The ee., time spent
t estimates ofusing three diactors captureder 18 years ogin ZIP code)rveys online,
mpact analysee discretion oling techniquon basic visi
nformation co
OF METHODS
anagement agands within thal sites withinhe types of fevoirs, grasslanlarge tracts of
ich visitors innagers for deviderations inc
de of entry (e.equired, whetgency personthe site. Site
se outdated estima
d on the USAta and estimat
ased on the mn days of use,”ntering a USAlength of staye portion withor she is couthree days, he
estimate of “1t on site) divid
f visitation, thifferent types targeted infold; whether o
). Second, at which gather
es. Third, the f Project or D
ues. The primaitor satisfactioollected on th
gencies use a heir jurisdiction agencies (Exederally-manands, ski areasf forest land,
nteract with thveloping accu
clude whetherg., vehicle, pether visitors p
nnel. The prefes where very
ation methods is be
CE’s Value ttion methods
methods descr” and “12-houACE site for ry. A “recreatiohin a day on t
unted as one ve or she is cou
12-hour visitoded by 12.
he USACE coof surveys. F
ormation abouor not any memsome sites, rer additional dUSACE has
District/Divisiary purpose oon with recreahese cards incl
wide variety on. Methods xhibit 2.1). T
aged recreatios, historic builand urban pa
hese disparateurate and costr entrances to edestrian, bik
pay an entry fferred methody little recreati
eyond the scope of
to the Nation that are no lo
ribed above anur visitor dayrecreation on on day of usethe same trip.
visit and one runted as one
or days” is the
ollects informaFirst, the on-sut the party (embers have mespondents ar
demographic aa comment caion leadershipof these cards ation areas anludes ZIP cod
of methods tovary both acr
This is not suron sites acrossldings and mo
arks.
e sites impactst-effective me the site are c
ke, OHV, or bfee, and whethd may also vaion is expecte
f this document.
website at theonger in use.1
nd will be repys.” A “visit”
one or more e” is a visit by. If a day visitrecreation dayvisit and thre
e number of re
ation about vsite surveys ue.g., number omobility or senre invited to pand expendituard program, p and does nois to provide
nd visitor centde, age, gende
o characterizeross agencies rprising, gives the United Sonuments, ico
s the suite of easures of vis
concentrated oboat), whetherher or not ent
ary with the imed to occur m
18
e time of 5
ported in ”
y a single tor enters y of use. ee ecreation
isitor used to of nsing participate ure data which is
ot utilize feedback ters. er, race,
e and
en the States, onic
methods sitation. or diffuse, r trances mportance
may not
watheag
Ouwi
Ou
arrant expensie public is noencies may d
ur review idenith regard to t
On-site collectiomail, or
Automacountersconcentrentrancepedestriprovide identifyicase of v
Adminisuch datcampingtickets, bThese dacompliaroutinely
ur review iden
CentralresponsicontrolleNPS, dastatisticaapplied collectiofederal) data collit developrovidincountersfactors fby publiindividu
ive data collet central to th
devote fewer r
ntified severahe methods u
data collection, rather thanweb) to chara
ated counterss to track visitrated locatione roads; automan entrances. an estimate oing the purpovehicle count
istrative datata are availablg registrationsbackcountry pata provide a
ance is minimy collected fo
ntified substa
lization of daibility for dataed or delegate
ata collection al personnel dat all sites. In
on methods enwho managelection methoops methodolng recommends, as well as refor translatingic or private thual sites.
ection methodhe mission of resources to c
al common thrused to charac
ion: All agenn relying on oacterize visita
s: All agencietation, particu
ns. The countmated pedestr
Conversion of the numberose of the visitters, the numb
a: All agenciele and reliabls (e.g., from wpermits, huntnear census oal. They are
or managemen
antial differen
ata collectiona collection aed to individuand analysis
develop, revien contrast, thentirely to indi those sites (U
ods for site mogies centralldations relateecommendatig automated chird parties, t
ds. Further, psome land m
characterizing
reads across fcterize visitati
ncies implemeoff-site generaation.
es rely at leasularly at sites ters are typicarian counters mfactors are de
r of recreationt (recreation vber of persons
es make use oe. Examples www.recreatiting permits, aof visits to cealso relativelnt purposes.
nces across ag
n: Agencies dand analysis mual sites and ois centrally coew, and revisee BLM, USFWividual sites oUSFWS does
managers). Thly for the subed to the placeions related tocounts into recthe USACE d
providing recranagement ag
g recreation.
federal land mion:
ent some formal-population
t to some extewhere visitor
ally vehicle cmay be deploeveloped thronal visits per cversus non-res per vehicle.
of administratof administraon.gov providand boat laun
ertain sites, asly inexpensive
gencies in the
differ in the dmethodologiesoutside partneontrolled. We estimation m
WS, and Reclor to the partns provide a refhe USACE usset of sites thement/calibrao the developcreation visit
delegates data
reation opportgencies, and t
management a
m of on-site dn surveys (e.g
ent on automrs enter in a founters instal
oyed to cover ough on-site scount. This i
ecreation) and
tive data at siative data incded by the NR
nch registratiossuming non-e, as the data
following are
egree to whics is centrally ers. At the U
With these two methods that amation deleg
ners (federal aference documes a hybrid ap
hat it managesation of vehicpment of convs. For sites m
a collection to
19
tunities to these
agencies
data ., phone,
ated few lled on
studies to nvolves
d, in the
ites where lude RRS), ski
ons.
are
eas:
ch
SFS and agencies, are gate data and non-ment on pproach: s, le
version managed o the
16 D
co
Documecollectioto have tthat cleaThe NPSpubliclydevelop As far aReclamato estimdocumendocumenneither asites.
Spatial temporathe mostsite. Wiunit. Thagenciesvisitatiocountersspecial r
Converwith whcountersused to dobservatrotates dfor counfixed “mbe the onon-site m
Eliminaattempt factors fcommonexiting”
Documentation is so
onsistent methodol
entation of mon methodolothe most com
arly describe iS also provide
y-available doan estimate;
s we are awaration) do not ate visitation nt for data cont providing bagency has do
and temporaal resolution ot detailed estiith the excepthe USFS deves use permanen estimates, ms or campgrourequest.
sion factors fhich they impls (i.e., for condevelop convtions), and thdata collectionnters every timmultipliers” tonly other agenmethodology
ation of doubto eliminate d
from on-site sn. The USAC visitors when
omewhat easier fo
logy across all sites
methods: Ageogies are documplete docume
its data colleces reasonable
ocumentation there are fewre, the remainhave publiclyat individual
ollection (USFbest practicesocumentation
al resolution of visitation esimates, with mtion of the USelops an annuent automatedmore detailedunds) and tem
for automatelement studienverting automversion factorse extent to whn across sites me it collectso their automancies that havused to devel
ble counting: double countisurveys for m
CE and USFSn calibrating
r the USFS to deve
s.
