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!060310391!ǚľkŊǛŧǗ!0560565!ǚÚkŊǛ!
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eŐƎƼƫƵƾ�`Ūǚ1Ǜ�MEDLINEƍåőŻƞƂİ¢�`�
Jensen!et!al.!(2006)!Nat!Rev!Genet!7:!119!
eŐƎƼƫƵƾ�`Ūǚ2Ǜ�
• Y�XªţƎęªƎŲƄūľ·ƍ4ŢŻƞƝƘƎƎ Əūþ5��!!ǚľ·�cƍZėƙßÝƍ4ŢŻƞƝƘƎƘŰƜūnśƏƘƅƊdűǛ!
Èřeļǚ2008ǛŮľ·ÞīƎEŜƠē=>žƝůǚfľìǀǏǘƵǛƚƜ!
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• ƼƫƵƾnjƥǀǖƮ!• �`¶Āū�`�3ūëIJƎäĠ!• PubMed/MEDLINE!• MeSH!term!• ŇKØƊ1ÙØ!• ēÒģī2Ú!• Ʃǖƾǔƴǘūʼn�hƩǖƾǔƴǘ!(GO)!• MEDIE!• SwansonƎƣljǔǘƹ!• ćKĢ²!
ƼƫƵƾnjƥǀǖƮ!• ¢ªƽǘƸƠrijƊżƂƽǘƸnjƥǀǖƮ!
• ÜÔkƍŴŹƝƼƫƵƾnjƥǀǖƮ!
– ÜÔkƍŴŹƝìóƎÑÏƏū'ŭƎʼn�hƙƸǖDŽƭĴŵƛūÜÔkæƳƵƼǍ.�ƓƊ�ńƍïĚżƆƆŰƝŬƁƎą³�ƛƞƝƚŲƍƌƅƂeŐƎƽǘƸƍƆűƈg�ƌĢŎƠĚŲƂƗƍƏūēĹƎìóş^�cƎëĠƍƘŃŽƈűƝ�ğŶŰƝŬżŵżūeŐƎİ¢ƊżƈäĜŻƞƝëĠƍƆűƈū� ·æƍŔņİ¢ƠEŜżƈűƝƃŹƉƏū«¤Ǝ�`ƍƆűƈűŸƃŹƉƘCżŸƌƅƈŷƈűƝŬ!
– źƎƚŲƌÖÇƍƚƜūƼƫƵƾnjƥǀǖƮƎ�ěƙƻǘǒƏūÜÔkìóĎƍƊƅƈ½ŵſƌűƘƎƊƌƜƆƆŰƝ!!(Jensen!et!al.!(2006)!Nat!Rev!7:!119)!
ǚÙ©ÏƍŴŹƝǛ!ÜÔkƍŴŹƝƼƫƵƾnjƥǀǖƮƎƌ�;!
• InformaOon!retrieval:!�`¶Ā!– #Ǜ�ğƌİ¢ƠŇíƍĠƆŹƝ!
• EnOty!recogniOon:!¹�ğÿƎĪIJ!– #Ǜİ¢Ǝʼn�hMƙƸǖDŽƭĴMöƠIJ7žƝ!
• InformaOon!extracOon:!�`�3!– #Ǜʼn�hœƙƸǖDŽƭĴœƎŔ&Ơ�3žƝ!
• Text!mining!(Knowledge!discovery):!ëIJƎäĠ!!– #ǛA.BūB.CœƎŔ&ŵƛūA.CœƎŔ&ƠäĠžƝ!
• IntegraOon:!�ƎÜÔkæƽǘƸƊƎćKæĢ²!– !#ǛƼƫƵƾƽǘƸƠūäÙƽǘƸƙQTLĢ²ƽǘƸƊ!ſƈĢ²žƝ!
Jensen!et!al.!(2006)!Nat!Rev!7:!119ŪƌƋ!
MEDLINEƊPubMed!• MEDLINEƏūûYYô?kXªţǚNaOonal!Library!of!
Medicine;!NLMǛŶ�$žƝÜÔ?ký¢×ƽǘƸNJǘƵ!!