encies differ iumented. Of entation.16 It ction and estime documentatifocuses only
w details regarning agenciesy-available dol sites. The UFWS, 2005), as for automaten of the specif
of estimatesstimates avaimonthly visitaSFS, other ageual estimate fod counters or d spatial (e.g.,mporal (e.g., d
ed counters: es to develop cmated counts s (i.e., use of hich those stuevery year, anew counts a
ated counts, ave detailed inlop these mul
Agencies difing of visits.
most parks wheare the only aautomated co
elop than for other
in the degree all the agencihas publicly-
mation methoion of methodon the detaile
rding the ratios (USFWS, Uocumentation
USFWS has deand the USACed counters (Ufic methods ap
s: Agencies dilable. The Nation estimateencies providor each unit eadministrativ
, at the level odaily) data are
Agencies difconversion fato recreation on-site surve
udies are docuand it developat a unit. All and the NPS anternal documltipliers.
ffer in the extThe NPS incere multiple eagencies that ounters, thereb
r federal agencies,
to which theiies, the USFS-available docodology for alds for each sited steps requionale for thosSACE, BLM
n of the methoeveloped a guCE has develUSACE, 2015pplied at indi
iffer in the spNPS appears to
es available fode annual estimevery fifth yeave data to genof individual ve often availab
ffer in the freactors for auto visits), the m
eys vs. on-siteumented. Theps conversionother agencie
and USACE amentation relat
tent to which corporates adjentrances per focus only onby avoiding d
as the USFS applie
20
ir data S appears cuments ll sites. te, but the ired to
se steps. , and
ods used uidance loped a 5a), but vidual
atial and o provide for every mates by ar. When nerate vehicle ble by
quency omated
method e e USFS
n factors es apply appear to ted to the
they ustment day are
n “last-double
es a
EXHIB
On-sitUse oUse oData CDocumContrEstimOnlineFrequEstimRegulConveIndivi
EliminVisits
BIT 2.1. CO
te Data Collectf Automated Cf AdministrativCollection andmentation Cenrolled ation Methods e
uency of Unit-Lates ar Developmenersion Factors fdual Automate
nate Double Co
17 T
countingalso usewithin afor doubday. Fothe C&Oin the sit
Definitidefine vbroadly agenciesactivitievisits. Invisits froranger s
Public adetailed visitatioUSACEdown byonline, tstate in t
OMPARISON O
tion Counters ve Data trally
Posted
Level
nt of for ed Counters
ounting of
The NPS website als
g individuals s survey data
a single nationble counting oor example, a O Canal withite-specific tot
ions for visitavarious visitat
consistent acs in that a sings (e.g., fishin
n addition, whom its estimattation), it app
access to visitvisitation estn statistics on
E provides estiy activity. Ththough the BLtheir annual “
OF EXISTING
NPS
Monthly
(at some
sites)
so provides monthl
who leave a sa to avoid dounal forest duriof individualsvisitor to Wain the same datals.
ation metricsion metrics (A
cross agenciesgle person en
ng and huntinghile the USFStes (e.g., to us
pears that the
tation statisttimates are ponline, with estimates by sitehe remaining LM includes a“Public Land
METHODS
BLM
Annual
Unknown
ly-level estimates.
site temporariuble counting ing a single trs who visit sepashington D.Cay (NPS sites
s: Agencies dAppendix A).s, the USFWSntering a site tg) on a singleS explicitly exse a restroomremaining ag
tics: Agenciesosted online. timates brokee for a single agencies do na total visitatiStatistics” rep
USFWS R
Annual
Unknown
ily during thevisitors who
rip. None of parate federal
C. might visit s), and each v
differ in the w. While definS differs someto pursue twoe day is countxcludes some
m or obtain infgencies do not
s differ in theThe NPS and
en down by unyear online, w
not post site-sion estimate fports.
RECLAMATION
Annual
Unknown
eir visit. The visit multiplethe agencies l sites within the National
visit would be
way in which nitions of a “vewhat from o
o different reced as two sep types of veryformation fromt.
e extent to whd USFS both nit and by yewith estimatespecific visitafor the countr
USFS
Every 5th Year
21
USFS e sites adjusts the same Mall and
e counted
they visit” are ther
creational parate y brief m a
hich post ar.17 The s broken
ation data ry and by
USACE
Annual
PrimaMetricDefiniVisitaWebsi
ary Recreation c(s) (see Appenitions) tion Estimatesite
Visitation ndix A for
s Posted on
NPS
Visits and Hours
BLM
Visits and Days
USFWS R
Visits
RECLAMATION
Visits
USFS
Visits
22
USACE
Visits and Days
3. NE
Ovapreprecact
3.1 SO
OV
SoresExFliapusiallprointfed
Theit
EW TECHN
ver the past deproaches for port discussescreational vistivity data, an
OCIAL MEDIA
VERVIEW
ocial media ussearchers to axamples incluickr), geotaggplications (e.ging GPS-enablow users to inovider, and soterface (API).derally-manag
here are severther voluntari
Photo shdevice swith theassuminthe imagphoto. CFacebooavailablcontinua
Locatiothe locat
NOLOGIES
ecade, rapid tmonitoring ans potential opits to federall
nd remote sen
DATA
sers who visitacquire informude location mged tweets, ang., Strava). Tbled devices snput a locatioome provider. Researchersged lands.
ral mechanismly or involunt
haring: Whensuch as a smare photo are stong the individuge file is uploCompanies caok and Instagre (e.g., Flickrally evolving.
n sharing: Stion from whi
FOR VISIT
technologicalnd quantifyinportunities foly-managed lansing data.
t recreation simation about lmetadata assocnd recreation The visitor’s gsuch as smarton manually. s allow public can mine the
ms by which starily:
n an individurtphone, the tored as metadual has not pu
oaded to a phoan then choosram), store it r). Standard p.
Some social mich they take
TOR COUNT
l changes havng visitor use or using theseands, focusing
ites often leavlocations thatciated with phtrip routes sh
geographic lotphones, but sLocation dat
c access to these data to ob
social media u
ual takes a photime, date, andata (EXIF daurposefully choto sharing sitse whether or for internal p
practice for th
media platforma particular a
TS
ve led to a varand behavior
e new approacg on social m
ve digital foott they visited hotographs po
hared through ocation is primsome social mta are stored bhe data via an btain informat
users share th
otograph withd geographic
ata) linked to hosen to disabte, this metadnot to strip o
purposes, or mhe retention o
ms allow useraction, such a
iety of new r. This sectioches to estima
media data, cel
tprints, allowon specific daosted online (specialized
marily establismedia platformby the platformapplication p
tion about vis
heir location d
h a GPS-enablocation assothe image fileble geotaggin
data accompanout the metadamake it publicof photo metad
rs to voluntarias visiting a ge
23
n of the ate llular
ing ates. (e.g.,
shed ms also m program its to
data,
bled ociated e, ng. When nies the ata (e.g., cly data is
ily share eocache
Anuse2020bikof vaserGhMialsal.Ko
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18 A
in
19 S
es
or postinhave thelocationaccount)
Path shpath thapopular informatMapMyresearchsharing p
n important aders upload ap
013); Twitter u017); and Strake rides and rthis wealth oriety of settinrvices, primarhermandi et ainin et al., 20so taken adva, 2016), geoc
orpilo et al., 2
nly a handful recreation on
gnificant expl013), who evatimates of annUD) is definehile the autho
mount of variamporal variatior example, thestival at the Be 2011 Occup
A geocache is a sma
ternet for “geocac
imilar findings are
stimates of annual
ng a tweet.18 e option to aun. If the user i), then this lo
aring: A vart they took duwith runners tion” (VGI) s
yRide, GPSieshers varies by personal data
dvantage of spproximately 4users post nea
ava has releaseruns (Strava, 2of social medings. Many aprily Flickr (W
al., 2016; Sont16; Stienmetz
antage of data caching (Cord2017).
of studies havn public landsloration alongaluated visitanual visitationed as a Flickr ors find that Pation in use reion in PUDs d
here is a distinBlack Rock Dpy protests at
all container conce
ching” game partic
reported in Keele
trips to Iowa lakes
With Twittertomatically gis public (the cation inform
riety of smartpuring a trip anand bikers an
services. Exas, and Wikiloccompany, an
a.
ocial media d40 to 50 milliarly 400 millied maps show2017). In the a data, using
pplications to Wood et al., 20
ter et al., 201z and Fesenmfrom geotagg
d et al., 2015),
ve attempted s, and all haveg these lines aation data at 8n to annual Fluser posting
PUDs are posiemains unexpdoes appear tnct annual spi
Desert in NevaZucotti Park
ealed in an outdoor
ipants who try to f
r et al. (2015), wh
s.
r, for examplegeotag their tw
default settinmation is avail
phone apps and share that pnd are referreamples includc. The availa
nd users typic
data is relatedion geotaggedion geotaggedwing the pathslast few yearit to analyze date have rel
013; Levin et 6, and Sessio
maier, 2016). ged tweets (F, and VGI ser
to relate socie focused on gappears to hav836 sites throulickr “photo uat least one pitively correla
plained.19 At to closely follike in PUDs dada, and therein lower Man
r location. The coo
find it with the ass
o compare PUDs fr
e, users with Gweets with a png when creatlable to resear
allow users to path with oth
ed to as “volunde Strava, Endability of thescally have the
d to its scale. d photos everd tweets everys of nearly 10
rs, researchersoutdoor recre
lied on data fral., 2015; To
ons et al., 201To a lesser ex
Forst and Fostrvices (Camp
ial media datageotagged phve been conduughout the wouser days.” Aphoto from onated with visiindividual sitlow expected during the wee was anothernhattan.
ordinates of the ge
sistance of a GPS-e
rom a similar Flick
GPS-enabled precise geograting a Twitterrchers.
trace out the hers. These apnteered geogr
domondo, e recorded paoption to opt
For examplery year (Woody year (Mapb00 million coms have taken aeation and tourom photo shaorrisi et al., 206) and Instagxtent, researcter, 2015; Nguelo and Mend
a to external ehotographs. Tucted by Wooorld, relating
A photo user dne site on oneitation, a substes, the withinvisitation pat
eek-long Burnr spike in PUD
eocache are posted
enabled device.
r dataset to survey
24
devices aphic r
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aths to t out of
, Flickr d et al.,
box, mpleted advantage urism in a aring 015; ram (De
chers have uyen et des, 2016;
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day day.
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PS, focusing oonthly PUDs,hey find that td that the moodel to accura
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nt with the analysi
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es have used oes. The stand
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tch providers.wed to provid
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ns regarding tve substantialocation of all to be viewed bbe anonymizens accurate to
ny individuals
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ote” sensing tee loop vehicle
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mote sensing fomely challengr, vegetation, and distingui
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for long-term mging. Satellitand resolutio
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monitoring ote-based remoon levels (~0.5m animals andunt studies the promise, as
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“persons at one ti
ds. It has beeyrd et al., 200es with diffuselights can be ecross numerou- and aircraft-s; on-site interur estimates gvisits (Legget
tal photographramatic recentare available pre-specified
otage. For lowd quickly by aation (e.g., Aromating thesepensive for wvacy concern
ndous promiseBluetooth andt it broadcastsque MAC add
d time, using ars have been uer vehicles are detection raies, Wi-Fi detd have Wi-Fi ection in a stu
ations and cellite entrances cle or pedestri
e cost of aerial ima
me,” or PAOT esti
en used in sev1; Horsch et ae access (Pollexpensive andus sites by fe-based countsrviews wouldgenerated by tt, 2017).26
hy offers tremt reductions inthat can be d
d time intervaw-use sites, than analyst by rnberger et ale counts has n
widespread usens that may le
e involve the d Wi-Fi enables continually dress can be da specialized dused in many
re Bluetooth eange for thesetection is pote(but not Blueudy of shuttlelphone ownercould feasiblian counters.
agery, but the cost
mates.
34
veral al., lock et d may deral s is that d still be
mendous n eployed
als and his can be fast-., 2005). not yet e (Turner ad site
detection ed device (unless detected device
y recent enabled e studies entially etooth) e bus rship ly develop
t would still
4. RE
ThpofedananIEint
Th
27 F
In
ECOMMEND
his chapter prootentially imprderal agenciesd an inter-aged IEc on Marc and do not nter-agency wo
he specific rec
1. Docummethodthose malso necwell-doof agenare con
Documindividuarchiveover timspeciali
For agebarriersagenciebarriersmanageor profesketch oAdditio
2. Inter-aused to and eve
For details, see 4/2
teragency Worksho
DATIONS
ovides a serierove the colles. The recomency workshorch 20, 2017.2
necessarily reorkshop.