• 1946z�Ŗƍ3ÓŻƞƂ39ģīǚFű¢×ƉƏ60ģī;!þ91%ŶĘīǛƉªŵƞƂ5,600��Ǝkěĩƍ�ĻŻƞƂ1900��ƠķųƝ¢×�`ƠPƖǚ2012z7¬Ù[Ǜ!
• PubMedƏūMEDLINEƠƥǖƸǘǁƺƾŵƛУƉ¶ĀžƝƂƗƎƳƵƼǍ!
ǚǝǛ�`¶Ā!• PubMed!
– �4�Āǚbinary!searchǛŬ¶ĀīƠPƖŵPƔƌűŵƉ¶ĀǚGoogleöƊLŽǛŬƂƃżūMeSH!termƠÞűƂ¶ĀƘĚƟƞƝ!
– NJƭƾǒ�Āǚvector!searchǛŬƸƥƾǒƙƣLjƵƾǐƭƾƉÞűƛƞƈűƝ@īƎ�Ĕ{ƍƚƜĤ÷ŻƞƂİ¢œƎĸŝƍ_ƇŸŬŧŨRelated!citaOonsũ!
!
MeSH!term!(Medical!Subject!Headings)!
• NLMŶūİ¢ƎĀ|�Źū4ŢūĀ|ƍƚƝ¶ĀƍÞűƈűƝ9�ī�!
• 2011zÙ[ū26,142ƎĥŀhǚdescriptorsǛƊūĥŀhƍŔņƇŹƛƞƂ177,000Ǝī�ŶPƔƞƝ!
• Śv¹ŅƠƘƆ!!
Salt%tolerance�� ����Saline%Tolerance�Salt%Adap0on�����!�����1���� � �"�����#1
Seeds�� ����Cotyledon"��#�Endosperm"���#��������� � �1
MeSH!termƍƚƝ¶ĀƉƏū!��Śvƍ�ċƇŹƛƞƂĥŀhƍƚƝ¶ĀƘ!
ĚƟƞƝ!
PubMedƍåőŻƞƈűƝ¢×ƍƏ!MeSH!termŶ��ŻƞƈűƝ!
��ŻƞƈűƝMeSH!term!!İ¢Ǝ¶ĀƃŹƉƌŸūƽǘƸnjƥǀǖƮƍƘÞűƝźƊŶƉŷƝ!ǚ�ŀǛ!
¢ªƎNJƭƾǒĜÙ�
• aǗidfÈ!– 4Ţƍ<ƌ@īǚÕ�īǛƠƘƊƍNJƭƾǒĜÙžƝ!– 7!(term!frequency)ǟ¢ªdƍŴŹƝ@ītƎ3Ùš{!
• 7(d,!t)!=!nt!/!Wd1ntƏ@ītƎ3Ùš{ūWdƏ¢ªdƍŴŹƝ.Õ�ī 1
– idf1(inverse!document!frequency):!@ītŶ3ÙžƝ¢ªƎ;KƎł !ǚdŸƎ¢ªƍ3ÙžƝ@īƏsŻƌ)ƠƊƝǛ!• idf(t)=log2(N/wi)!+!1!NƏĈ¢ª ūwiƏ@ītƠPƖ¢ª !
– ¢ªdƎNJƭƾǒxdƎğÿƏū!xdt!=!7(d,!t)!×!idf(t)!
5 10 15 20
01
23
4
Index
log(
1:20
, 2)
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• ¢ªƎÕ�ŐNJƭƾǒƎ�}ƠŢ�{ƊžƝ!• ¢ªNJƭƾǒxƊyƎŢ�{Əū!
• ¶ĀğÄ¢ƘNJƭƾǒĜÙżūJ¢ªƊƎŢ�{Ơ÷3żƈūŢ�{Ǝŕ)αƠķųƝ¢ªƠ¶Āą³žƝ!�
sim(x, y) =xiyi∑xi2∑ yi
2∑
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• Textpresso!(hgp://www.textpresso.org/):!– ƩǖƾǔƴǘƠ8ÞżƈūÜÔkæ¸�ǚʼn�hūrôʼn�hūāďǛƙƁƞƛƎœƎŔ&ǚŔņū9�ǛƎÕlƎƭǐƵƍŔżƈū¢×Ơ¶ĀžƝźƊŶƉŷƝŬ!