commendatio
mentation of cds currently usmethods and ecessary for in
ocumented dancy-generatednsistent with it
mentation of daual site and th
ed, allowing ame that could ized studies, s
encies where ds to documentes consider a ps. For exampers to determiessional judgeof their data conal details co
agency coordestimate visi
en expected, g
25/17 memorandum
op on Recreation V
es of recommeection, docum
mmendations aop on recreati27 The recomeflect the view
ns are as follo
current data sed to develop
ensuring that tnformed use oata collection d estimates ants Information
ata collectionhe agency levanalysts and m
affect the estsuch as effort
data collectioting site-levelphased approle, in the firstine which siteement. In thecollection meould be obtain
dination of cuitation differ wgiven variatio
m from Eric Horsch
Visitation Data: Sum
ended tasks thmentation, andarose out of inion visitation
mmendations pws of DOI pe
ows:
collection mp visitation ethey are appliof the estimatemethodology
nd allow DOI n Quality Gu
n methods shovels. The docmanagers to utimates. The ts to develop
on efforts are l methodolog
oach to documt year, the goaes use automae second yearethod, even if ned in future y
urrent data cwidely acrosson across sites
h, Robert Unsworth
mmary and Next St
hat, if implemd distribution nformation gathat was join
provided belorsonnel or of
methods: An stimates is cried consistentes in policy a
y will increaseto evaluate w
uidelines (DOI
ould be develocumentation sunderstand me
documentatioratios of visit
decentralizedgies. We recomentation in oal could be toated counters,r, sites could pf it is just a fewyears.
collection mes agencies. Ts with respect
h, Chris Smith, and
teps.”
mented, couldof visitation athered for th
ntly facilitatedow were devef the participan
understandinritical to evalutly through tim
analysis. Have external acc
whether the mI, 2017).
oped at both tshould be dateethodologicalon should dests to automate
d, there appeaommend that torder to minimo simply surve, administrativprovide a thumw sentences.
ethods: The mThis is understt to visitor act
Chris Leggett, “M
35
d data by
his report d by DOI loped by nts at the
ng of the uating me. It is
ving a ceptance
methods
the ed and changes scribe any ed counts.
ar to be these
mize these ey site ve data, mbnail
methods tandable tivities
arch 20, 2017
and thecomparmeasurestablis
The priSpecificwho enfew minmultipldefinitiuse of twhich vdiscussvisitor d
An ancof inforand pedreliabili
3. Inter-aconsistereportinconsistewell as collectigeograpare coneventuavisitatioRecreat
4. Improvby agenexpressquality visitatioto all agmethod
In our oinvolvewithin tbut it isother atissue w
e configurationrisons or aggrrement concepshed to develo
imary focus shcally, agencie
nter and exit anutes (e.g., toe federal siteson of a “last-this particularvisitors are le definitions fodays, and con
illary benefit rmation aboutdestrian countity, ease of us
agency coordent visitation ng visitation eency in the spin the approa
ion methodolophic areas (e.g
nsistent acrossally facilitate on estimates ation.gov).
vements in cuncy. Some agsed a desire toof their data.
on, it is difficgencies and sds that are pot
opinion, the me the eliminatithe same days likely to be attractions loca
would be to en
n of site entraregations to bpts are necessop these defin
hould be on des should hava site multipleo use a restroos in a single dexiting recrear definition doaving for the
for alternativensider definin
to periodic int automated cters, and it wose, and recent
dination of remetrics, agen
estimates. Fopatial and temach to presentogies. If site-g., states), it ws agencies. Ethe creation oacross all fede
urrent data cencies that ha
o improve the Given the w
cult to identifyites. Howevetentially broad
most significaion of double. The extent a significant cated near site
nsure that only
ances. Howee meaningful
sary. We reconitions.
developing a sve a consistente times, visitoom or ask for day. Our recoationist” be uoes necessitatlast time. Th
e visitation meng and measur
nter-agency ccounters. Manould be usefut technologica
eporting methncies should hor example, itmporal resolutting supportin-level estimatwould be desi
Establishing coof a single weeral land man
collection meave decentralieir data collecide variety ofy cross-cuttiner, there are sdly relevant.
ant improveme counting of vto which thisconcern at locentrances. O
y “last-exiting
ver, in order l, consistent dommend that a
standard definnt approach toors who only s
directions), aommendation
used as a startite intercept suhe working gretrics, such asring a commo
coordination wny agencies u
ul to regularlyal advances.
hods: In addhave consistet would be detion of the repng informatiotes are aggregirable to haveonsistent repoebsite providinagement age
ethods: Exisized data coll
ction methodsf methodolog
ng improvemeseveral improv
ment to currentvisitors who e is an issue wcations with r
One approach g recreationis
for inter-agendefinitions of a working gro
nition of a “vo addressing vstop at the siteand visitors wn is that the Uing point, althurveys to idenroup could als visitor houron set of activ
would be the euse automatedy share ideas o
dition to develnt approachesirable to havported estimaton such as datgated to broade aggregationorting methoding public accencies (e.g., ho
ting data qualection effortss and in turn ties used to es
ents that woulvements to cu
t methods woenter and leav
will differ acrorestaurants, stto addressing
sts” are count
36
ncy key oup be
visit.” visitors e for a
who enter USFS
hough the ntify so s or
vities.
exchange d vehicle on cost,
loping s to
ve tes, as a der n units that ds could cess to osted by
lity varies s have the stimate ld apply urrent
ould ve a site oss sites, tores, or g this ed.
An addsophistiof automdetailedor the cfor site remote “plot wprofess
Finallysubstituevery vThe samagencieas simpcountincountinpotentiasites.
5. Developersonappear materiamateriaaccuratthat agedocume
Guidanpracticaet al., 2visitatiothe evacalibratconvertand doc
In ordedevelopcoveredagencie
ditional area foicated automamated counted analyses of cellular netwovisits and allsites with low
watcher” gameional judgem
, agencies shoute simple, savisit be countempling methoes to implemeply counting vng visits less fng more carefually reduce ag
pment of guinel: With theto have devel
als related to eals are criticalte approachesencies considents and more
nce documentsal, user-friend
2017b). Theyon data; the seluation and seting, and maint automated ccumentation;
r to accommop simple, pracd by the guidaes.
or potential imated countersers that incorptemporal use
ork to upload lowing for reaw visitation, pe cameras) co
ment.
ould carefullympling-baseded on every dodology used ent, but alternvisits every thfrequently, agfully. Of courgencies’ abilit
idance docume exception ofloped compreestimating visl to ensuring tto quantifyin
er developinge applied train
s and trainingdly, and inclu should coverelection of anelection of vantaining automounts to visitand safety pr
odate alternatctical video-bance documen
mprovement i. For exampl
porate data log patterns. Madata to the in
al-time identiperiodic counould replace e
y consider datd strategies foday at every si
by the USFSnative, simplerhird year or ongencies may brse, less frequty to evaluate
ments and trf the USFWSehensive guidsitation for usthat personneng and characg such materining tools suc
g materials foude concrete er topics such n appropriate arious types omated countets; selecting arotocols.
tive learning sbased trainingnts. These tra
involves the ule, agencies sggers, thus alany newer da
nternet, thus efication of eq
nts based on tistimates that
ta needs and tor methodologite (e.g., a cen may be too cr approaches n a sample ofbe able to shifuent visitor coe detailed tim
raining materS, NPS, and Udance documese by site-leveel implement ccterizing visitaals, includingch as instructi
or site-level prexamples (e.gas: the motivestimation m
of automated cers; implemenand using prox
styles, we recg tools that demaining tools c
use of more hould considellowing for mata loggers useeliminating thquipment failuime-lapse vidare based larg
the potential tgies that requnsus-based apcomplex for smay be feasib
f days each mft resources toounts would
me trends for in
rials for site-USFS, agencieents or traininel managers. consistent andation. We recg both writtenional videos.
rofessionals sg., USFS, 200ation for colle
method for a gcounters; settnting surveys xy data; field
commend thatmonstrate top
could be share
37
er the use more
e Wi-Fi e need ures. At deo (e.g., gely on
to uire that pproach). some ble, such
month. By owards
ndividual
-level es do not ng
These d commend
n
should be 7; Horsch ecting iven site;
ting up, to forms
t agencies pics ed across
28 W
sy
m
6. Explorin earliedesiredon-site availabsignificprovidethese dauncerta
That saestimatmay beadvantaimplemcell phoimplemenabledcharactthese exunique Bluetoo
We recommend tha
ystems. If universa
ay provide opportu
ration of alterer sections of
d, we do not bdata collectiole via social m
cant promise aers show the mata given the
ainty regardin
aid, with the wtion methods te feasible in thages and disad
ment pilot projones during re
mented to deted during their teristics that dxit interviewsMAC IDs, al
oth/Wi-Fi-bas
at DOI monitor the
al radio-frequency
unities for cost-effe
rnatives to cuf this report, ielieve there a
on. That is, emedia, cellulaat present.28 Omost potentiapotentially lag future data
widespread adthat rely on uhe near futuredvantages of jects at one orecreation visi
ermine whethevisits, and w
differ from viss, field personllowing for cosed counts.
evolution of vehic
identification (RFID
ective monitoring
urrent data cf robust, long
are currently astimating visar activity, or Of the big da
al, but we do narge error rateaccess.
doption and uunique Bluetoe. In order to these methodr more sites toits. For examer or not visit
whether visitorsitors withoutnnel could useomparisons o
le transponder tec
D) transponders ar
of unique vehicles
collection meg-term visitatiany viable altitation by lev
r remote sensiata options, CDnot recommenes, low spatia
use of cell phoooth/Wi-Fi ID
better undersds, we recommo better under
mple, an exit sutors’ leave Blrs with cell pht cell phones.e temporary sf manual visi
chnologies currentl
re eventually pre-in
s entering parks.
ethods: As diion statistics aternatives to cveraging big ding does not sDRs from celnd that agencl resolution, a
ones, site-leveDs from cell phstand the potemend that agerstand visitorurvey could bluetooth/ Wi-Fhones have In combinat
sensors to gathtor counts ver
ly used for automa
nstalled in new veh
38
iscussed are careful, data show llular ies use and
el hones
ential encies r use of be Fi
tion with her rsus
ted toll
hicles, they
RE
Ah
Ai
Al
Ar
Be
BL
BL
By
Ca
Ch
Co
EFERENCE
has, Rein, Anmobile posManageme
irSage. 2016. and US FoTechnologHighway A
lexander, LauDestinationTransporta
rnberger, A., techniquesManageme
enz, R.J., S. estimationA&M Tran
LM. 2016a. Rhttps://ww
LM. 2016b. 2https://ww
yrd, H., E. Enlost use vaFish and WDepartmenMarch.
ampelo, Mariaservices toRecreation
hu, A., D. EisMeasuringOfficial Sta
onnelly, N. AFishing Ef87.
S
nto Aasa, Anttsitioning dataent, 29(3), 46
TechBriefingorest Service Ugy ImplementAdministratio
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methods and thciety Special
ethod for predtional CongreOverview. Avessed 3/1/201
2017.
tion Study.” PM. White Riv
Measuring rehs. Journal of
ntz, L.M., anesults—2010/
42
ions for e of
f.
:
en, M. ood
Fisheries,
29. vice-
heir
dicting ess on vailable 7.
Prepared ver
creational of
d /2011:
So
Sta
Sti
Str
Tu
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
onter, L.J., Wadynamics aone, 11(9),
apleton, S., LAtwood, Ttrack Arcti
ienmetz, J.L. Informatioat 2016 To
rava 2017. AIncorporat
urner, S. M., PApplicatioMountainsBranch by
SFS. 2007. NService, Whttps://wwAccessed 3
SFS. 2016a. Nhttp://wwwy_Report.p
SFS. 2016b. Rhttp://www3/1/2017.
SFS. 2016c. Nhttp://www
SACE. 2011.
SACE. 2013. https://corp3/1/2017.
SACE. 2015aVehicular https://corp3/1/2017.
SACE. 2015bContact: K
atson, K.B., Wand value of n, p.e0162372.
LaRue, M., LeT., 2014. Polaric wildlife. Pl
and D. Fesenon: Can We Rourism Travel
Available onlined. Accessed
P. H. Lasley, ns at San Ant
s National Parthe Texas A
National VisitoWashington D.ww.fs.fed.us/re
3/1/2017.
National Visitw.fs.fed.us/recpdf. Accessed
Recreation Quw.fs.fed.us/rec
National Visitw.fs.fed.us/rec
National Rec
U.S. Army Cpslakes.erdc.d
a. Best PracticTraffic at USpslakes.erdc.d
b. Visitation EKathleen Peral
Wood, S.A. annature-based .
ecomte, N., Ar bears from sloS one, 9(7),
nmaier. 2016.Reliably Tracel Research As
ne at: http://lad 2/6/2017.
and J. C. Poutonio Missionrk,” Prepared & M Transpo
or Use Monit.C. Availableecreation/prog
tor Use Monitcreation/progd 3/1/2017.
uick Facts. Avcreation/prog
tor Use Monitcreation/prog
creation Strate
Corps of Engindren.mil/visit
ces Guide for SACE Project dren.mil/emp
Estimation andles. October 2
nd Ricketts, Trecreation, es
Atkinson, S., Gspace: assessi, p.e101513.
“Validating e Visitors’ Digssociation Int
abs.strava.com
urteau. 2013. “ns National Hfor National
ortation Instit
toring Handboe online at: grams/nvum/r
toring Surveygrams/nvum/p
vailable onlingrams/facts/fa
toring Progragrams/nvum/.
egy. May.
neer Visitor Utors/VisitorSu
Selecting andSite Areas. Aloyees/usurve
d Reporting S20.
T.H., 2016. “Sstimated via s
Garshelis, D., ing satellite im
Volunteered gital Footprinernational Co
m/blog/global
“Monitoring Historical Park
Park Servicetute, April.
ook: July 200
/reference/july
y Results. Avpdf/508pdf201
ne at: acts_sheet.shtm
am. AvailableAccessed 3/1
Use Surveys. urvey/index.c
d Deploying EAugust. Availeys/pdfs/2015
System (VER
Spatial and tesocial media.”