– ¢×�`ƊżƈƸƥƾǒƊƣLjƵƾǐƭƾƃŹƉƌŸū.¢ŶÞűƛƞƈűƝŬ!
– ¢ƏēÒģī2ÚƍƚƜūƸƮ�ŹŻƞūʼn�hMƙ9�ƍŔžƝ@īŶūŇ5ƌƭǐƵƍ4ŢŻƞƈűƝ!�
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• �œŶ§xæƍ"ƅƈűƝēÒģīƠưǖdžǏǘƸƍ2ÚŻſƝ�ņƎ�ě!#Ǜ!Ū !��ÿĢ²ǚmorphological!analysisǛ!!:!¢i6Ơ��ÿǚī_Ɗ�Ľ;!cats!=!cat!+!sǛƎ6ƍb�žƝ!!ćīĢ²ǚsyntaOc!analysisǛ!!:!��ÿĢ²ƍƚƅƈTħƠ��ŻƞƂ��ÿƠGƙùƓƊƔƊƗūƁƞƛƎ¢ÈæƌŔ&ƠLlžƝ!!�RĢ²ǚsemanOc!analysisǛ!ǟćīĢ²ƍƚƅƈ�3żƂīƊīƎ¢ÈæŔ&Ơ�ŶŵƜƍū4.�Ǝ�R¹ŅƠ�3žƝ!!įĨĢ²ǚdiscourse!analysisǛ!ǟ�RĢ²Ŷ�¢Ǝ�R0pƠrijƊżƈűƝƎƍrżū¢ƠķųƂ¢đƍŔžƝ�`Ơ�Ų!! !�
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• īŶĜž¸�Ɗū¸�œƎŔ&Ơ¡ÚżƂƘƎƠ¸��ýǚƩǖƾǔƴǘūontologyǛƊƚƒŬ!
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• ºŭƌÜÔñƉūºŭƌʼn�hŔņ�`ŶƽǘƸNJǘƵ>ŻƞƈűƝŬźƞƛƽǘƸƠūàƌƝÜÔñœƙàƌƝƸƥljƎƽǘƸNJǘƵœƉè ƍÀĺǗĢ²žƝƂƗƍƏūʼn�hƎ¼Đ�`ƎĥŀƌƋƍć�ŻƞƂī�Ŷ�ğƊƌƝ!
• hgp://www.geneontology.org/!ƉGO!termƎ¶ĀƙūŔņʼn�hƙƸǖDŽƭĴƎ¶ĀŶƉŷƝ!
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Ǝ3ƪƼƱǑǘƍ4ŢŻƞƝŬ!!GO!termœƎŔ&ƏūŞ�ÛNƮǐLJŧ(Directed!Acyclic!Graph:!DAG)ƠÞűƈĥŀƉŷƝǚwXǛŬ�
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• MEDIE!(hgp://www.nactem.ac.uk/medie)!ƏūģīkæëĠūÜÔkæÉŎǚƩǖƾǔƴǘǛū<³æƌ¹¢Ģ²�ěƠĄKſūÜÔkæƌ� ÞƙŔņƠ¢ªŵƛ�3žƝ!
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A.CœƎŔ&Əū¯äĠƎ/ë!ǚUndiscovered!public!knowledgeǛ!
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SwansonƏūFig.1ƎƚŲƌŀīœƎŔ&ƠMEDLINEƎ¢×ƸƥƾǒƠ�ƍ�Āżƈū(1)!ŦÆ(A)ƊǓƥǂǘá(C)ƎŔ&ū(2)!njƮǁƳƦǍ½�â(A)Ɗ*Šã(C)ƎŔ&ū(3)!ƷnjƾǎƴǖC(A)ƊƣǒƬǀǖƎŔ&ƌƋ dŸƎäĠƠżƂ!
Biomedical!Digital!Libraries!2006,!3:2!
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Smalheiser.(2009).Computer!Methods!and!Programs!in!Biomedicine!94:!190–197!�
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Jensen!et!al.!(2006)!Nat!Rev!Genet!7:!119!
von!Mering!(2005)Nuc!Acids!Res!33:!D433�
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5. RefSeqƍPƔƞƝ.ƸǖDŽƭĴƠGOƵưƣƍ_ƇŷƵưƣǑǖƮžƝ!
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