Porter, C. anmagery as a t
Geographic nts?” Paper ponference.
l-heatmap/. S
Trail Use: Cak and Guadalue Social Scien
07. USDA Fo
y07_handboo
vailable online15_National_
ml. Accessed
e online at: 1/2017.
Available onfm. Accessed
Equipment tolable online a5-BPG.pdf. A
RS) Moderniz
43
emporal ” PLoS
nd tool to
presented
Strava,
ase Study upe
nce
orest
ok.pdf.
e at: _Summar
d
nline at: d
o Meter at: Accessed
ation.
US
US
US
US
Un
U.
U.
W
W
W
Za
Za
SACE. 2016. http://www
SFWS. 2005.
SFWS. 2015. https://wsfAccessed 3
SFWS. 2016. https://ww
nited States DAgriculturEnhancemhttps://wwReport%20
S. DepartmenDepartmenFishing, H
S. DepartmenSection 51Year 2001https://wwAccessed 3
ashington Staonline at: h
illiams, Susanfor Nationa
ood, S.A., Guquantify na
arnoch, S.J., EModel withDepartmenPaper SRS
arnoch, S.J., W“The NatioUnited StaGen. Tech
USACE Recw.usace.army
Visitation Es
National Surfrprograms.fw3/1/17.
About the U.ww.fws.gov/he
Department ofe (USDA). 20
ment Act. Avaiww.doi.gov/sit
0-%20Web%
nt of the Internt of Commer
Hunting, and W
nt of the Inter5 of the Trea. Available o
ww.doi.gov/sit3/1/2017.
ate Universityhttps://sesrc.w
n. 2016. Statial Statistics. O
uerry, A.D., Sature-based to
English, D.B.Kh Applicationnt of AgricultS-37, Ashevill
White, E.M., Eonal Visitor Uates Departme. Rep. SRS–1
reation. Avai.mil/Missions
stimation Wo
rvey - Overviews.gov/subpag
.S. Fish and Welp/about_us.h
f the Interior (015. Implemeilable online ates/doi.gov/fil
%20Version.pd
rior (DOI), U.rce (DOC), UWildlife-Asso
rior (DOI). 20sury and Gen
online at: tes/doi.opengo
y (WSU). 201wsu.edu/natio
istical uses foONS methodo
Silver, J.M. anourism and re
K., and Susanns to Evaluatiture, Forest Sele, North Caro
English, D.B.Use Monitorinent of Agricul144, Asheville
ilable online as/Civil-Works
rkbook and it
ew. Availableges/nationalsu
Wildlife Servihtml. Accesse
(DOI) and theentation of theat: les/uploads/2df. Accessed
.S. Fish and WU.S. Census Bociated Recrea
017. Informaneral Governm
ov.ibmcloud.
16. National Ponal-park-serv
r mobile phonology workin
nd Lacayo, Mecreation. Scie
n Kocis. 2005ing Survey Eservice, Southolina.
.K., Kocis, Sung Methodololture, Forest Se, North Caro
at: s/Recreation/
ts Technical S
e online at: urvey/nationa
ice. Availableed 4/11/17.
e United Statee Federal Lan
015%20FLR3/1/2017.
Wildlife ServiBureau. 2011 Nation.
ation Quality Gment Appropr
.com/files/upl
Parks Service vice-projects/
ne data: literang paper serie
M., 2013. Usinentific reports
5. “An Outdostimators.” U
hern Research
usan M. and Aogy and FinalService, Southolina.
/. Accessed 3/
Supplements.
al_survey.htm
e online at:
es Departmennds Recreatio
REA%20Trien
ice, and U.S. National Surv
Guidelines Puriations Act fo
loads/515Gui
Projects. Av. Accessed 3/
ature review. s no. 8.
ng social medts, 3.
oor RecreatioUnited States h Station, Rese
Arnold, Ross.l Results for Rhern Research
44
/1/2017.
m.
nt of n
nnial%20
vey of
ursuant to for Fiscal
ides.pdf.
ailable /1/2017.
Office
dia to
on Use
earch
. 2011. Round 1,” h Station,
AP
Thusevisfisoth
NA
Relan
Noadcroatt
Vislanho
VisestVi
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BU
Visenmu
Visintact
PPENDIX A
his glossary pre to track andsitation for a vshing, and boahers only repo
ATIONAL PAR
ecreation Visinds or waters
on-Recreationministered laossing park latending public
sitor Hour - Ands or waters ours are classi
sitor Day - Thtimate of 12-hisitor days are
vernight Staysrk. For exampould yield sixcreation.
UREAU OF LA
sit - A “visit”ds when the vulti-day camp
sitor Day - Thto an estimatetivity using B
A | GLOS
rovides defind report their vvariety of recating. Some aort aggregate
RK SERVICE
its - A “recreafor recreation
n Visits - A “nnds or watersands to visit pc hearings at N
A “visitor hou(e.g., one perfied as recrea
he term “visithour visits (e.e classified as
s - An “overnple, a group o
x overnight sta
AND MANAGE
” begins whenvisitor leaves.ping trip.
he term “visite of 12-hour vBLM formulas
SARY OF V
nitions of key visitation data
creation activiagencies breakvisitation dat
ation visit” ocnal purposes.
non-recreations for non-recrprivate inholdNPS building
ur” representsrson for one hation and non-
tor day” stand.g., one persos recreation an
night stay” is dof three visitoays. Overnigh
MENT
n a visitor ente. For example
tor day” standvisitor days. Ts that describ
VISITATION
terms that feda. Generally sities, includink out their vista.
ccurs when a
n visit” occurreation purposdings, commugs.
s one hour of hour or four p-recreation.
dardizes visitson for 12 hournd non-recrea
defined as a vors spending tht stays are cl
ers BLM lande, a visit migh
dardizes recreThe number oe the activitie
N TERMS
deral land maspeaking, age
ng hiking, wilsitation data b
visitor enters
rs when a visises. Examples
uters using par
visitation on people for 15
s of different rs or 12 peoplation.
visitor spenditwo nights camlassified as re
ds for recreatiht include a sh
eational visitsof visitor dayses of an “aver
anagement agencies monitoldlife viewingby activity, w
s park-admini
itor enters pars include peork roads, or c
park-adminisminutes each
lengths into ale for one hou
ng one night mping on parcreation and
ional purposehort dog walk
s of different ls is also reporrage” visitor.
A-1
gencies or g, hunting,
while
stered
rk-ple itizens
stered h). Visitor
an ur each).
within a rk lands non-
es and k or a
lengths rted by
Repatypfor(e.Pebaorg
FIS
Visdis
Vishuexfor
BU
Vison
FO
Reenthedevis
Resitsit
Larecthe“lasup
AR
Visor
Rean
ecreation Permid by visitorspes of recreatr use of visito.g., for recreatermits (e.g., fockcountry areganized group
SH AND WILD
sitor - A “visstrict to engag
sit - A “visit”unting). A visiample, if a vir a hiking visi
UREAU OF RE
sit - A “visit”n a given day.
OREST SERVIC
ecreation Visitering and exe purpose of rfinition, as arsit can range f
ecreation Site tes within a nates are defined
ast-Exiting Recreation and ie individual isast-exiting” vpplies) are no
RMY CORPS O
sit - A “visit”more occasio
ecreation Dayy reasonable
mit – The BL. These perm
tion permits isor centers or ntional facilitieor use of seleceas); and Comp events or co
DLIFE SERVIC
itor” is definege in a recreat
” occurs whenitor engaging isitor takes a hit and a huntin
ECLAMATION
” occurs when
CE
it - The NVUMxiting a nationrecreation.” Vre visits to simfrom a few m
Visits - Durinational forest,d as “recreatio
ecreation Visiif the individus considered aisitors so that
ot counted mu
OF ENGINEER
” constitutes aons, regardles
ys of Use - A portion withi
LM issues “recmits allow visit
ssued by the Bnational consees such as camct “special” ammercial Comommercial en
CE
ed as someontional activity
n a visitor engin multiple a
hike and goesng visit.
n a person ent
M program dnal forest, natiVisits by emplmply use a res
minutes to man
ng a single re, national graon site visits.”
itor - If the puual is exiting ta last-exiting t visitors whoultiple times.
RS
a single personss of the lengt
“recreation din a day on th
creation permtors to use BLBLM includeervation areasmpgrounds or
areas such as ompetitive, Grontities providin
ne who enters y.
gages in a paractivities accos hunting in a
ters Reclamat
defines a “recrional grasslanloyees and costroom or to ony days.
ecreation visitassland, or wil”
urpose of the the site for threcreation vi
o briefly leave
n entering a Uth of stay.
day of use” is he same trip. I
mits” in exchaLM services ae: Standard Ams); Expanded r boat launchoff-highway voup, and Evenng recreation
a refuge or w
rticular recreaounts for multa refuge, that v
tion lands to e
reation visit” nd or designatontractors are obtain inform
t, an individualderness area.
intercepted inhe last time onisitor. The pre a site during
USACE site f
a visit by a siIf a day visito
ange for recreand facilities.menity PermiAmenity Peres); Special Avehicle areas nt Permits (e.
nal services).
wetland manag
ational activitytiple visits. Fovisitor would
engage in recr
as “one persoted wildernesexcluded fro
mation. The len
al may visit m. Visits to ind
ndividual’s vin the current vrogram focuseg a visit (e.g.,
for recreation
ingle person dor enters a site
A-2
ation fees The its (e.g., rmits Area or g., for
gement
y (e.g., or
d account
reation
on ss area for om this ngth of a
multiple dividual
isit is visit, then es on to obtain
on one
during e four
timstause
12rec
mes in a day, hays on site fore.
2-Hour Visitorcreation visito
he or she is cor three days, h
r Days - The or hours (i.e.,
ounted as onehe or she is co
estimate of “time spent on
e visit and onounted as one
12-hour visiton site) divide
ne recreation de visit and thr
or days” refled by 12.
day of use. Ifree recreation
ects the numb
A-3
a camper days of
ber of
AP
MA
IN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
If y35
Th
PPENDIX B
ATERIALS
STRUCTIONS
This surveywith traffic
The surveyeach of the
a. If a survplease c
b. If the subetween
c. The surcomplethe acco
d. Please vdo not n
The surveysurvey and
To fill out tenter the papersons in tcolumn twonumber in c
The survey being surve
Pam ZiNationaNRSS/E1201 OFort Co
you have any64.
hank you for y
B | PERSO
(NPS)
S FOR ENTER
y will help yocounts for es
or conducts thsample locati
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urvey time pen the hours of
rveyor selectsetely conduct ompanying su
vary your starneed to be on
or fills out thethe time the s
the body of thark. Place a tathat vehicle. o (2). If therecolumn 7+.
is conductedeyed send the
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Oakridge Drivollins, CO 805y questions, pl
your cooperat
ONS-PER-V
RING DATA ON
ur park establstimating the n
he survey forions that is op
iod is marked e hour survey
eriod is markef 12:00 PM a
s the AM or Pone hour survurvey calenda
rt times durinn the hour but
e bottom of thsurvey begins
he form, counally mark in t(If there are 2
e are more tha
d every other mcompleted fo
ce
e 525 lease contact
tion.
VEHICLE D
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lish a person-number of pe
r only one (1) pen on the da
d AM on the ay between the
ed PM pleaseand 5:00 PM.
PM time periovey at the reqar.
ng each AM odo need to be
he form by ens.
nt the number the appropriat2 persons in aan 6 passenge
month for 12 orms to:
Pam at the ab
DATA COLL
ONS-PER-VEH
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hour during ay of the surve
accompanyinghours of 8:00
e conduct a on
od when he/shquired location
or PM samplee conducted f
ntering their n
of people in te box represe
a vehicle, put ers in a vehicl
months. At th
bove address
LECTION
HICLE SURVE
multiplier to bg the park by
the sample peey.
g survey calen0 AM and 12
ne hour survey
he can safely n on the day l
e period. Starfor a one hour
name, the dat
each vehicle enting the numa tally mark i
le, put the exa
he end of eac
or phone 970
B-1
EY FORM
be used vehicle.
eriod at
ndar :00 PM.
y
and listed on
rt times r period.
e of the
as they mber of in act
ch month
0-225-
No
Su
2
9
16
23
Su
30
Ja
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4
11
Su
18
25
ovember 2014
nday Mo
3
10
Su
17
24
rvey PM
nuary 2015
nday Mo
5
12
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19
Su
26
onday Tu
4
Su
11
urvey AM
18
25
onday Tu
6
Su
13
20
urvey AM
27
uesday W
5
urvey PM
12
Su
19
26
uesday W
7
urvey AM
14
0 21
Su
7 28
Wednesday T
6
2 13
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9 20
Su
6 27
Wednesday T
1
8
4 15
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8 29
Su
hursday F
7
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7 2
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hursday F
2
9
5 1
S
2 2
9 3
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1
8
S
4 1
1 2
8 2
urvey PM
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3
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0 3
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B-2
Saturday
8
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5
22
29
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3
0
7
24
31
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Ma
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Ma
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10
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arch 2015
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2
9
Su
16
23
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30
ay 2015
nday Mo
4
11
Su
18
25
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onday Tu
3
10
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17
Su
24
31
onday Tu
5
12
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19
26
Su
uesday W
4
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18
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4 25
uesday W
6
Su
13
20
6 27
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Wednesday T
5
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5 26
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Wednesday T
7
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hursday F
6
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hursday F
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8
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1 22
S
8 2
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7
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B-3
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7
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21
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Survey AM
Saturday
2
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9
6
23
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Ju
Su
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26
Su
Sep
Su
6
13
20
Su
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ly 2015
nday Mo
6
13
Su
20
27
rvey PM
ptember 2015
nday Mo
7
Su
14
21
rvey AM
28
onday Tu
7
14
urvey AM
21
28
Su
5
onday Tu
1
8
urvey PM
15
22
Su
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uesday W
1
8
4 15
22
Su
29
urvey PM
uesday W
2
9
Su
16
2 23
urvey PM
9 30
Wednesday T
2
Su
9
5 16
2 23
urvey AM
9 30
Wednesday T
3
10
urvey AM
6 17
3 24
Su
0
hursday F
3
urvey PM
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6 1
S
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0 3
hursday F
4
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7 1
S
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urvey PM
Friday S
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5
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urvey AM
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B-4
Saturday
4
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Saturday
5
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FO
<P
PE
BLOCK 1
RECREATVEHICLES
TOTAL VEHICLES
PERSON MULTIPLI
TOTAL PEOPLE
SA
ST
SU
Puto onsurco
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ORM 10-15
PARK NAME>
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1 1
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AMPLE DAT
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URVEYOR__
ut ONE Tick Mthe number o
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you have any
57A
VEHICLE - S
NUMBE1 2
| |
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4
TE: 3 / 4
URVEY TIME
____Pam Zies
Mark for eachof people withwould be noteriod. At the enppropriate ma
y questions, pl
URVEY FORM
ER OF PERS3
|
1
x 3
3
/ 2015
E PERIOD
sler________
h Vehicle in thin the vehicled in column fnd of the day,ath.
lease call Pam
M
SONS-PER-V4 5
X 4 x 5
14 : 12
__________
the appropriate. For exampfive. This sur, please tally t
m Ziesler at 9
VEHICLE 6
8
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8
APP(B
=
2
te column abople, if there arrvey should bthe subtotals
970-225-3564
7+
A.
5 um f ntries
B. 16
AVG. PV
B./A.)
C. 3.2
ove which core 5 people in e carried out at the bottom
.
B-5
rresponds a car, the entire
m and
At
At
At
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t 1417 a van a
Put the
t 1432 a miniv
Put a ti
t 1436 anothe
Put a ti
t 1506 a car ar
Put a ti
t 1510 a car ar
Put a ti
arrives with 8
number 8 in
van arrives w
ck mark in th
r minivan arr
ck mark in th
rrives with 2
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rrives with 1
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people
the column la
with 3 people
he column lab
rives with 2 p
he column lab
people
he column lab
person
he column lab
abeled ‘7+’
beled ‘3’
eople
beled ‘2’
beled ‘2’
beled ‘1’
B-6
EXHIB
AP
NA
BIT C.1. MA
Sou
NP
PPENDIX C
ATIONAL M
P OF WALNU
urce: https://w
PS unit collec
Raw traf
o Batt
Manual
o Bustotal
C | ESTIM
MONUMENT
UT CANYON N
www.nps.gov/
cts:
ffic count at m
tery operated
count of buse
es are removel visitation.
MATING VIS
T (NPS)
NATIONAL MO
waca/planyou
main entrance
traffic counte
es and bus pa
ed from the tr
SITATION A
ONUMENT
rvisit/upload/W
e
er; read mont
assengers
raffic counts a
AT WALNU
WACAmap1.pd
thly and reset.
and bus passe
UT CANYON
df.
.
engers are inc
C-1
N
cluded in
Thnotraoft
Thonpa
Thspe
Thsta
EX
Ad
Ad6,7
Ex
Re
here are flat, oon-recreation vaffic count. Tten these vehi
ApproxiMay and
ApproxiOctober
here is a flat en local staff knrk each mont
40 non-r
he persons-peecific study.
2.9 pers
he hours-per-vaff knowledge
1.3 hour
0.5 hour
XAMPLE CALC
Raw traffic
Buses: 10
Bus passeng
Flat estimat
Non-recreat
PPV multip
Hours per r
Hours per n
djusted traffic
djusted Traffi795-1,150-10
xpand adjuste
ec Visits by C
or constant, esvehicles) that
These estimateicles cross the
imately 1,150d September
imately 670 Nr and April
estimate of thenowledge (e.gth).
recreation vis
r-vehicle mul
ons per vehic
visit multipliee.
rs per recreati
rs per non-rec
CULATIONS (
count at mai
gers: 170
te of non-repo
tion visits per
plier: 2.9
recreation visi
non-recreation
c count (numb
ic Count = Ra = 5,635
ed traffic coun
Car = Adjusted
stimates of not do not reprees are develope traffic coun
0 NPS vehicle
NPS vehicles
e number of ng., researchers
sits per month
ltiplier used f
cle (PPV)
ers are based
ion visit
creation visit
JULY 2016)
n entrance: 6
ortable/non-re
r month: 40
it: 1.3
n visit: 0.5
ber of private
aw Traffic Co
nt to recreatio
d Traffic Cou
on-reportablesent ‘visitatioped using loc
nter each mon
es cross the tr
cross the traf
non-recreations, tour operat
h
for private pas
on a site-spec
6,795
ecreation veh
passenger ve
ount – Non-Re
on visits from
unt * PPV = 5
e vehicles (NPon’ and are recal park staff knth.
raffic counter
ffic counter ea
n visits per mtors, deliverie
ssenger vehic
cific visitor u
hicles: 1,150
ehicles):
eportable Veh
m private passe
5,635 * 2.9 =
PS, concessionemoved from knowledge ab
each month b
ach month be
month, which ies, etc. enterin
cles is based o
se survey and
hicles – Buse
enger vehicle
16,342
C-2
n, and the raw
bout how
between
etween
is based ng the
on a site-
d local
es =
es:
Re
Re16
Re
Re
No
No
No
ecreation Visi
ecreation Vis6,342+170 = 1
ecreation Visi
ecreation Vis
on-Recreatio
on-Recreation
on-Recreatio
its are sum of
sits = Rec Vis16,512
itors Hours ar
sitor Hours =
on Visits = 40
n Visitors Hou
on Visitor Ho
f recreation vi
sits by Car + R
re total recre
= 16512 * 1.3
0
urs are total n
ours = 40 * 0.
isits from pas
Rec Visits by
ation visits ti
= 21,465
non-recreatio
.5 = 20
ssenger vehicl
y Bus (bus pa
mes hours pe
on visits times
les and buses
ssengers) =
er visit:
s hours per vi
C-3
s:
isit: