“

GREEK PR IMER

AND CO NSTRUCTIVE

6

J .

OSTUART B LACK IE

EM ER ITUS PR O FESSO R O F GR EEK IN THE UN IVERS ITY O F

EDINB URGH

Scribendo dicimus diligentius, dicendo scribimus facilius.

QUINCTILIAN.

flaunhun

MACM I LLAN AND 00 .

AND NEW Y ORK

1 8 9 1

PREFACE

O NE cannot have moved much in the world without hearingcomplaints, both from parents and young persons, aboutthe amount of time and brain spent in the learning oflanguages, and the little profit derived from this outlay.

The se complaints, no doubt, arise partly from the want ofjudgment on the part of the parents, and the want of

capacity and inclination on the part of their young hopefuls parents often acting thoughtlessly on the vulgar notionthat far birds have fair feathers, and preferring what isforeign to what is native, and what lie s at a great distancein time or space to what is near ; and young personsbeing forced to submit themselves to a grammatical indoctrination in which they feel no interest, and from whichthey derive no benefit. B ut it is no le ss true that thesecomplaints are due in no small measure to false methods oflinguistic training generally, or to some cherished prejudice sin favour of certain languages on the part of the teachers;andit becomes therefore, at the present day , a matter of great

practical importance to inquire how far our traditionalmethods of teaching languages are in conformity with the

method of Nature in her great art of thought-utterance, andhow far they may justly be called on to submit themselves toa revision and a reconstitu tion . We say at the present dayemphatically, becau se it is qu ite evident that education,

following in the train of democratic reform, is one of thewatchwords of the hour, to which e very good citizen must

Vi PREFACE

lend an obedient ear; and not only so, bu t circumstance shave so changed since our schooling received its traditionalform

,that the wants which were satisfied by our school

curriculum and school practice in the days of M ilton and

Locke now demand an altogether different treatment. In

particular, the so -called learn ed languages, two hundredyears ago the only medium of culture to an accomplishedEnglish gentleman, have now become the luxury of the

leisur ely, or the arsenal of the professional few ,while

other languages, such as German, not named in those days,are now sought after as the keys to the most valuable

storehouses of all sorts of knowledge. Add to this thatGreat Britain, which was then a secondary naval power, andfollowing the French and the Spaniards slowly in the greatworld- transforming proce ss of colonisation

,is now mistress

of a world-wide empire from the Gange s to Vancouver Isle,through which stretch she exercises a dominant influence

,

combining the political virtue of ancient Rome with the

commercial activity of Carthage . In the se circumstancesit becomes the special duty of every British man to acqu irea familiar knowledge of the language s of the variou s race swith which he may be brought into political or commercial

relations ; and,as language s after all are not valuable in

themselves, but only as tools by which effective work incertain fields falls to be perform ed, we ough t to see to it,both that we get the proper tools for doing the work, andthat we learn to use them in such fashion as to work

pleasantly and profitably and in this view it may be trulysaid that

,while the wrong langu age in the wrong place is

of no use at all, even the righ t language in the right place,

when imperfectly learned, is a tool with which the bestworkman can do only bad work, and perhaps cu t his own

fingers in the process .As language is a function which belongs as much to

every normal human creature as seeing or hearing, there canbe no difficulty in finding out the method of Nature in itsacquisition. We have to answer only two questions : first

,

PREFACE Vii

Wh at are the factors of th e process by which the humanbabe

,from being capable merely of inarticulate cries

,like

any of the lower animals,is developed into an easy and

gracefu l manipulator of articulate speech ? and again, How

far,and in what respects, does this model requ ire to be

modified in order to enable the expert handlers of themother tongue to use any second or third language withlike expertness 2 That this cannot be a very difficult matterdemands no far- sought induction to prove, as the fact lie sbefore us 3 for from the Greeks in the South -East to theHighlanders in the North fiWest we find bilingual and

trilingual peoples largely scattered over Europe . It is infact as easy to learn two or three languages as to learn one ,

if only the learner be habitually submitted to the naturalinfluences

,and guided by the steps of a natural process .

What then,in the first place, are the steps of the process

which analysis presents as elevating the inarticulate babeto the significant

- speaking boy or girl ? There is (1) thedirect connection of certain obj ects with certain sounds and

gestures (2 ) these objects are such as stand in the neare strelation to the learner, and are pre sented to him in an

atmosphere of th e most natural and most pleasant surroundings (3 ) the imitative faculty, by which he appropriates theproper sounds, is encouraged and cherished by frequentrepetition, till the original impression becomes permanentlystamped into his soul, and, so to speak, jumps up spontaneou sly with

“

the object. Let us, in the next place , askhow far this child

’s linguistic ladder is affected by the

performer being an adult. M anifestly the difference liesonly in one point, and that altogether in favour of theadult

,viz . the application of a regulated system to the

accidental sequence s by which the child learns its mothertongue , easily indeed and pleasantly, but slowly ; for helearns not architecturally as a mason builds a hou se

,but

by the way, as one picks up a pebble on the shore or a

daisy from the meadow ; whereas the adult, with his firmwill and his reasonable purpose, wishing to learn a language

viii PREFACE

can submit himself to a reasonable and a calculated treatment and in so doing experience has shown that in favourable circumstance s, and under wise training, he can learn a

foreign language more perfectly in six months than a child

can do in as many years . Why then, you ask, is this not

always done ? Why does it seem su ch a difficult bu sinessto acquire a familiar knowledge of any foreign language ,and why is so much brain and so much time spent so

frequently on their acqui sition with such scanty results ?The answer can be only one : because your teacher hasignored the method of Nature, and given you a bad substi

tu te for it in his own devices instead of speaking to you

and making you respond, in direct connection of the old

object with the new sound,and thu s forming a living bond

between the thinking soul, the perceptive sense, and the

significant u tterance, h e sends you to a book,there to

cram yourself with dead rules and lifeless formulas abou t thelanguage , in the middle o f which he ough t to have plantedyou at the start. The evil results of this neglect of th eliving model of Nature are only too manifest. Books areu seful

,but they are only secondary ; in all matters of

observation and practical exercise they m ay form an apt

accompaniment or a supplement, but they never can supplant

the vital function of which they are only the dead record.

No one learns dancing, or fencing, or golf, or lawn—tennisfrom a book. The evils cau sed by this unnatural delegationof the work of a living teacher to the formulas of a deadbook are three : (1) The direct connection between the

reasonable soul and the new articulate sign of the objectis lo st ; the learner does not shake hands, so to speak,with the object, bu t he cumbers himself with the phraseology of his mother tongue, and instead of saying at once869 [1.0 L c

’

ip-r ov, give me bread, he mu st fir st ask what is the

Greek for bread. In this way the new term remains a

stranger to his though t, and he u ses it uncomfortably,as when a man puts on a pair of shoes which have onlyan occasional acquaintance with his feet. ( 2 ) Then again,

PREFACE ix

when, after being sufficiently tortured with mere gram

matical forms, he acqu ires a certain vocabulary from the

elementary reading books,the objects for which this

vocabu lary supplies the new names are seldom the objectswith which he is familiarly surrounded and in which h e

has a living interest, but th ey relate to something Juliu sCaesar did in Gaul or Cicero said in Rome some 2 000

years ago , a region of strange sounds , in which the lingu isticneophyte of this nineteenth century has no particular

inclination to move , and to which his memory cannot allyitself with any feeling of kinship ; and be easily forgetsthe word, becau se he does not care for the thing. B ut ( 3 )even when he does care for the thing , the mere reading ofa lesson every day does not in the least ensure that frequ entrepetition of a new vocable in connection with an object,on which the familiar knowledge of a language depends ;whereas, if the teacher had commenced by making his

schoolroom an echo - chamber of daily repeated sounds inconnection with intere sting and familiar objects directly inthe view of the learner or near to his daily life, familiaritywith a new language , be it Greek or be it German

,would

come as naturally and as pleasantly to a clever lad of

seventeen as the use of the mother tongue to a daintygirl or arattling boy of seven .

These things being so, and the method of Nature beingso '

plain in the matter, we now ask What are the cau se sthat have led so many of our teachers

,even the most

accomplished of their class,to neglect so infallible a guide,

and to follow methods of linguistic incu lcation equ allyunpleasant in the process and unprofitable in the re sult ?These cau ses

,fortunately, are as patent as the consequences

to which th ey have led. The first cau se is ignorance .

In not a few of our educational institutions it is to be

feared there are teachers—an over-worked and under-

paid

class—who are employed to teach language s of which theyhave only a very superficial knowledge and no firm hold.

With persons of th is class the whole process of lingu istic

X PREFACE

training amounts to this,Read you/r book, Get your lesson, and

I will hear you . Of a living appeal from the tongu e of theteacher and a living response from the tongue of the

learner these gentlemen have no conception. They mu stdo th e most they can

,confine themselves within page and

chapter of a printed book, where they requ ire no know

ledge beyond the marked limits of the lesson,and where

the scantiness of their linguistic furniture and the feebleness of their linguistic vitality cannot be exposed. Let

them pass. B ut what of the men of high accomplishment,exact scholarship, and fine taste : why should they scornthe practice which is the foundation of the rule s

,and the

conversation wh ich made great speeches and great poem sbefore rules or schools were heard of ? Simply becausethey have forgotten the le sson taught in a well - knowndialogue of Plato,

1 that the printed papers which we

call books,us eful for record

,are rather prejudicial than

profitable to the culture of memory ; they have becomethe slave s of their tools, and defrauded the ear and the

tongu e of their natural rights in the field of significantspeech by a wholesale trans ference of their functions tothe eyes. The scholar

,in their conception, is a reading

animal,and withou t books h e is nowhere . Why then,

they will argue , when our object is to read and to understandbooks

,should we trouble ourselves with conversation ? We

do not learn Latin in order to talk with Caesar and Cicero ,but to read their books ; and in like manner we do not

study German to drink beer and smoke pipes and singsongs with rollicking students in a kneip e, bu t to ponder

with many- sided thought over the poems of Goethe or

the speculations of Hegel. So be it . Let books and

not living converse be the final end of the study of

languages so they certainly are with the dead languagesbut even with regard to them it is quite certain that thefamiliarity and frequent repetition which are the specialvirtu e s of the conversational method both render the

1 Phaedrus, 2 7 5 E.

PREFACE Xi

mastery of books, as in the case of the mother tongue,more complete , and the hold of the printed signature at

once more firm in the grasp and more easy in th e

approach . B ut some one will say, Does not speaking ina language imply thinking in it, and is not thinking in a

foreign tongue one of the mo st difficult and rare attainments even with the most accomplished linguists ? Notat all. The difficulty lies merely in starting from the

wrong end and following the false direction thus giventill it culminates in the persistency of a bad habit and

the imagination of an impossibility . It is as easy to lookthe Sun in the face and say mgr} , SHEM ISH,

as to say SUN,

and there is no more difficulty in saying Act/8611; 7 6 O'

KdA

€v0pov K im . 7 5 7n'

3p, than in saying, take the p oker and stir

the fire. In both cases the direct connection of thought,thing, and word is equally obviou s, equally easy, and equallynatural ; only at the start the habit of thinking ex

clusively in the mother tongue mu st be broken.

Th ere is one other objection to the conversationalmethod in the teaching of languages, viz . that it makes aman a parrot. Well, a parrot is an imitative animal

,and

so is a man, and so far must not be ashamed to own his

kinship with the plumy prattler. B ut he is a parrotand something more ; and this something more everysensible teacher will take into account. For myself, I

have no preference for random talk : my contention is forregulated talk the talk first and the regulation afterwards

,

in the order of gradation so succinctly stated by LordBacon—sp eaking makes a ready man, reading makes a full

,

man, writing makes an accurate man —all the three . B ut

have your nails first before you pare them ; this is thecommon sense of the matter.

In conclusion,I have a word or two to say with regard

to the occasion and the plan of this little book. In the

first place , whatever may be said of Hebrew or Latin ,

Greek is a living language, and mu st be treated as sucheven by those who persist in th e notion that

,while the

PREFACE

meth od of living vocal appeal applies in its full extent tomodern languages, it is certainly out of place in the treatment of the two ancient languages which ju stly claim the

first place in the linguistic culture of our highest sch ools.The delu sion that Greek is a dead langu age , springing as it

does mainly out of our “ insular ignorance,”as Professor

Seeley calls it,and partly, I fear, our national insolence

,

will be dispelled in a moment by a glance at any currentGreek newspaper ; as for instance the following paragraph,th e first that met my eye , from the 2 d November number

of the Athenian giving a short notice of the

application of K och ’s remedy for consumption .

NEA KAI HEPIEPFA.

‘H Man s iv Pa c o-(q,

H dva xdkvgbcg T ov p eydkov c x Sidec dcboppfjv ( is rd;f 3 I f 3 t

pwcrO'

LKa g egb'

qjuep ida g va efe‘raa wo t 7rocroc n e w 0 4. r aa xovr egA 3 A A

3K 7 119 vocrov"r eturns. EK T o w v Ka r o ixwv

Tfig Pwo v ia s, (iv {17 v i n ; povov 5 e’

rri. 7 0 3; r doxovr a g

e’

x (beio ews, povov Pu'

krcrm 3xov0'

4. 7 97V civofymyv wasA A A C

e a rreia s T O ‘

U Wepmkeovg Ka finyn‘rov . O dp tejabs f ive pdAw

‘ra

3 I a r 3 I a 1 3 f

( V T ov‘

rO Lg a xpcfiqg. Ev Pan e-

cg Ka t 4.8i f i g 7 a Bopeio'

repaA I c

0; I I

9A ’

E H0.v p ep?) 77 d) w as K GIUJ /GL p eyw

'

mv pa ve-

w . V erpov

7 6A“ 3K 7 73; dwuo‘nrrog 7 013 KAi/i a'

ros Ka i 7 73 ; Kam'

jg Sca ifl ygrdgeuiv 7 1.v ms K owwvc

'

a s 15 afflic ts Ka r a o rpécbu (bp ixwdtfig .

9 A A A

Ev T a ts o iK ia is dr op eya KpW /Lévwv 7 1.v O'

vvocmwv, 64’

s o ixia gG I f C I l f

a s a m ra vcws SLGLO 'S‘

UGL a rm nAtov flAerrel. 7 L; vea g Ka t veovs

(bxpobg a iy orr‘rfiovr a s Ka i e

’

k sZ sis di a Swpdn a dva juévow a gI I A c a

‘T O V Ga va r ov. M etdiao a '

re Sw rvxetg 0 KgX epyafe‘ra t om »;

(Jimmie-

27 o’

wrb 7 d; xeipa g 7 05 Ga l/ (ir on 5901 ad . rd éKa T op/v ta

r a w ffl rdpgewv.

Any person who can read classical Greek without a

dictionary will have no difficulty in understanding this

passage and,if he is familiar with the New Testament in

PREFACE mm

the original, he will find that some of the principal peculiaritie s which distinguish the Greek u sed by the living politicaland public men of Athens

,so far from being corruptions,

are no less distinctive features of the R om) Sufi sm-

0 9 of the

Greeks now than they were in the days of the ApostlePaul and the Evangelist John. B ut this is not all. It

requires only a superficial acquaintance with the mostpatent facts of Greek literature to know that some of the

mo st popular and the most profound teachers of Greekwisdom—Plato

,Aristophanes and Xenophon—use the con

versational style. The Greeks, in fact, were, as they are

still,a lively and a talking people , and Socrates, their greatest

name,cannot be better described than as a talking street

preacher of reason and common sense . Well,then, on this

double basis that Greek is a living langu age, and that thecolloquial style is that in which its highest and best thoughtsare expressed and knowing, moreover, by large experience ,

that the most effective way to get a firm grasp of anylanguage is to begin by speaking it, some twenty yearsago I published a small volume of Greek and Englishdialogu es,1 wh ich I used in my class in as far as it was

possible to do so in such a multitudinou s huddlement of

untrained lads as the Scottish Universities,contrary to the

practice of all educa ted nations,admit into the junior

classes of the Faculty of Arts. The little book came to a

second edition but that it was in anywise generally u sedby classical teachers I have no reason to believe , partlybecau se, of all classes of men, teachers are the most closelywedded to old bookish habits

,and partly becau se Scotland

is not a country to which the world, governed as it is

by authority and by names,would look for anything

worthy of imitation in the Greek lin'

e Can any good thingcome out of Nazareth ?

” This,as the world goes, was qu ite

legitimate,and gave me no concern . B ut since that time

,

as a natural consequence of the great educationalmovement1 Greek and E nglish Dia logues for the use of Schools and Colleges.

London : Macmillan ,1871 .

xiv PREFACE

of the age , some very distinct voices have come to myear, to the effect that there is something radically wrongin our way of dealing with languages, and that the method

of teaching by ru les and grammar mainly can no longer be

tolerated. I therefore felt it my duty to appeal a secondtime to the public and to teachers on this importantmatter

,th e more so that my little book stood too far

apart from the educational attitude of the teachers,and

,

if it was to find its way into general school u se,requ ired

a more elementary book as an introduction. This ele

mentary book I now send forth under the title of a Greek

Primer, Colloquial and Constructive, indicating by

- this titlethat the lessons in talking go hand in hand with the

grammatical forms naturally edu ced from them , each lessonbeing regulated talk, according to a natural progre ssionfrom the more simple to the more complex forms inordinary use . This progressive incorporation of the

grammar is the feature which distingu ishe s the lessons ofthis introductory book from the dialogue s in its pre

decessor ; and the necessity of having constant referenceto grammatical form s prevented me from giving that unityof subj ect to the dialogue as dialogue which belonged tothe previou s volume .

I have only further to state, with regard to the u se

of this little primer in the hands of a teacher, that Ihave no desire that he should bind himself slav ishly to thetext. The scraps of talk that are given under each

lesson are meant to lend him a helping hand in the

use of a new organ ; and,to enable both teacher and

learner to furnish themselves with a living vocabularyof Greek words in direct connection with their dailysurroundings, I have added an alphabetical list of the

names of the most familiar objects that belong to the

field of life in town or-

country where the learner mayhappen to be . When the young Hellenist has stamped

its Greek designation directly on every object that meets

his eye s, and connected it with some single verb that

PREFACE XV

belongs to its significance in familiar life , I would then

sugge st that the teacher, besides the daily repetition of

certain form s of common conversation,should give a

77l ooce description of picture s hung on the,

wall two

or three times a week, which the learner shall be called on

to repeat without any written notes the principle of themethod being alway s to maintain the direct action of themind on the obj ect

,through the instrumentality of the

new sound,without the intervention of the mother tongue .

As to when,and how far

,and in what kind the u sual

furniture of elementary books of grammar, reading, and

exercises sh ould go parallel with colloquial practice ,this I leave altogether in the h ands of the practised

teacher, being well assu red that easy reading and accuratewriting, so far

'

from being inconsistent with , are the naturalblossom and the ripe fruit of the root of living u tterancefrom which I start.O ne other matter requires special notice—a matter not

nece ssarily connected with the colloquial m ethod, butwhich may be wisely u sed as a h elp. To each lesson I

have appended a short list of English words , either byfamily affinity, or by direct borrowing, or by indirectborrowing through the La tin

,radically identical with th e

Greek. The habit of identifying such words under an

English disgu ise will perform the double function offacilitating memory and giving a lesson on the transmu tation of sounds and meaning, the tracing of whichgive s so peculiar a charm to comparative philology . In

Appendix I . I have added some of the principles on

which these transmutations depend, so far as they are

suggested by the words u sed in the text.

B u t what of the pronunciation After what has beenshown of the living continu ity of the Greek tongue , fromByzantium downwards to the pre sent day, there cannot bethe slightest doubt that Greek orthoepy should be treatedin the same fashion that the orthoepy of French, German

,

or any other living tongue is treated. The pronunciation

xvi PREFACE

is ruled by th e practice of the present, not by philological

facts or fancies as to the pronunciation of the past. No

doubt, as Heraclitu s says, wdvm set, all things flow as in

the universe,so in language , there is no fixation—there

is always change . B ut the changes which take place inliving languages, like English or Greek, are of a verydifferent kind from those which take place when a language

like Latin becomes dead,and rises to a new life in the form

of such specific varieties as Spanish ,Italian

,and Portugu ese .

They are of the nature of a norm al growth , and are at all

events only exaggerations or expansions of a native ten

dency. To such exaggerations every spoken language is

subject,and few more than our insular English , as any one

may see who will compare th e accentuation of English inthe time of Chaucer with the orthoepy of the present hour.

B ut in respect of accents at least Greek has been far more

conservative than English , so much so indeed that theaccentu almarks placed on Greek words by the Alexandrian

grammarians two hundred and fi fty years before Christ, inthe practice of the Greek Church and th e Greek people

still indicate the same dominance of voice on the accented

syllable that th e Athenian ear recognised as classic inthe orations of Demosthene s and the apostolic eloquence of

St. Paul. There can therefore be no greater barbarism than

to disown this legitimate mu sic of Greek speech , as is doneboth in England and Scotland, when we pronounce aya eas 6

Heds, like Latin or English , dya dos 6 9éos not to mention

the staring absurdity and lo ss of brain implied in the

practice of the great English schools of first pronouncingthe word with a false accentuation

,and then stultifying the

daily practice of the ear by learning a rule to say where

the accent ought to have been placed ! Nothing couldmore distinctly show the falseness of our habit of flingingthe burden of learning language s on formulas of the under

standing and leaving the living organ of linguistic practicealtogether out of account. Therefore

,by all m eans

, either

drop the accents out of the grammar,or u se them when

PREFACE xvii

ever you give the written word voice in the air. As tothe quantity of the vowels

,which is the stumbling block

with mo st English scholars , we have no lack of words, evenin our own unmusical English , such as landholder

,in which ,

as in the Greek dvdpunrog, the ante -

penultimate has therising inflexion, while the penult , is long ; and if the

modern Greeks pronounce dvdpw rog as if written dv9p07rog,that is only a natural curtailment of the unaccented syllablewhich lie s in the nature of human speech , and will be

found exemplified more or less in all languages. As tothe vocal valu e of the separate vowels and consonants

,this

,

no doubt,is a point in som e case s of considerable difficulty

but it is qu ite certain that a,both in Latin and Greek

,has

the broad sound as in Italian and Scotch , not the sound of

the English in pdtent, that L is the most slender of the

vowel sounds, not the broad semi-diphthongal sound of

th e English in p rime or sigh, tha t on has the soft soundof 00 in boom,

not the bow-wow sound of ou as in howl; alsothat a t in all probability was pronounced as in the Englishrain

,not as in the German Kaiser. O n th e whole matter

of pronunciation,however

,the English scholar should bear

in mind that the poetry of the ancients was composed on

musical principles, wi th a strict regard to the quantitativevalue of the vowel on which the rhythmical accent fell

,a

practice which necessarily cau sed the spoken accent to bedropped in verse

, or very much subordinated ; and again,if his ear should happen to be very much offended by thepredominance of the slender sound of 4. in the familiarwohv cbh o io

'

flow da hdov rjs O f Homer,there is no reason

why he should not adopt a special vocalisation for the

reading of the Greek poets, ju st as we in our reading of

Chau cer must constantly ipu t a final accent on wordsthat, if applied to the spoken tongu e , would render the

speaker either ridiculous or unintelligible . B ut in whatever fashion the teacher of Greek in this country maychoose to settle this delicate point, the matter of pro

nunciation has nothing radically to do with the great

Xviii PREFACE

principle of linguistic practice which this little book inculcates. To start wi th the practice of speaking will

facilitate the acquisition of a new language under anysy stem of pronunciation only this mu st distinctly be said

,

that th e scholar who has learned to read Greek with a

vocalisation and an accentuation invented by himself forhimself has deliberately cu t himself off from all intelligiblecommunion with the people whose literary tradition he

valu es so h ighly, and with whom to maintain a fam iliarintercourse

,both in a political and a literary point of view,

should be no secondary consideration with the wise.

In conclu sion,I have great pleasure in returning thanks

to the learned Hellenists who kindly undertook the taskof revising the proofs of this little work as they came

from the press , viz. Mr. Hardie,Balliol College, Oxford ;

Principal Gedde s, Aberdeen ; Principal Donaldson , S t.

Andrews ; and M r. Gardiner, Edinburgh Academy ; and

if I have not in every instance taken advantage of their

suggestions, it is becau se on principle I have no sympathywith the nice sensibility which refu ses the stamp of

classicality to all form s and idioms unsanctioned by the

u sage of Attic writers , preferring to float my skiff freelyon the great Catholic Greek of all ages, from Plato toPolybiu s, from Polybiu s to Chrysostom , and from Chrysostom to Thereianos and Paspati.

EDINB URGH, April 1891.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

CONTENTSLESS O N

x1v.

—Th e O ptative Mood

xv.—Th e Part icle dv

XV I . Th e Passive Voice

XVII. The Middle Voice

XV III. Participles

APPENDIX

I .—Elementary Hints on Etymology

II.—Vocabularies

THE ALPHAB E T

ACCENT AND QUANT ITY

THE GREEK LETTERS

THE Greek letters, borrowed as they were from the Eastand adopted by the Romans

,are substantially the same

as the Roman letters of our common English u sage, andin fact differ from them both in figure and powerscarcely more than our present English type differs fromthe old English black letter or the common German type .

A few remarks will su ffice to show where or how far the

pronunciation varies from our English use of the sameletters

PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

Names

NO TES

A is always th e broad a ( ! ah ) o f all European languages, and never

softened down to th e English a, as h eard in patent, nation .

B in th e spoken Greek of th e present day is softened down to th e

cognatefv, exactly as in Gaelic bwith th e h appended becomes

as ban,fair

,with h

,bhan z van.

F,wh en followed by th e broad vowels a and o, is pronounced h ard as

in English and Gaelic ; but wh en followed by soft vowe ls th eGr eeks now give it th e sound of th e English y in yes, yellow

7 és , 7 épwv,—just as in German th e g in the th ird syllable of

Gottingen is so softened down as almost to disappear.

1 Th iseuph onic action of a weak vowel upon a strong consonant

preceding is natural and found in most languages ; exactly as

th e Italians in th eir soft dialect of Latin have ch anged K txépwv

into Chichero, ch being pronounced as in th e English church .

Before x, y , x and E, th e letter 7 has the sound of n

, as in

dw ekos, in Latin angelus, English angel.

A,or D,

is in like manner softened into th as in th e English mother ;thu s 6év not

,from each

, pronounced obfiév.

E is our short e, as in get never long e.H

, or h m, was in ancient times always a long e“

,English a as in gate

now it is always ee as in seem or theme.6 is the English th , as in ou th , sou th .

I is always th e slender liliglish cc, either sh ort as in p eep or long as

in scene.

3 is ks, gs, contracted into at.

T, from which our y came, was in ancient times identical with thedelicate it, u e, of th e Germans, halfway between and ee, into

wh ich in th e living language it is always softened , exactly as in

some parts of Germany B rilder is pronounced B re‘

eder .

X is an aspirated k, bu t pronounced like milch in German or loch in

Scotch,wh ich th e English , wh o do not possess this beautiful soft

guttura l, generally sh arpen into a k, as in lake.

(2,omega, as the name indicates, is simply a long 0, as in 7rc3 7\os, a foa l.For th e English h the Greeks used a simple mark of aspiration

turned to th e righ t thus, iepbs sacred, pronounced hee- er -os, while th e

1 See Z ampolides’

s M odern Greek. London , Williams and Norgate, 1887 .

6 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

same mark turned to th e left, as in é’pws, simply signifies the absence

of the h . Wh eth er th is sp iritus lenis, as it is called, was pu t on th e

ini tial vowel to indicate th e presence of an original h wh ich had

vanish ed,I cannot say bu t one can readily fancy that if th e Cockney

fashion of calling Highgate Igate were to become general, every such

curtailed word migh t receive a mark thus, ’

igate, as the survival of alost breath ing.

Besides th e vowels in th e alphabet we find in Greek, as in oth er

languages, compound vowel sounds called diph thongs. Th ey are seven—a 1, ea, oz, a v

,v1

,ev, and on. Th eir ancient pronunciation is v ery

difficu lt to expiscate, and in th em we note th e partiality of th e Greeksfor the slender sound of ee, called by a Latin writer gracilitas , and bymodern scholars itacism. Th is tendency has wiped off th e diph th ongalcharacter altogeth er from oz

,m, and a , wh ich are all pronounced

like a single l, English cc. To balance this,a t becomes th e English

a i,as in va in ou retains its full soft roundness as in gloom wh ile in

a v and cu in th e living Greek the v has assumed a consonantal valueand become ft) , from wh ich usage th e euaw éxwv of th e Gospe ls hasbecome th e evangelium of th e Latin Church , and th e evangel ofEnglishso a tM s, a flute, is pronounced avloss, and this v is aspirated intoth e kindredf, when th e following consonant is x, 1r, 1 , 0, x, E, or it,as in abrbs, aftos, efifewos, efaceinos. That th e ancients, at least inpoetry , did not do th is is evident from th e full diph thongal value of along sound given to th e so in ebayhs and such - like words by the

dramatic writers.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

8 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

in a lower tone which is called grave. In the general use

this lower- toned syllable require s no special mark, be ing ,

sufficiently indicated by its necessary subservience to the

accented syllable ; with the Greeks,however

,it seem s to

have been the practice to pronounce an oxyt one word,wh en it occurs in the middle of a sentence, in a lowertone than at the end

,and so the word Ka kég in the middle

of a sentence , as in mmwapdévog, is marked with a grave

accent from left to right instead of from right to left ; butthis, though it lowers the tone, doe s not affect the dominance of the syllable . It is ju st as if in mu sic the same

note,with the same rhythmical dominance , were sung an

octave lower. Practically, the learner need not concernhimself curi ou sly abou t the matter.

It is a rule,both in Greek and Latin, that no word

can be accented farther back than the third syllable fromthe end

,the

'

antepenultimate, the favourite accent of theEnglish language . B ut

,while this rule

,in a mu sical point

of View, preserve s the language from such a rattle ofinsignificant sounds as in lamentable

,military, and not a

few other quadrisyllable s in our unmu sical English tongu e,it manifestly require s a correction from the side of penultimate and oxytone accentuation to achieve the ju stbalance of the mu sic of speech . In this respect Greekis decidedly superior to both La tin and English for, while

Latin rejects the sonorou s cadence of th e accent on the

last syllable altogether, English u ses it only in some verbs,remnants of the past participle of Latin verbs

,as in reject,

suppose, accep t, and such - like and in the case of the

penult the fine swelling cadence of the Greek words, inwhich the acute accent of the penult is followed by a

final long syllable, altogether fails, as in wpayndrwv, which

an Englishman,following his English ear, will pronounce

not only Wd /La‘rwv but a pdynar ov, as if 0) were 0 . The

student, therefore, will carefully train his ear to give all

oxytone words their full value, and never to say 617 0190; 6

Géos instead of dya 90g d 9569, or t 0g 6dvnp for Kahbs 6dvrjp.

ACCENTUATION AND QUANTITY 9

B y the quantity of a word we mean th e comparative

duration of the sound, exactly as in mu sic a Fis related toa t and in Greek the accentuation stands in a verymarked relation to the quantity of the syllables, which in

practice asserts itself prominently as follows

(1) It is an invariable condition of the antepenultimateaccent that the last syllable be short, as in dvfipwwos, a

man ; and in consequence,

(2 ) If in the course of flexion a word with an ante

penultimate accent takes a long final vowel, as in the

genitive and dative singular of the second declension, theaccent of the first syllable is advanced to the penult, as indvdpa

’

nrov .

(3 ) The converse takes place in verbs, where the

accent‘

is naturally on the root, as in Aéyw,

of which the

imperfect is gheyou ; bu t in the aor. mid. indie ,while the

third person is éh éga r o, the first person is not éhéga/mv, butéh egdpnv.

A long syllable of course , as in 1rpq rjmg, may have an

acute accent on a long vowel with the same righ t as a

short syllable ; bu t there are many long'

syllables inGreek which are marked neither with an acute nor a

grave but with a circumflex,which is a prolonged

accent compounded of a rise and a fall marked thu s Aor for greater ease

,« I

. These words are generally com

pounds of which the elements are quite plain, as in (fich oiio ifor (bah éovo

'

i,f euda l. for r indovm in other words, as in

(rot a , a body, or the genitive plural of the first declension,as woAi—m’

iv, and some others,the single elements from

which the complex tone arose were either historicallyknown to the grammarians or legitimately assumed. At

all events, every syllable in Greek with a circumflex accent

is practically treated as if it had two accents ; g al a as if

it were o ddp a , xpdilu a as xpddy a, u pdypa as if it were

u pddylu a , and so on . It follows from this,and the principle

that no word can be accented farther back than the antepenultimate, that, if in the course of flexion a word with

10 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

a circumflex on the penult receive s an additional syllableso as to become , in accentu al value , a quadrisyllable, theaccent must be advanced; thu s from f indpa g

l I am honoured,

we can say W ag es in the second person plural, but we

cannot say T ip tfip eda , so mu st say r tp uip eda . The change

of accentualmarking in this instance is of no practical valueto the student, but in the case of enclitics

,of which we

shall now speak, it affects the ear most decidedly.

Enclitics are small words, which, so to speak, have notforce enough to stand on their own legs, but lean (éyxh ivw)on the weightier word that precede s them for support, andbecome absorbed in it ju st as in English we say don

’

t for

do not,and in Italian dimmi for the Latin die mihi. Th ese

enclitics are 77 0 15,7ro

'ré, 7 6, and a few others

,the oblique

case s of the personal pronouns, the indefinite pronoun m g,

and the verbs stat, I am, (inni t, I say, except in the second

person singular. The effect of their being thu s taken upby the previou s word and forming a new whole mu st

,in

not a few cases,materially affect the position of the accent

for,while in Ka h és w e, a certain good

- looking fellow,there is

no change in the intonation of KaAds to the ear, the momentI say t hw r os

‘T LS, I either violate the rule which forbids

the accent on the fourth syllable from the end, or I keepto the rule and say « exam s; 1 19 . In the same way whenI say 6ate/Boxe s, the devil, simply, I preserv e the antepenultimate accent with full effect in its natural place ; but if Iapply the reproachful term to a special person, and say, as

in John vi. 70, £5DpADV sis 81dfloh69 éo -rw ,

one of you is a devil,I immediately , to give the e

’

O‘

T Lv something to lean on,mu st

make the Sidfloh os oxytone . Similarly, I cannot writem efip a é

’

o-rw,

which in accentual value would be a compoundword of five syllables, but I mu st say wvefip ci e

’

a n (John vi:

when the last syllable of the supporting word with thetwo syllables of the enclitic become accentually a new wordof three syllables with a legitimate antepenultimate accent.

1 Final at and 01. for accentual purposes are pronounced sh ort in th eterminal flexions ofnouns and verbs—r h vuna c, dVOPw

‘n'

O l, Tpdrrej'

at .

ACCENTUATION AND QUANTITY 11

If the position of the accent, a point often not a littletroublesome even to natives in the orthoepy of their ownlanguage , has been relieved of all practical difficulty by thecuriou s provision of the Alexandrian elders, the quantityis even more simple . With the double aid of the twoseparate signs for long vowels, 77 and w, and the quantityof the final vowel as determined by its relation to the

previou s accented syllables, the only difficulty that remainsis obviated by the mark over the long vowels, and the0 over the short ones found in all good dictionaries. In

the pre sent little work it will be sufficient to mark the longvowel where it occurs in doubtful cases

,and leave the

short ones to be understood as short from the absence ofthe long mark. B ut the real difficulty tha t prevents bothaccent and quantity from being easily acquired by Englishscholars is the negligent practice of transferring Latin or

English habits of accentua tion to Greek words,as when

is pronounced like Déus, and w pd—rns as Socrates, and

again the supposition that the accent cannot be put on a

syllable withou t making it long, or removed without mak

ing it short . Let only the honest attempt be made to“

pronounce dvdpwvrog, not as anthrodp os, but as in landholder,corndealer, and other such words, and the a inw pd

-rns, not

like a in claw ormaw,but like the a in lattice and scatter, and

the difficulty will vanish like the gleam of a mirage be forethe firm foot and the cool eye of the traveller.

LESSON I.—NOUNS

NOM INATIVE AND OB JECTIVE CASE

FIRST AND SECO ND DECLENSIO N

VERB S

THREE PERSO NS SINGULAR, PRESENT INDICATIVE

A NO UN is the name of a thing or person, a verb signifiesan action

,an adjective a quality as good or bad belonging

to a noun . The nominative case is the person who is ormay be doing what the verb means the objective case isthe thing or person to which or towards which th e actionof the verb tends . The verb to be, denoting simpleexistence, not action, of course is followed by the nominative, not the objective case .

Nouns are masculine, feminine , or neuter.

M asculines generally end in 0 9.

Feminines in 77 or a,a few in os

—68o’s, a way,

fliflhos, a book, 7rap9évos, a maiden.

Neuters in ov.

The objective case ends in v,the v being added to the

termination of feminines, and substitu ted for the s in

masculines. In neuters the nominative and objective are

the same . Adjectives follow the same rule .

LESSON I 13

Verbs : first person ends in on,second in g, and third

in a . or a, as

I see, thou seest,he sees.

dxouw,dKouecs, dKouec, I hear, etc.

Oa vjaoi

fw, I wonder.

fi lo I hate.

(ALMS, I love.

w,I have.

USEFUL IMPERATIVES

6é s, give.

t808,behold here .

,

The article the is declined masculine, feminine, and

neuter like the nouns,thu s

i7)

It never has a in the feminine .

The verb to be,stat, has second person 62;third £6 7 5,

or before a vowel éa -m’

v, and in plural éG /Lév, éo r é, eiO ' i

The pronouns of the first and second persons are

hamrpdg 50 7 1. 6 ij‘htos, the sun is bright.Ka i Kahrj 1) ma epa , and the day beautiful.opas T O V 7] I\.LO V do you see the sun ?

6p <3 vedéhnv, I see a cloud.

vecbehnv m yvnv 6pc3 , I see a dark cloud.

dpgs rbv Kawvé v dc ?you see the smoke ?

PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

7 6V ofipav6v 7 6V Kva voiiv do you see the blue sky ?

dxofie is 7 013 7ro7 a ja oi3 do you hear the river ?

dKo6ecs 7 13g flpovfijs do you hear the thunder ?

da vpdfa s 7 6 dévdpov 7 666 7 6DMAGV do you admire this

tall tree ?

da vpafw Ka i p arka ye, I admire it extremely.

7 6p660 1/ 7 0117 0 7 0 Ka h6v do you see this beautiful rose ?Ka i 7 0 Acipwv 7 0 AevK6V '

and the white lily I

Ka i 7r6a v xhwpoiv and the green grass ?

Ka /\ 6s 6 1077 0 9, the garden is beautiful.Ka i 0 '

oqb6s 6 Krj7rovp6g, and the gardener wise.

6pc3 6Ka v9a v, I see a thistle.

K6K6V, K6K6v, bad, bad /

a icrxp6v, a icrxp6v, ugly, ugly

Mia 7 761! Ka xijv dKa vdav, I hate the ugly thistle.

(fitAG 7 66660 1/ 7 6KaAGV, I love the lovely rose.

fi lo-

sis 7 76V dxa hfiqb'qv do you hate the nettle ?

pdALU T a , certainly.

0 ¢06p69 50 7 0 1 6dVGpLO S, the wind is strong.

(bah t?) 7 ijv G t V, I love the shade.

Ka i 0'

Ké7T'77V, and the shelter.

qSépe 7 r‘

)v 7 pdvre§a v, bring the table.

77 0 170 7 1. 6 7767 00 0; 6 e’

p.6g where is my hal f

66; 7 6V 7r€7 a 0 '

ov, give me the hat.

(pt/M3 77 1“

o éyui, I love a cap .

Rivet 7 6 7ri3p, or 7 7311 e’

o'

xdpa v, stir thefire.66; p 0 1. 7 6O

’KciAevdpov, give me the poker.

ixets‘rrvpdypav have you tongs ?

there.

6pds 7 6Koi7 077 7 pov ,

‘ do you see the mirror ?

Execs have you a seat ?

exec; 677 0776670 1; have you a footstool?2xets Khivrjv have you a sofa ?669 pm . Ba k fl ypia v, give me my stick.

7 67ra c6t'

ov 7 666 7 59 who is this little boy ?

6666A¢>69 6 e’

né g, my brother.

20 7 7 a ct dSeAqtfi have you a sister ?

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

16 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

Greek masculine s in 0 9 have the genitive in on and the

dative in (p feminines in pa. or pa and {a have the genitive

in a s and the dative in a o ther feminines in a—as 7 pd7re§6i,a table—and feminine s in 7;have 779 in the genitive and y in

the dative .

e’

v 76oipa vd, I see a clo ud in the sky.

Ga v/t offee o o¢ta v 7 9111 61’ 7 96(I t; (i66hdxp, I admire thewisdom that is in your brother.

66; 76d666¢c§ 7 6V t anov give your brother thispen.

Ka i 7 6KaAa/i oip tov, and the inks tand.

6 d66h¢69 6 0 69 Ga vpdfet 7 6A6m<6v 6660 1/ 7 6 7 3610 57119,your brother admires the white rose in the garden.

o’

moé e i g 7 779 7 08 WO T a/LODfipovrfig do you hear the thunder

of the river ?

filo. 7 06 dvép ov 7 apoi7 7 e i 7 6V Kijrrov, the violence of thewind disturbs the garden.

Ka i 7 6V ye 7767 a0 '

ov 677 2 7 5 6m} Ka ta /Vi, yes, and the hatOn

Kiy e t. 7 6rrfip 7 g;O'

Ka h eiidpcp, stir thefire with the p oker.

7 76V 66pm! 7 76V 7 01? 6’

77 L0'

K67 7 0v do you see the bishop’

s

seat ?

ioxvp6s 6’

0'f9L

'

6L 7 6V 7 63V 6p7 ov, he is stronghe eats the bread of labour.

669 nor. 7 6V t ap ov 7 6V 7 06d66h <f>oii, give me your brother’

s

(pépe 7 0 Ka hap oiptov 7 6 7 73 9 d66h <l>ijs, bring your sister"s

K677 7 6 7 6V t ayov 7 17;p axa ipg, cut the pen with the knife.

ENGLISH AFFINITIE S

Bishop. Kinetics. Seat. Cathedral. Hydrocephalu s.

LESSON I I I 17

LESSON III

PLURALS,NUM ERALS , D IM INUTIVES

The plural of verbs is in op ev, 67 6, and ow e for the three

persons. In pure verbs a onev becomes (Spicy, 67 6, and (3 0 1

6 becomes oil/rev, 627 6, and 060 1.

The plural of nouns in 0 9 is in

a t,nominative .

wv, genitive.

0 19, dative .

o vs, objective.

Neuters have nominative and objective a .

The plural of feminines is ina t

,nominative .

63V, genitive .

a ts, dative .

(is, obj ective .

The relative pronoun, 6’

s,

6, who, which, is declined all

through, like masculine nouns in 0 9, and feminines in r) , and

neuters inThe numerals are—66s, p lan, 61/ 66a) , 7 p6

'

is,7 60 '

0'

ap6s,65, 677 7 a , 6K 7 0

’

7,

66Ka,in their order

,6i'

Koo'

L, twenty ,

6Ka 7 6v, a hundred , xiAwL, a thousand ,

ten thou sand .

Diminutives are mostly neuter,ending in ap tov, to y , and

6hh iov : as 277 77 0 9,0. horse—inn aptov, a p ony ,

“r a ts, a boy

7ra i64fov, a little boy Bp6<f>os, a babe—Bpecpvhh tov, a little babe.

Masculine is (w as,as 77 a t6to xos, a young boy, with feminine

77 0 16ZO '

K7) , a little girl.

The adjective r ohvs, many (German viel), is declined inthe nominative

n ohhfiand objective

77 0AA7jv 7 066

otherwise regularly, as if from 7rokk6s - 7j - 6VIt is a peculiarity of Greek syntax that neuter plurals are

C

18 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

joined with a singular verb,as Ka hds 6X6; 7 6 rrpd

-

yuam ,

ma tters are going on well.

ypcidmg ev Ka hdptp, 6pu'

3u61/ 7 069 66>90Ap 0 29, we write with a

p en, and see with our eyes.

7 76

71/ 677 10 7 0A7‘

71/ 0-

0 1 ypoicpm 6os 7 0 2; 664 43 0 29, the letterwhich I write for you give to your brothers.

7760 0 11; 6x6is d66hgf>06s how many brothers have you ?

dBeAdas 6667 7 6, six, and seven sisters.

tha t is too bad

7760-

0. 6X619 6660. 61/ 7 g)“

77 67 6019 how many roses have you in

your ha t ?

6666Ka,Aetp ta 866g, twelve, and six lilies.

7760 0 119 6x61 i’

7r7rovs 6dSeAc/xis ; how many horses has yourbrother

7 pels, three.

6136s 7 069 K6K 1/0vs Ka i. 7 06g yepdvovs 61/ 7 2;Alps/y do you see

the swans and the cranes in the loch ?

7 6 yes, a very great number .

Ka i 676

; Ka i. 7 peis Ma xong K OH¢ODS 61/ 7 63 61p a lso three

p retty ca lves in thefield ?67 1. 66i77 77 0ip10v, KdG /LLO V, fiah t6v a lso a nea t little piebald

p ony7 5 wha t are you la ughing at ?

6K6if1/0 7 6 77 0 1650 1/ i77 77 0 §6p 6v0v 677 2 7 06 i77 7raptov, tha t boyriding on the little p ony .

Ka i 67) Ka i 7 p6X61. 67760 01 75 77 0 16607 0 1 73 K0p¢7§, and behindruns the pretty little girl.

7 6p77 1/61/ 7 6960mm, a. p leasant sight.6 Gaul/410 7 63 067 00 2 660 fih iovs 61/ 7 63 fip eis 66

6p¢3 ,u6v, this strange man sees two suns in the skywe see only one.

p io oiig ev 7 76

11/ (pan/in 7 06pmpoii, we ha te a fool’s voice.

7 06660 06606 (ton/76

W (pthoiipw , but we love the voice of the

o i 60 '

7 p0 1/6/w c wohhd 6p630

'

l. 7 o'

is 7 77/\ 60'

K0 77 660 Ls 6. rjg e ig 06xthe a stronomers see m ny things with their telescop es

which we do not see.

77 0AA61 p6v 6X6L 661/6p0. {Mr}, 6167 0 0 ; 66 7 6V

pwpdv yAc ro-

a , there are many trees in the forest, and manywords in a fool’s tongue.

LESSON IV 19

n ohhas K61r7 olu ev o

’

iK oivOa s c’

v 7 0 29 o’

iypo is, we are cu ttingdown many thistles in thefields.

Ka i 0 13K 6Mya s, 69 dxa hfiqbas, and not a few nettles

a lso,I hop e.

a s o u fa c ets, a xa hna s, the nettles which you ha te.

6u< a iws 6'

yw'

ye, 1ra V7 es yap p ic'

ova w 7 a s”a xa hrlcpa s r a s

xa xa s, with good reason too. All hate the evil nettles.

7 i 7rpa 7 7 67 e ,wha t are you abou t ?

ypddmlu ev e’

m a 7 0hof

s, we a re writing letters.

é’

m om hds Aéye is do you say letters ?

Ka i ”ah a ye, 77p6s 7 11V Ba o ihw v a v, yes, to the queen.

9a vpza 0'

7 6. wonderfu la yadq r) flaa ihw o

'

a,Ka i 7 a s evxas ou c pr) 7 a s 7 wv

7ri0‘

7 wv n ohwwv, good i s the queen, and not deaf to the prayers

of loya l citizens.

65m m h éye is, you say wha t is j ust.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Epistle . Graphic. Hippodrome . Euphony. Astronomy .

Telescope . Polyglot. Agriculture . Basilica . Basil. Police .

Two . Triad. Pentarchy . Hexagon. Heptarchy. October.

Decade . Myriad.

LESSON IV

THIRD DECLENSIO N,SINGULAR

The third declension of nouns in Greek is more rich and

varied than the other two,and

,besides, is distinguished by

a peculiarity from which the othersare free,v iz . while in the

first and second declensions all that requires to be done in

forming th e cases is to change the last syllable of the nomi

M tive commencing with a vowel,leaving th e main body of

,as nuépa , - a s, apyvp

- os,- ou

,in the third

erv e that the final consonant of the root seems in many0 have been assimilated or absorbed by the terminationnominative

,and reappears in the other cases

,as in

2 0 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

e’

hm’

s, genitive éhm’

Bos. Sometimes also the vowel of the lastsyllable of the nominative is shortened before the addition ofthe genitival termination, as in vroqu jv, iroqrévos. In some

clas ses of nouns no change ismade, and th e analogy of the twoother declensions is followed throughout. We shall take our

examples from the more simple classes,leaving the more

complex and exceptional to be learned in the course of reading .

The general type is

as

O'

wTfip, a saviour.

crwfl'

y‘

pos, of orfrom a saviour .

o-m7 fipi, to a saviour .

o a saviour .

K oi6wv, a bell.

K o'

16wvos, of a bell,etc.

Avueu’

w,-6v0s, a blackguard, etc.

and a number of words signifying a dwelling-

place, as

i’

m ros, a horse ; im ruiv, a stable.

«Ekawiv, an oliveyard.

rrapdewbv, room of the virginand nicknames of men

yoi0'

7 pwv,-wvos

(15150-

v

And to this class which follows the analogy of the other

declensions our first colloquy is confined.

(1) 7 6V oipo'rfipa 7 d oip67 ptp K677 7 0 V7 a yfiv do

you see the p loughman cu tting up the ground with his p lough ?

xprjowuov 7 66pyov 7 0 177 0 Ka i o’

wayk a i‘

ov, this is a usefu l and

necessary work.

io xvp6v Exec i’

m rov 6oip0 7 75p, the p loughman ha s a strongse.

r ivos r} eimbv Em il/r) wha t likeness is tha t ?

7 013 1 770-

06Xp i0'

7 0 i3 7 0 13 a w‘rfipos fi/uiiv, the likeness of u

Christ our Saviour .

(9620 1! rroivv 7 6npdo wrrov, an a ltogether divine countenanc

LESSON IV 2 1

7 is 60 7 W 76Bifihos”

ha il/17 i) Ada n-

poi wha t is tha t grand

book

77 yewypa¢ia 7 ov E7 pa ,3 wvos, the geography of S trabo.

7 i m'

vecs 6K 7 0 1) Kpa 7 np0s e’

Keivov ; wha t are you drinkingou t of tha t bowl ?

n il/op a l 7 6V o ivov, we are drinking wine.

6é s poo r. 7 6V 7 pi,8wva 7 6V n ah a uiv, give me my old cloak.

6K p ixpoii W ivdfipos 66W?) n ohh oim s dvd17 7 e7 a i (phdg, froma sma ll spark often a fearfu lflame arises.

dis ypoidJe i 6 as James the Ap ostle

writes.

Ka i'7 0 i 7 i 7 a i37 a Aéyeis bu t why do you say this ?

p66 7roz\ 6s 6Keivos Ka 7rv6s 6 6K 769 Kan t/066x779, I

fear tha t quantity of smokefrom the chimney .

c’

ucova T O U K0’

16wv0s no t 7 779 7 0 11 Khn7 fip0s (pa wns os éyeipei

7 06g w h im s, I hear the bell,and the voice of the crier who

wakes the p eop le.

06ouixp6s 6xii/Sim s, there is grea t danger .

oik oziw 7 06dh ex7 pv6vos, I hear the cock.

(2 ) Nouns in (up and shorten the long ultimate vowelof the nominative

,as firjr opos ; n o curjv, 77 0 14161 0 9 3

i56wp, 66a 7 os, wa ter.

6pds 7 6V n o cuéva éxeivov ue7 6. 7 8 1/ 7rp0/6’of

7 wv 611 7 g? h eLpuBI/i

do you see tha t shepherd with the sheep in the meadow ?

6pi6, Ka i 7 6V mil/a I see them and the dog .

dpa 06V o’

.1< 0667 e ms (pun/fig 7 06 6ew0i3 6Kei130v p777 0pos ,‘ do

you hear the voice of tha t grea t ora toroinoi op ev

‘

pdhhov 66dpéa xet 67 6V xeh t66vwv 7 p i0'

pi6s Ka i

7 5s o’

m'

o‘

civos 7 6do p a , we hear bu t like better the twitter of theswallows and the song of the nighting a le.

6i1< a iws °

(167 m. ydp xi i/0 170 '

s 7 6 [30196 769 glvxfis, with goodreason for these stir the dep ths of the sou l.

(3 ) Feminines in ts and a s, with the radical6before thecase terminations, as ha ll/ma s,

- a60 s 6h 7r‘ls, - i60 s. Neuters m

a have the genitive in 7 0s. Words ending m it 77 s or fis, asAu tho r/z, h a ih owros, a storm ; ¢h é¢, (th efié s, a vein Ki xhwzl ,4 0 77 0 9, a Cyclop s, Giant R ound Eye, lose the o of the nominative and present 71 or ,

8 before the case termination. In the

same way nouns in g: Ks or 7 s, by losing the final 0' of the

2 2 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

compound consonant, cause the single R or 7 to reappear in

the oblique cases, as iépag, a hawk, Zépdxos ; 111 037 175, a fox,gen. dh o

’

nrexos K6pa‘f, K6pa k os, a. crow.

6pxe7 a 1 6667 69, the rain is coming .

0136a/1 13 s, not a t a ll.

7 6V Whip ¢6K66a 0 13K 6'

yw‘

ye 1367 61/ a thin drizzle I

do not ca ll ra in .

6Ke1'

1/77 6vapéh'

q o nua ivei h a iha r a , tha t cloud foretells a

storm.

hamrpdv 6xw 6h 77 1'

6a Kahfis fip épa s, I have br ight hop e of a

61369 6K eivo 7 6 yvvam oi

pwv 61/ 765 dip do you see tha t

little woman in the field ?Aéyovm pa n/66a they say tha t she is mad .

Ka i 77 10 7 6150) 6'

ywye, Ifor one believe it.

669 110 1 Kp'

q77 26a , 1< a67 61/ 7767 00 0 1/ Ka i xha iva v, give ,

me my boot, my ha t, and my p la id .

77 0 110 7 1 7 667 766ru16. y ou 7 66'

7 epov ,where is my other shoe ?

7 1'

exe1s 61/ 0 7 6111017 1 , wha t have you in your mou th ?

6ip7 o1/°

x6p11/ 6X0) 7 153 6696, bread , thank God7 1

’

ypoi

gba s wha t are you writing77 0 1

'

m11a , a p oem .

7r67 epo1/ 60 7 W 61/ 763 77 0 1rfi1 a 7 1 ; is there any sense in thepoem

77 13 s 06; 06 (6110 13 d>v0 7§ua7 a 6K 0 a 77 13 1/0 s, of course ; I don’t

blow soap-bubbles.

6p6ls 6Keiv0v 7 61/ K6pa 1< a do you see tha t crow ?

6p13 , 77 6p177 a 7 e'

i 16s Khnp11<6s 7 19"

firiy an , I do he

walks like a clergyman, with a grave step .

7 i 60 7 1 7 6 61/0,11a e

’

Keivov p777 opos wha t is the

name of tha t famous ora tor ?I‘hoi60 7 wv

, Gladstone .

2 xw7 1k6v, a Scotch name.

mu pa ha ye 6xc1 ydp 7 6 61/0,u a

, 6 7 0 1)

Zépaxos, certa inly, for the interp reta tion of the name is the

stone of the hawk.

60 7 1 Ph a’

60 7 w1/ 61/0ua 6751110 1) 61/ 7 gxoipg. 7 06M60 0

hw018v0s, Gladstone is the name of a parish in M idlothian .

7 i npof7 7 e1. 677 11 29 6Kei1/os wha t is tha t boy doing ?

p a 0 7 1'

yo i 76V Bépfltxa , he is whipp ing his top .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

2 4 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

3x61 777060 107 7 0. 6Swifiokos, the devil has many masks.

a ipe7 u57 €pov 62‘

yvva 1K6s 7 6 wpdo am'

ov,sp ecia lly tha t

Ka i Ka i. iepéws 61rep17¢1ivov, and tha t of a p roud p riest.

3 7 1 86Ba o dtéws Give/10 15 K a i. 7 vpdw ov also of a lawless

king, and a cruel tyrant.

Ka i dv8p6s éxdo 7 ov 7 13 V év mika 7rov17po 1'

, and of anybad man in the town.

(5 ) Adjectives of this declension occur most commonly inone of these three forms

(a ) mv,- 0vos,masculine and feminine ;ov,neutersound -minded r poctpwv, forward, ready

—like nouns1n mv supra .

(B) 15s, as dknébjs, masculine and feminine ; dAnOés,neuter;genitive in 0 179 and dative in et—tymjs, healthy;

- és, distinct, clea r.

(7 ) 159 , masculine ; eta,feminine ; 15

,neuter ; as yltvxus,

sweet ; Bapts, hea vy .

p éAa s, black,has p ékawa , 110111 11, and 7 61 019,

wretched, the same .

dAnOEs 7 66674101 7 0 13 7 0 7 6 “trepi 7 05 61a ,86)\0v this doctrine

Ka i udha‘

ye Ka i. flap15, yes, and weighty .

yhvm‘) 7 6 [1 67 6 7 617 1Kp6v, sweet is honey after

Snp tovpyo i a t juéhw v a t 7 0 13 [19 117 0 9 7 0 13 ykvxéos, the bees are

the makers of sweet honey .

flam kéms yhuk vo p a 7 6péh t, it is a king’s dainty, honey .

0 7 ép‘

y0/16v Gi an-

01117 69 7 61 vé yaka Ka i. 7 61 7 pw'

yd/\ 1a o’

mékov

0u 7 0 1? Seiwvov, we all like dainties and a dessert to follow the

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Gastric juice . Work. Bible . Geography. Crater. Wine .

Palaeography. Phlox (the name of a flame-coloured flower).Apostle. Police. Rhetorician. Pound. Abyss. Phrenzy.

Wet. Phlebotomy. Cyclops. Hydropathy. Maenad.

Heterodoxy . Poem . Crow. Genesis . Generation. M ixture .

LESSON V 2 5

Paradox. Ichthyology. Paternal. Andrew. Alexander.

Bovine . Gynaecology. Sow. Devil. Hierarchy. Tyrant.Glycerine. Barometer. Mellifiuous.

LESSON V

TH IRD DECLENSIO N, PLURAL

The plural terminations of the third declension are

es, nominative, a , neuter.

mv, genitive .

0 1,dative .

(is, objective, a,neuter

as 77 0 1p 1jv, Ka tha gb, Aa ika'

ires, following always the

type of the genitive singular, as 7ra 7 6pes, not wa rpés but

oivrjp has (Bil/Spec, not o’

wépes. Only in the dative plural the

final consonant v,6,or 7 is dropped before the 0 1 of the

dative,as 7 0 4160 1, to shep herds ; to mouths ; Adan

to torches.

The adjective 71-69, 71

-60 01,1ri1

‘

v follows this rule,having

in the genitive, but 17610 1 in dative plural so y iya s, agiant ; y iya vr os, of a giant ; but 7 17 660 1, to giants.

067 09 6 1ra 7 1‘

7p m il/7 a 7 6. xpfipa fl z 6i6in0 1 7 012‘

s 9vya 7 pd0 1, 7 15;6615260 136611

,thisfa ther gives a ll the money to his daughters, to

his son nothing .

o i p61! 7 13 9 6KK/\ 170 ia g 7 m7 €pes 66wa is

11611011 6Xc1 7ro17 6pa , the fa thers of the church are many, bu t each

boy has only onefa ther .

66s 7 0 is p16v fiaxfi ypia v, 7 a is 66 7rap06'

1/0 19 0 K 1d6e1ov,

give a stick to the boys, a p arasol to the young ladies.

7 57 61; vroi

vv 677 0139 K a i ye 7rp69' 601K 7 15/\ 0vs‘ ydp

697 671-7 61 6xe1 677 2 7 o 7ro0 1

’

v, this boy is a giant, and a monster

to boot ; he ha s seven toes on hisfeet.7 0 157 1011 7 13 V 77 011613 1/ mi l/7 10V 67 0 7761/ 7 1 2X“ 13 60 0159, r ap

éx0v0 d 7 6 7 1611 p6v xkap 156a p éh awav, 7 666 77 1A1'

610v

the dress of a ll these boys is ridicu lous,a black p la id with a

yellow cap .

Mya s, tru e.

2 6 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

ENGLISH AFFINITIE S

Father. Panorama. Daughter. Ecclesiastical.theism. Monologue . Giant. Dactyl. Seven. Foot. Melan

choly . Lecture . Parthenon.

LESSON VI

THE DEGREES or CO M PARISO N IN ADJECT IVES

The general form is 7 epos for the comparative and 7 017 0 9

for the superlative, the genders following the type of the

substantives of th e first and second declensions,as 61

’

Ka 1og ,

j ust, 81Ka 16-r epos, 81Ka 16m 7 os also

,to avoid the concurrence

of four short syllables unfavourable to the dactylic rhythm

of the early po etry, the sf epo s in certain cases becomest1'

17 epo9, and the (67 a 7 0 9, as

0 09669, wise, 0 04m57 ep09, 0 0 <f>057 a 7 09 .

So

terrible .

xaken'ds, dificu lt.

(pa vepds‘

, p la in.

Adjectives in (1 9, a v,and in 779, 69, add the and

7 017 0 9 to the neu ter, as

p éh a s, black, p ekdw epos,- 7 a 7 0 9 .

dknerjs, tru e, - 7 a 7 os.

(km/3 159 , accura te, - 7 a 7 os ;

a termination which is assumed also by adjectives in (W, as

613601611011, happ y, 6136a 1p0 v€0 7 6p0 9, - 7 a 7 0 9 .

Some adj ectives are compared by 110V, and 10 7 0 9, 4 7,

- ou,

as

Ka /\ 69, beautifu l; Kahkiwv,more beautiful; d kw ros,

very beau tiful.

LESSON VI 2 7

176159, sweet, 1561510 1 5 17610 7 0 9 .

0 r I7 ax159, swift 9d0 0 10v for 7 111X1

'

11w, swifter and 7 ax10 7 os,

very swift.

This form belongs also to some common irregular comparisons

dya 969, Be67 iwu, 3 667 10 7 0 9, good, better, best.My“ , grea t, ueifuw, p6y 10 7 0 9 .11011169, bad, Xeipwv, KdK 10 7 0 9 .

77 06159,many, 7766i ,

776620 7 0 9 ;

which follow in declension the law of the substantives of thesame type, as p eifwv, [Leigh /0 9 71

-6ci,

- O VO 9, plural

contracted

Comparatives are either accompanied with a genitive or

followed by —as 6 p eifwv 60 7 i. 7 067ra 7 p69, the son is ta llerthan thefa ther—or i) 6 77 0 7 156

067 0 9 6vea vi0 1< 0 9 77 066{1 1111067 61069 7 69 0’

1666qbij9'

60 7 1,this young man is much less than his sister ; he is a dwarf.

667 61 13 dyia 7 1001951) 67 1 6 2 01066 77 066”67 10 7 0 9 fiv7 13 V 0 1410 0617 13 11, the holy scrip ture says tha t Sau l was by farthe tallest of a ll hisfellow citizens.

0 13 0 0 111057 017 0 9 66, but not the wisest.6511 61110 1! 7 0 13 [163

1690 159 60 0 1t1'

01,wisdom is better than sta ture.

7760 01 67 0111 7 a pfiuamfi 7 35‘E66'

q1/1Kfi7 6160 0 17 ; howmany irregular verbs are there in the Greek tongue ?

0 1311 0 2601,I do not know.

7rep2 7 0 157 0 11 7 6 xpi) 6pw7 g1v 7 6V g ob/7 111, 7 6V O 136i7 x10 v, on

this point you must consult the oracle, Veitch .

¢0B6p6v 7 67761390 9, a terrible mu ltitude.

77661510 13 of. 11610011169 c’

v 7 153 61p ,more than the crows in the

81617960 7 0 7 01 6éy619, you say wha t is very tru e.

667 10 7 661110 17 6 77 0 1/17p67 017 0v Ka i. xa667r1157 a 7 ov, I say wha t

for me a t least is a very p ainfu l and a very dizficu lt business.

p i) ddtua’

77 0666. 6X61 11011161 6fii0 9, wayk dxw m v 66 7 6v

don’t despa ir ; there are many bad things in life,

bu t the worst is desp a ir.

7 13 V 66dya 913 1/ 6’

V 7 153 film7 1'

[3667 10 7 0 1/ and of the good

things in life which is best ?

2 8 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

1577 10 7 19 , fa ith .

619 667 61 677poql>1§7 179 6617101109 1611 77 10 7 61119 (150 67 011,as the p rop hetHabakkuk says, the ju st man sha ll live by faith .

0 1) O‘

UK 6X61 66y0 1/ a y 1a ypadnj, a word than

which nothing more true is found in holy scrip ture.

7ra 7 17p 7 119 a v6p61a 9 1) 77 10 7 19, a v6p61a 667 11W a v6p11< 13 v 6p'

y1ov

7 7 a 7‘rjp, fa ith is the fa ther of courage, and courage is thefa ther

of manly deeds.

Kd6610 7 a 66y619, admirable.

Ka669 6 66710 9, Ka661ov 66 7 6 6py0v, a beau tiful saying ,

bu t more beau tifu l is the deed.

6pyov K61/ 167 a 7 0v 77payf1 a 7 wv 6667 0 9, withou t

the deed sp eech i s the most emp ty of a ll things.

66a ¢p67 6pov 7 13 V 0’

1X15p1ov, more light than chaj'

.

11016. 0 13661! 137 7 0 11 0 7 6’

1‘

p0 1f, and not less barren.

é’

ppw0 0 , farewell.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

New. Polygon. Hagiography . Tactics. Crow. Biology .

Prophet . Energetic. Plethora .

LESSON VII

THE FUTURE ACTIVE

The characteristic letter of the future tense is 0,inserted

before the terminations that mark the persons, thus : 615

10,

I loosen ; 6150 10, I will; 6150 619, thou wilt ; 6150 61, he will;6150 0

,u.6v

,we will 6150 67 6

, ye will; 6150 0 110 1, they will loosen .

Of course by inserting this 0, a preceding consonant, where

the root is labial,uniting with it forms a 11, as above in

nouns (Lesson IV, and in the same way, wh en the finalvowel of the root is a palatal the K or 7 appears as g—So

,

from [36677 115 I see,

from I say, B ut

there are several variations,which will be learned by practice

the following are dominant

LESSON VII 2 9

(a ) Verbs with two consonants before the 111 of the presenteject the latter before inserting the 0

,so that the

77 or 95 of the root united with the 0 becomes a at , asin 7 1577 7 01

,1167 7 7 111

,I cu t

,116601 ; 0 11677 7 111, I dig ,

0 K61/1 10 7 1060501, I write, ypdglw.

(B) The same rule holds with many verbs in 0 0 111,Attic

7 7 111,the root ending in K or y , as 17p60 0 w, I do, root

77pay, future 77516501 ; 7 60 0 01, I arrange, 7 65111.

(y) Verbs in dfa have either 0 01 or $01, or both,as

I admire,90111111610 10 11110 7 6611, I nod

,60 111

or 615111 ; 6p77 1ifw, to carry of , £111, 61p7 7 0i0 ola a 1 in Attic ;,3 010 7 0i{01, to carry, [3010 7 60 111

(6) Pure verbs generally lengthen the vowel of the present,a being changed into 17, except where a vowel or 6

precedes the as

7 1116111, I honour,16166111, I love, 11516150 111.61166111, I show,

6176160 111.

B ut

K6oiw,I break

,K6d0 w.

110 77 16101,I labour a t

,K0 77 160 111.

B ut some in 6111 prefer 60 111, as Ifinish,7 6660 111 ;

I o

TPEO ) , to tremble, 7 p60 1o (6111, to b01l, (60 111.

(6) Liquid verbs Shorten the long vowel of the root,

or throw out the last of two consonants in the root,

and lay a circumflex accent on the termination 111,

as

,11611111, I rema in, M 1113 .

0 7re1'

p1i1, I sow,0 77 6p13 .

a lva,I show

,(11011113 .

666610, I throw, 3 01613 .

I cu t,

1113 11 61} ¢0B€Z§ {116° 6611169 619 61617913 9 6xp6110 9 067 0 9 6 7 06

116660 117 0 9, now indeed you frighten me ; this future tense is

f I A I I A

7 660 101 66y619'

O‘

UK 6a 0 111 0 6 7 111 7 0 101117 0. 66y61v 667 6 111 01660 11A f I 0 0 v

7 0 7 179 77 ap0 1p11a 9, xa6677 a 7 01 1101601, ridi culous ; I wi ll not

3 0 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

p ermit you to sp eak thus ; say ra ther,as the proverb has it,

all excellent things a re difiicu lt.665111, I will say so.

6x6 7ri0 7 111, ha vefa ith.

77 10 7 6150 111 11012 1101160 111, I will believe and conquer .

0121160 61 0 6 6 77 017 1510, you r fa ther willp ra ise you .

0 136611 610 7 6611, I do not doubt it.

o’

.116p111611 61161130 619 you will show a manly sp irit.

fi66¢w c’

1116p111 13 9 77p69 7 611 11012 0 13 7 p60 1u, I will

look manfu lly in the face of the devil and not tremble.

7 5 0 116177 7 61 6 61163110 9 611 7 153 66111 13 111 ; wha t is tha t

paunchy fellow digging a t in the meadow ?

0 116177 7 61 7 d¢pov, he is digging a trench.

0 11677 7 61 7 0 13 9 96,11 66io119 601;1 77p013 o ixrjua 7 0 9, he is digging

the founda tions of a grand house.

0 1360 118 9'

7 611 7 0 10 13 7 0 11 0 13 9a vp of0 0p ev, not a t a ll; such a

fellow we will not admire.

1361113 7 179 60 7 i'

776110 11 M611 6X61, 7 6xw1v 660 13"

K6¢61 77 07 67 6116610 11 6611 7 1160 11 7 2?

‘

p axa ipa, Ka i 616 11012 7 611 6610 11 01137 69 601117 0 13

7 0 10 13 7 0 ydp 1351661? 7 151160 911 1 7 67 13 11 6177 0 16615

7 0111 7 660 9, he is a bungler . He ha s labour,bu t no skill. He

will cu t his finger with his knife some day , and dig his own

grave. Such is wont to be the end of the unlearned.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Hydrophobia. Chronology. Chronic. Andrew. Idiot.

Penu ry . Technical. Polytechnic. Idiosyncrasy. Pae

deutics.

LESSON VIII

THE PAST TENSE

The first aorist or indefinite past tense follows the type of

the future, with an 0 before the personal terminations, and anaugment 6 prefixed to the whole word

,as a sign of the past

tense , thus

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

7 3 2 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEKI V I

7 19 430166 7 0 11 6190 11 ; who threw the stone ?6 A 6 3 A 1

0 77 0119 0 611 7 19 111777 19, the boy in the garden .

I I I77 01p0111011 0 9 7 19 60 7 1, he i s a lawless boy .

I I C I A fl IXe69 8169pa v0 6 7760111a 110161111711 611 7 27 7 0 11 ¢pO V7 10 7 17p10 11

7 0 13 Oup1’

81, yesterday he broke a glass p ane in my study

0 13x1'° 6 111660v 9 $ 11 6 61

,11 01p7 w669

' 6,111511v0 a 11 111i. p 1116s

0 211017 77110 2 7 9111 6,11 01p7 1'

0111 7 0 13 (do v, not so the cat was the

sinner the bloody nose of the anima l declared its sin .

7 611 [3 1386011 iiv 6810 116 0 0 1 x969 6’

yX61p 1'

0 619 (Attic 6yx61p 16'

1

'

9)7 27 dya 91

‘

7 7 1i1p'f) 11016 67 01913 9 Gigia ,

the book which I ga ve you yesterday you will hand over to your

sister ; she is a good girl, and worthy of a good book.

13 1108611 170 6 7 0 13 7 0 7 6 15610611; who built this church ?

7 611 7 10 11 7 19,an architect

7 6117 1011 6117 067 119 86 7 19 617910 11, not an architect, a

stonemason.

6 61611969 7 611 7 1011 77 0 1177 159 60 7 1 °

110 2 7 60 131108611 1111 11 67rep16K086yn0 6 x969 77 06171101 p61161 6691110 11 a 1

’

1'

p1o 11 Ka i. 13 9 60 7 W

1386211 611 151 137 1577 7 19, for a true architect is a p oet ; and the

edifice which he ra ised yesterday rema ins a stone p oem to

morrow and for ever,as one may see in Egyp t.

7 69 6286 7 611 77 a i8a 89 c’

17r611o 1i e 7 611 116680 11 7 0 13 86118p0 11

who saw the boy who cu t the branch of tha t tree ?623 0 11 67 113, I saw him.

dye 11137 611 8e13po°

”010 7 1y0'

10 13 7 611 1101110 13p‘

yov, bring him to

me I willfl og the rascal.0 7511613 0 11 77 151117 10 9 0 13 86177 11750 61, he sha ll ha ve no dinner to

fi86177 11150 61 7 6 [1 67 61 7 13 11 0 1113 11, or dine with the pigs.

6,3 0666v0 a 01137 13 110161611 fiov/‘ajv, I gave him good advice.

1167 1711, in va in.

0 1311 77110 110 6, he did not hear .

11 10 16159 60 7 1, he is deaf.

11 10 11369 81) 77p69 7 6 7 9711 7 13 11 0 0 11x3 11 3 0 1167511, yes, deaf to thecounsel of the wise.

x969 6116610 6 7 61 13 7 01 77po‘9 7 611 7 0 13 0 043 0 13 Z o6o,n 13 11o 9 667 0 11

°

7 0 13 (id/3 0 1109 at 616001611 06( ZO‘

LV dxpa 7 13 9 yesterday he

closed his ears to the word of the wise Solomon : the eyes of afool are in th e ends of the earth .

LESSON IX 3 3

7 0 13 11611 667 0 11, 7 611 86110811 0 13 11 a 7 66a18 6

,he heard

the word,bu t he did not take in the sense.

6 0’

18661fi69 01137 0 13 6 6164010 11 67761

1510100 6 7 611 6’

y 1161po16ov 81ay on/1 067 10 11 1161113 11

,his foolish brother filled his bra in with vain

imagina tions.

11 011 677 10 7 6110 6 7 11 11111660 11 17 7 17 641 161 ypacfn) , and he

believed his brother rather than the holy scrip ture.

13 7 0 13 017 11X1) ,11a 7 0 9, ss .ad sad .

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Egotism. Practice . Foliation . Chiromancy . The Par

thenon. Didactic. Technical. Cacodemon. Lithotomy.

Rh inoceros. Z oology . Agatha . Hierarchy . Dendritis.

D ivine . Acrobat . Geography . Logic. Hagiology .

Hagiolatry. Graphic.

LESSON IX

INFINITIVE Moor) AND PARTICIPLES

The infinitive mood gives the action of the verb substan

tively as we use the participle in seeing is a good thing , but in

Greek, as in Latin, always the infinitive, as 11016611 7 6 6pd11,and declined with the article like a noun

,through all th e

cases,of course neu ter

,as the gender does not lie in the

action,but in the actor. Its normal ending in the active

voice is 6111, as in th e present Bd666111, to throw,

and secondaorist Ba66211 ; but in first aorist its termination is 011

,as

116¢a 1, from 11677 7 10. Pure verbs follow their vowel, as 7 111611,to honour ; 95166231, to love.

Like substantives,v erbal infinitives are governed by pre

positions through all the cases,as 77 6p1f, abou t 7rapoi, from

beside ; 1167 6, with 611,in

,and 6139 , into—as 7 0 13 111177

vi§61v 66y10 p67 po11 dp10 7 o11, abou t smoking I say modera tion

is best.

Participles are verbal adjectives declined as such,and

D

3 4 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

signifying the quality or accident of a certain state of beingor action belonging to an agent.

Th e participles of the present and of the second aorist aredeclined in masculine and neuter according to the type of

the second declension,in feminine according to the first, as

7 1377 7 10 11,7 1377 7 0 110 01, 7 1377 7 0 11, he, she, or itI I 0 o o 0

7 117 7 7 - 0 117 0 9, 0 110 179, 0 117 0 9, of h im,her

,or i t striking .

0 117 1,

0 117 1, to him, her , or it

The first aorist participle bears the type of the thirddeclension

,as in 7 57 0 9 ,

‘

yi'

yaw o 9 , a giant—so 77 0 1750 0 9, having

made ; feminine 7 7 0 1150 010 11, neuter 77 0 1170 0111.

genitive,- 01V7 0 9 - a0 7]9

dative,

- 01117 1

O bjective, - 01V7 01

Pure verbs have a long vowel or diphthong : thu s, from77 6p177 a 7 610 77 6p177 a 7 13 11 77 6p 177 a 7 0 13 117 0 9

7 15110610 7 111 13 11 7 11113 117 09

65067 6 63869 61162110 11 7 611 611 7 13 111577 19 77 6p177 017 oi3117 a

did you see tha t boy walking in the garden ?

668011,I did.

11 116611 7 6 77650 177 017 61» 13 ‘y169, 0 13 7 0 10 13 7 0 11 86 1166311 01117 1"

7 61 pfi6a , wa lking is good and hea lthy, bu t not for him who

stole the app les.

7 211100 11. 7611 fla 0 1'

610 0 0111 7 01 1559 7 1611 7766111 69 813

7 6116611151160601697 60 7 611, in honouring the queen you honour the sta te ofwhich she is the head.

77 6p2 7 0 13 677 110 130 0011 0 138611 c’

111p 1,3 13 9 677 17 67 7 10' 611 116110 11 66y10,

0 13x13y169 7 6i177 6p,8 0€666111 611 7 61 7 ii 11067 117, about sleep ing

I p rescribe nothing curiously ; only this one thing I say, tha t to

lie in bed more than eight hours is not hea lthy .

61677977 667 619, you say well.

7 0 29 7 6 6y169 6XO 110 1 7 60 13 1101, a t least for those who ha ve a

7 6y61p dpyeiv 8101<l>96ip61 7 67 6 11012 7 1611 ¢vx7511,for lyingidle damages both body and sou l.

06610 7 03 110 2 7 6 77po17 7 e 111 67 10 13 11 61101117 10 11 7 13 0 v0 7 1511117 1 7 013660 11 8101<j>061p61 7 171

1 1/111X1511, 10 9 66y61 6 7 13 11 1111613 11 60w817 60 7 060 9, 0

"Io'

11110[3 0 9 61867 1 7 6 11016611 11012 p11) 77 0 10 13 117 1, 01137 10

LESSON X 3 5

611 111107 6111 certainly, for to do anything contrary to the

system of the universe destroys the sou l, as James the ap ostle ofgood works says,

“to him tha t knoweth wha t is good and doeth

it not,to him it is sin .

”

7 13 Aa /\ 0 13 117 1 77 0 /\ v9 6 11 111811110 9 , to the great talker

there i s grea t danger .

611 86 6A1y01 key/6111 ,116y611\ 77 60 107 77p1

'

01, bu t in sp eaking

little there is grea t safety .

lu eyo

’

uh ;fi1,8 )1 10 91§11 17 xpn0 1'

la r) 60 7 211 6139 7 6 6i86V011

, a

good library is u sefu l to get great knowledge.77 13 9 y61p 0 13 ; 611 109 0 1311 6666is 7 60 0 11513 9 B113 11011, certa inly, bu tt a lwaysfor wise living .

77 0 )1A619 fiifikovs 81111017 611 7 069 030 9611629 67 11641660 119 11 11116511,

it ispossible tha t many books may confound weak bra ins.

7 6 66716116110 11, 77 0660 2 6117 69 0 1 11 0

'

1y61p0 1 81a 1f>96ip0 110 1 7 611

(10110 11, as they say, many cooks sp oil the broth .

11012 11a 7 61 7 611 01117 611 7 p67ro 11 77 0111 7767191) 13 77 6p 7 6

77p677 0 11 11012 7 6 77811 61177 /\ 17p0 1 7 6 0 1111711 01 11012 7 o 11s

6i0,8 011

'

v0 117 a 9 , and in the same way, a grea t quantity offurniture

,beyond wha t is p rop er and comfortable

,fills up the

room,and inconveniences those who enter.

0 09513 9 . 110111611 7 667 7 6d iV61V,wise. All excess is bad.

7 6111 0 04150111 A6y619 7 0 13 7 13 1160 19 150 10 7 7710121, the wisdom of Aristotle safety lies in the mean .

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Peripatetics. Hygiene . Cleptomania. Hypnotism. System .

Psychology . Apostle . Polyanthus. Trope. Hyperbole . Plethora.

LESSON X

THE O THER PAST TENSEs

The imperfect, with the augment prefixed as the sign of

the past, is as follows ; from 11677 7 10

- 0 11,

- 69,- 6,I,thou

,he was

éKé ’

lTT - OILLGV

,- 67 6

,- 0 11

,we

, you , they werecu tting.

3 6 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

Pure verbs contracta ou into 1011

019

010 11

I67 111 0 9A67 111017 6

60 11 into 0 1111

0 1111

as in

6gbih 0 1111 61pike19 6¢iz\ e 1611111 0811611 6¢1x\ 6i7 e 643 1910 1111

The present perfect, or the immediately past perfect, inaddition to the augment

,reduplicates the initial consonant of

the root,and its terminations area,

- a 9,-6, I

,thou

,he ha s

- a11611,

- a 7 s,4 20 1

,we

, you , they have

It changes also the 0 of the future into a 11

7 111150 10 7 67 511 17116

7 67 11115110111611 T GT LpfiK O/T é 7 67 111 751160 1

but this 11,when the root ends in y or 11

,appears as x thu s

77K611 10 7766510 77677 )16X11

77p0'

.0 0 10 77116510 77677p61xa

and in the same way the final 71 of the root appears as 11>thus

7 137 7 7 10 7 131b10 7 67 116601

7 10d w i th » 7 67 100141 1

In the pluperfect, which is not often u sed,the same

reduplication takes place, and the terminations are

LESSON X 3 7

- €LV

- €L1L€V or - €0'

a V

as in

67 67 131186111I

67 67 0 1156111611

67 117 7 7 0 11 6761 7 6 77 0 186111011, 67 6 610 6606111 6 610 7 1111611 0 9

fip77 0 0 6 6139 7 6860 11017 1511 10 11, I was bea ting the boy, when the

p oliceman entering took me to prison.

y6ypa cf>01 677 10 7 061711 771169 7 611 77 0 7 6110 0 00 667 1011 77 0 180 0 6

61110 1 1160 11 10 11 7 0 119 7 p67ro 119, I have written a letter to your

fa ther saying tha t you a re a well behaved young man.

67 67 x0 110 11 137 7 7 10 9 1161116110 9 611 7 11 110 137 17 67 6 1167 0 9 7 19 1113 9

677 61177 178750 0 9 7 61 0 7 p1611 0 7 0 86111611 110 1 611677 0 5110 6 I

happ ened to be lying on my back in the bed when a ra t, leaping over the bedcover

, gave me a grea tfright.

7 6, and with good reason .

7 61 1113 11 8677 0 130 7 1 7 66111011869 91161111 01 ; and now,where is the

shameless crea ture ?

11611 06611 0 137 6 7 6 1111116111611 110 11 7 6611 7 13 9 my little

Skye terrier has j ust snapp ed it up .

677 019611, served it right

77 0 130 7 1 7 611660 11080X6'

1

'

611 11 011 where is my inkstand

6611171101, 6611111101, 611 60 117 1113 11 1, I have found it, I have

found it, in the ba throom.

77 0 1168050 11 7 0 3 7 0 0 1311 67 11011110 11 67 107 6 611 7 1;60117 1013 111, strange;I was not writing in the ba throom .

0 13x61113 7 611 11660 110 11, I do not see my p en.

t8o 13 ° 6§po 11 6’

v 7 113 here it is ; I found it in thedining

-room .

6 0 660 111009 7 113 11016611 111 0 0 11 110 2 7 113 77 67 60 111, 110 2

7 13 x60 111381, 110 2 7 0 29 1111177760 1, 110 2 86111611 7 11101 96pv,8 0 11,the ca t wasp laying with you r p en , and with your hat, and your

p laid, and your boots, and making a terrible row.

0 410 5011 7 60p611110 , kill the bru te /0 1380111 109 0 137 69 0 11 0 17 10 9 , 89 81) 66177 69 7 6 0 111 1711 0 611 77 0 0 17

611100 11 1111, 6 86 0 660 11100 9 77 677617p10116 7 6 6p'

yo 11 0 0 11

, not a t a ll;

you you rself are to blame, who left the room in grea t dis

order , and the ca t ha sfinished your work.

86110 10 667 619, you are right.

3 8 PRIMER OF CO LLOQUIAL GREEK

11066761 11 67 661711 1011161711 0 11 1010 10 11, and I have committed an

act of grea t folly .

”

1167 0 110 13 677 1 7 13 77p0y110 7 1, I rep ent of the business.

61111100 0 , farewell.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Harpy. Graphic. Epistle. Tropic. The Cosmos. Cos

metic. B ig. Melancholy. Paradox. Autonomy. Pragmatic.

LESSON XI

VERB s IN 11 1

The great mass of Greek verbs,whatever their variations of

person and tense may be, agree in this one prominent feature,that the first person singu lar of the present indicative ends

in 10,as in Latin 6, possibly a relic of th e pronoun 6

’

y0’

1,I.

B ut there is a small class of verbs in familiar use which,

instead of the 10, afiix to the first person 11 1, evidently identical

with the English me and the German mich—a confusion of the

nominative and accusative cases familiar to our ears in French

and vulgar English , when we say it is me instead of it is I.

Whatever may have been the original form of the verbs in

11 1, as a matter of practice, if we fiing off the ’11 1 from the

present, the future and the tenses cognate with it may be

formed directly from an assumed form in 10 : thu s 30 7 1711 1, Icause to stand, 0 760 10 , I will cau se to stand

,as if from 0 7 6110

7 691711 1, I p la ce, 9150 10, I willp lace, as if from 9610 ; 8613 1 111311 1, I

show,

I will show,as if from 86511 10 and I give,

future 6100 10,Iwillgive, as if from 8610

,the Latin do“ evidently

preserving the simple form from whi ch 8581011 1 comes by theprefix of 81 and the suffix 11 1.

P resent

30 7 1711 1, 30 7 119, 170 7 170 1, I, thou , hecause to stand.

10 7 0 11611,10 7 0 7 6, 10 7 0 0 1

,we, you , they

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

40 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

9a v11 1i§o 110 1 a 1’

17 b11 3 1Ka 1'

109 13 9 3 611113 11 11611 77 6pi 7 oi19 h6y0 v9 ,7 13 11 86 7 819 7 3 9 77po0 1550 119 6

’

p177 61p67 a 7 o 11, Ka i. 87) K a i7 11111 7 6 K a i 7 13 11 ypayp a

’

wwv 677 10 7 1§110 11a ,they admire him, with good rea son

,a s a grea t sp eaker , a lso a s

an exp ert and ap t financier , and besides a grea t Greek and

I talian schola r.

0’

1A179é0 7 017 a K6'

7 619‘

62 Ka 7 6'

0 7 170 0111 a 1’

17 1‘111 Ka 9177 177 i711 7 779

'

Ekhnv1xfi9 qSMv yia s 611 7 13 7 0 13 B 0 1177 0pov 77 a 11677 10 7 17p11111,

0 13K 6Aof7 7 11111 5111 6761167 0

17 0 13 B o ek iov

,7 0 13

c

13,1111 1111110 11, 7 0 11

k h épov, K a i. 7 13 11 001v P epp a v13 v 3 0 0 1 77 6pi n okvy a

611 7 0 39 7 7p037 o 19 very tru e ; if they had made

him p rofessor of Greek in the university of Oxford, he wou ldno t have stood below B oeckh, or Hermann

,or M uller

,or any

of the Germans who are most distingu ished for grea t learning .

Ka i 0 137 1119 7 6 67 67xa 11611 6111 6137 11xfi9 81a¢vy1l111 7 1511 7 6 7rok

96pv/80 11 K a i 51a¢90pa11 7 0 13 77 0 1\ 17 11< o13,and so he might

ha ve happ ily escap ed the grea t bother and the corrup tion ofp olitica l life.

5v11a 7 a 3111 1119 0 1316 dv 7 19 7 vyxdvo 1 81a 77 6¢6vy1i19

eiuapnévnv, p ossibly ; however no man can escap e his destiny .

ENGLISH Arrm rrms

Stand. Sit. Seat. Dowry. Philology . Mathematics.

Empiric. Dynamics. Logic. Grammar. Allopathy .

Biology .

LESSON XI I

CO M P O UND VERB s

Verbs compoundedwith a preposition place the augment and

reduplication between the preposition and th e verb. Exceptand 7 7p1

‘1 all prepositions ending in a vowel have the

vowel elided before the augment ; 77pb generally forms a

crasis with the augment and becomes 77po 13. The 11 in 611 and

0 1511, which had been assimilated in the present, is resumed

before the augment.1 For th e use of the

’

particle 611 h ere and below see Lesson XV

LESSON XII 41

The prepositionst hat most frequently occur in compoundverbs are

7rep 1f

, round about, as in English p eriphery .

of or away from, as in ap ogee.

137 6,under, as in hyp ocrite.

611,in

, as in energy.

eis, into.

0 1511,together, as in symp a thy .

77p6, before, as in p rop het.77 apd, a longside or away, as in p ara llel, parasite.

01117 5, instead of,opp osite to, as in antidote.

11167 6, with or after, as in metap hysics.

toward,as in p roselyte.

up or back,as in ana tomy .

down,as in ca ta lep sy .

677 5,on or up on , as in ep ilogu e.

411910 9 y ou 15 0’

1A17913 9 77 6p 16,8 a )16 7 0 29 113110 19 110 11

7 7‘

p1 xka i‘

va v 0 11677 1111 shi

xovs, my tru e friend threw his cloak

round my shou lders a s a p rotection aga inst the cold.

137 7 158110 0 11 7 131 {177 081611017 611 0 11, p ut on my shoes.

dwéflakov 7 d i177 081§11a 7 a 7 a dpxa i110'

1'

110115067 6100. 7 61 11a 1l1d

7 p0 77 01, Iflung away the old-fashioned shoes those of the new

fashion are more elegant.

xdpw 6x13 0 0 1 7 0 13 dydkp a 7 0 9 , thanks to you for the p retty

0 7211610011 15 o 13pa 111‘19 659 7 0 xeipov, tod ay the

wea ther ha s changed for the worse.

110 7 61 (15150 111 7 0 13 7 0 611 7 5 1311167 611101 7ra 7 p 1'

81 0 13

6X61

0 7 oi0 1/1 0 11 6 qu ite na tura l,a t least in our country,

where the wea ther is never steady .

x969 11 a 7 6/81711 ( l? 7 8 x13 /1 a , GZBO V 7 8 p éya

yesterday I went down to the p ier and saw the big steam

boa t.

7767 6po 11 0 0 1 13 0 13'

did it p lea se you or not ?

i177 6p69a 1511a 0 0'

1 7 6, I admired it exceedingly .

dpa 0 1311 did you not go on board ?

62068 1111 yap 11012 7 811 11a 1511 )117po 11 6380 11 Ka i 7 13 11 11a 11,8 017 13 11

86111611 77Afi90 9, I did, and saw the cap ta in and a grea t number

of the crew.

4 2 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

6'

77 617 a 86 11 a 7 6,8 1711 €iS 7 9711 110q 11 K a i 69a 15

,u.a 0 a d77 61pa

0 0'

1yna 7 a 77 1911111 11 0 1 Aapva xwv 11a 1 11 10 7 13 11 11 a 1 11041 15110111 11a 1

a )1 1\ 179 7 7 a V7 o8a 77 7) 9 11a 7 a 0 11611'

q9 , afterwards I went down into

the hold,and saw with wonder countless p iles of barrels

,

boxes andchests, ba skets, and a ll sor ts of stuf .

67r617 a 86 dvéflnv, Ka i 77po0 6,8 )k6¢a 7 811 11 1101110 13 11 o15pa 111511,Ka i xdp lv eixov 7 13 9 613 , then I came up ,

and looked on the

blue sky, and thanked God.

7 6A6v 7 a i‘

0 11 860 v 11é )16§a 7 61 0 1161517 ,a o11, Ka i 30 7 171101 611 11577 11511

0 0 11 611 GKO KX'

q 86p,u.a 7 1, lastly, I ga thered up my cha ttels,

and stand before you with a whole skin.

aya 9y 6161 e157 11xe 19 7 7 a 117 axo11‘

77 177 7 619 , 7 po 7ro 11 7 13 11

a 1 )\ o 15p1011, 7 0 119 77 158a 9”

ex11111 6111 77 680 119 611 7 11 8a 7re8111, good luck be

with you ; you are a lucky dog ; you a lways.fa ll on your feetlike the ca ts.

0 15 11 a 2 6'

11 010 7 a ei'

w9a 77p0'

17 7 6111 77po0 11 1577 0 19 7 0 39

6¢901A1110 29 , I am not blind,and am accustomed to do everything

with forecasting eyes.

0 04115

9 0 15 7 6, a wise man you

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Philanthropy . Steady . Navy . Hollow . Che-

st. TheologyEpidermis. Physiology. Patriot. Atmosphere . Plethora .

Podagra .

LESSON XIII

Moons : SUB JUNCTIVE AND CO ND ITIO NAL

Th e subjunctive or conjunctive mood is the form which

the verb takes when no independent assertion is made as a

fact, but only as a sequence of an asserted fact or truth , andhaving only a secondary or conditional existence ; as if I

should say in English , I give you this,tha t it may be in your

p ower to do so and so,th e secondary sentence preceded by tha t

is altogether dependent on the precedent thing done, I give

you this. In th is example the substantival proposition is inthe present indicative , and the subjunctive nature of th e

LESSON XIII 4 3

dependent sentence is expressed by the auxiliary verb may ;but, if the leading clau se is in the past tense, the dependentclause is expressed by might, which in fact is the past tenseof may , as I gave you this tha t you might. In Greek thispast conditional is

,from a peculiar usage, commonly called

the Op ta tive mood. In the present lesson we shall confineourselves to the dependent tense subjoined to a present or a

future . The form of the subjunctive is very simple, consistingas it does in the mere change of th e terminational vowel or

diphthong of the present into 111 and 17

- 111,

-

p9 ,-'

g, I,thou

,he

1 111577 7 - 11111611,- 1110 1

,we

, you , they

and in the first and second aorist the same—111577 7 111, é'

Kogba ,1 011» 1111

-

11The subjunctive mood is often introduced by

’

or 7311,171101

, and 157 0111, and when a negative particle belongs to it,

it is 11 1i, not 0 15.

may strike

8581141 150 0 1 7 a 157 1711 fliflh ov iva 11a 7 a 1\ a,11)8dvy9

xa 1\.677 8y 7 b r pdyjaa 77 6p2 0 3 6'

ypa 1l169, I give you this book tha t

you may understand how dizficu lt the ma tter is on which youwere writin

g.

m y,u.17 €K7TO VTIS 7 a 818ayjua 7 a , 0 11 818a§w 0 6

, if you don’t

work ou t the lessons, I will no t teach you .

ijv 7 6111 803 1 7 0 1 0 11 11 15¢y9 6116i 7 5 paxa ipa, 0 15 7rap’

6110 3.

13 a i7 1'

a,if you cut your finger with that sharp knife, the blame

is not with me.

éK ‘T éAGG'

O V 7 06pyov 7 b 7 7po 1161’

ja evo11,iva 11 150 6 7 ap0i0 0 na 1

’

1'

p1o 11

7 a 7 3 9 0 rjp 6pov 130 7 6prj,u a 7 a , finish the work tha t lies

before you , tha t the leavings of to-day may not disturb you

to-morrow.

Aafldw7 0 0 11a )16v9p0 11 11 11161. 7 0 7rup, 1 11a [1117 77 11 17 2;7 1711 11> )1 15

'

ya

7 0 7 13 11 0’

1119pa 11 13 11, take the p oker and stir the fire, tha tthe weight of the coals may not choke theflame.

a?) ¢vAd7 7 y ¢A15ya , 11a 150 619 7 819 X61p1f8a 9 7 0 13

ina 7 1fo 11, if you do not take care of the flame, you will burn

the sleeves of you r coa t.

qSepe 817 611 7 0v 91111 10 11, 1 11a a 11o15111 7 1 AGY3 7rep 1

7 0 11 K aAo s 7 13 11 yv1101111 13 11, bring me Homer from the shelf;tha t I may hear wha t he says abou t the beau ty of women.

PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

i3 0 13, here it is.

13.116v 91, read it.

Ka /\ 1\

7 Ka imydhn Ka i 817 1111 61 Zpy’

elbvia, beau tifu l and tall

,

and skilfu l in tasteful works.

<b613°

13 9 613

0 13K oipya i a t yvva 3K69 a i wapa

excellent. The singer’

s ladies were no idlers.

p 1/1 157 p1a 1'

7 6 7 73 9 7 0 29 7 13 11 0 0 11173 9 1rp00'

7 a 7 580 9

Ha hhd8o 9 , they were imita tors of their p a tron goddess P a llas,wise in all tha t rela tes to life.

155100 11 v dpwv 659 7 0 1'

1'

3 111p, i'

va 11 11 11903 117 7 6 1115x60 91“,

fling the dog into the wa ter , tha t he may learn to swim.

380 13—1175X67 a 1—1i1s 613,11a 969 7 b 9pé,a;1a , there he goes

—heswims—wha t a clever crea ture!

m ine-

0 11 0 13 11 11 7 131 7 111137 01, do you the same.

0 1381111 13 ? ¢0,3 0 13;1a 1 I”) Ban-

7 50 2;H6 7 5 11131101, 710 ; Ifear thewave will overwhelm me.

Aéye ts'

yap 7 b o'

13 /1 a 7 bdv9p11'

17r1v0 11 7 0 13

13811 7 0 9 , nonsense ; the human body is lighter than the wa ter .

0 15xa 7 a 7rov7 1fo-

61 7 13 1°

58wp 811111131 6 it is not the wa ter

tha t will drown you , bu tfear .

7r19a 1115V° dv7 €x0 la a 1 7 73 9 likely enough ; never

thetess I hold by the dry la nd.

0 0 111159 0157 6, 8651017 6p0 11 86 7 0 ( 130 11. xa i‘

pe, you are wise, bu t

the anima l is more clever . Adieu .

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Anthracite . Barometer. Phlogiston. Caustic. Ferry .

Mimetic. Pantomime . Hydropathy. Baptize . Anthropology. Dexterity.

LESSON XIV

THE OPTATIVE Moon

The O ptative mood, or subjunctive in a historic sequenceafter a. past tense, is distinguished by the domination of the

diphthong 0 1,and runs thus

LESSON XIV 45

fiovha iw, I advise.

‘

Bovh6150 1/1 1, 3 00 16150 19, flovh e150 1, I,thou

,he might

[3 0 111 160 11 1 1 5 Bov/\ 6150 17 6, flovh6150 1611, we, you , they advise.

And so in th e second aorist, where there is one, as Adfioq a,

1\ 1i,3 0 19, Adfloa etc. ,

from Kapfld ,might, could, wou ld, or

shou ld get.

In the first aorist the vowel 01 rules,and becomes 11 1

,as

singular, 3 0 11111 150 11 1; or a m , [Gov /k vo'

a t or 616

plural, Bovh efio'

a t , flovh eva a w e, Bovhevmu ev or 61a 11.

The most common u ses of the O ptative may be classifiedthu s

(1) In narrating what some one said,without guarantee

ing the fact ; as if I should say in English , he said tha t he

were going to do so,instead of was ; e.g. Zh eyev 11

’

1118p2

vécp Ka i 0 ¢08p1g0 15 1013810 11 6237 Kohdfew 7 d. 77 1i9r) , he sa id tha t it

wa s not easy for a man young and vehement to control his

p assions.

(2 ) To express a purpose or consequ ence in past time,

With 13 9 , i'

va,or 3 7 019, as 3 7761161 0 7 a 96p69 i

'

va d9/\ 0 11 Adfim , he

laboured steadily tha t he might ga in a p rize.

(3 ) After el,if, to express an indefinite future, generally

with in the dependent clause , as ei'

7 19 a l’

peo tv 11 0 1

0'

7rov80ff0 1p11 13 11 7 9111‘

Ehhnvuo‘

yv‘

yh 13 0'

17 a v pdh hov'

ij7 1011 if one gave me the choice

,I shou ld p refer to

study Greek ra ther than I ta lian .

(4) To express a wish (from which use the name op ta tive

came), as yév0 17 0 , may it not happ en—Godforbid

0 ¢ih0 9 g ov o vveflovhevo é p 0 1 77 1781511 659 7 0 1'

1'

3 111p, 3 77 1119

v 09 85111711 115190 111 1 7 0 vrjxeo 9a 1° 83 0 13K 7 00 0 13 7 0 “7511 111

11 1111051119, my friend advised me to leap into the wa ter tha t -I

migh t learn to swim like a dog bu t I am not such a fool.63

Aé7 619‘ 0

,110h07 13 7 6p7 7 1167 6p0 11 61711011 7 0 6px630

'9a 1,

xp'

qa qau'

wepov 8é 17 0 7 6 7 0 i 60'9a 1 3 11 7 6 7 23 va vayla, you

say well I must confess dancing is more agreeable, but

swimming is sometimes more usefu l, esp ecia lly in a ship wreck.

7 11111“

v pipwv 7 13 11 6’

p113 11 7 19 1i1a'o 7 0 vfixeo'9a 1

,Z'

va

81a c/16157 0 1 K 1v81‘5

110v9 7 73 9 9a h oi0‘

0‘

179 , an a cqua intance ofmine told me tha t he is p ractising swimming to escap e the

dangers of the sea .

46 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

17 0 11109 a wise man he.

7 13 11 0 0 11113 11 13 71716110 101, forethought is the shield ofthe wise.

0’

1K0 150 '

a 9 15580 117 0 9 7 0 13 dh61< 7 pvdv0 9 613909 oi‘rré0 '

610'

a 7 011 1317 110 11

Ka i. 0’

17ré8pa/1 0 v 13 9 7 dx1cr7 a Z'

Va p i) 130'

7 6p0'

1

'

p11 7 13 11 dyafivwv,hearing the cock crow I forthwith shook of sleep ,

and ran

a t fu ll sp eed tha t I might not be too la te for the games.

63 1111 80 dvev 7 3 9 xha ivns o’

11ré8pay ov i'

va yr) 7 0 13 h aw/1700 1396011 11 7 0 ; 11

’

11r7 oxo i‘

n1, and I ran withou t my p laid, tha t I

might not miss so sp lendid a sp ectacle.

éK61 86 7 1 63869 ; wha t did you . see there ?

9vha k ov ueya v 6180 11 v8poy0 vo1 0 180 13 117 a a 6p 1, I saw a huge

bag fu ll of hydrogen gas.

11011 a v8pa 6117 00 9611 a 6p0 13 a 7 0 13 117 a , i'

va 716 7rp01rxd110 1 11137 153

7roz\ i19 dxh os 13 9 8139611 7 011 dv8pa 7 011 7 50 01751127, and a man inside

,sa iling through the a ir

,tha t he

might make a rabble of p eop le stare a t him,as one going to

p ay a visit to the man in the moon .

13 7 13 9 11 1111051119, 0 wha t folly”11111011 9a u/t 1if6t, fool admiresfool.

Ka 7 aBa 1vovr a a 137 011 0 ¢08pd7 6p0 9 a i¢11 18l1119 amt7rap1§1167 1< 6 619 7 0 11018111110 17 7 010-10 11 7 0 13 ueya x

‘t ov 1epo 13 7 13 11 677 1

0-

K O 77 1K 13 11,

11 1111 0 dkexrpvav 0 7 13 1’

1’

1Kp1p 816K6117 1717 6 7 0. £ 11

7 0 17 9111, a s he was coming down a strong blast suddenly seized

him and drove him on to the steep le of the ca thedra l,and the

cock on the top of the steep le p ierced his bowels.

13 7 0 13 861Aa 1'

0v, 0 the p oor wretch

13 7 0 13 q p0v0 9' 813 1 11 1111 3717 1061” depoflan iv 863 7 819 dpvt9a 9

7 011 a l9€pa , 0 13 7 013 9 oiv9p11'

17rov9 , 0 the fool served him right

birds ought to tread the a ir, not men .

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Mathematics . Homologate . Orch estra. O de . Agony.

Theatre . Acrobat. Ochlocracy. Sceptic. Ornithology .

Fugitive . Hypnotism . Pathology . Ether.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

48 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

7 011 11 13 1 7711 , wha t would ha ve been the consequence“

if Alexander, the son of Philip ,had no t ga ined the ba ttle of

Arbela ?

8111 0 H6p0'

779 8607 7 0n 7 779 a va 7 0 )\ r79, 11011 0 1311 8111

6K 77pv0'

0'

0 11 7 0 613ay716)1 10 11 0 1 a 77 00

'

7 0 /\ 0 1 610-

777la 71e

7 81p 0 7 0 13 CI’ tMm rov v 1o s 7 7711 EAA77V111 77V 7ra t86t'

a 11 619 oh '

qv

7 7711 11

’

111017 0A7711, the P ersian wou ld ha ve continued lording it

over the East, and the Ap ostles wou ld not have preached the

gosp el in Greek; for it was the son of Philip tha t intro

duced Greek learning into a ll the E a st.

Aap 7 a 877§b0p0 9 8777ro v 7 779 Ehhnvm'

qs c ocl11a 9 0 p 67 a 9

a v8p0 9, 11a 1 7rpoay'

716)10 9 7 0 13 613a y716/\ 10v, Alexander the Grea t

tru ly wa s the torch bearer of Greek wisdom and the harbinger

of the gosp el.d1\ 779é0

'

7 a 7 a M 71619 , very tru e.

11012 7 a 13 7 a 71 3 11 wept 7 3 9 dya v 13 77 77p67 1117'

79 7 a 137 77s r pm-97711 779

62707717 9111. xa i‘

pe, and now enough of this very serviceable

p article Adieu I

ENGLISH AFFINITIE S

Ethics. Terpsichore . Ephemeral. Treasure . Alexander.

Despot. Anatolia. Evangel. Angel. Scheme . Geography .

Apostle . Pedagogue .

LESSON XVI

THE PASSIVE VOICE

expressing not what a man does to another person or

thing by the pu tting forth of his active force,but what h e

su ffers from the activ e force of another,has its characteristic

form in Greek as follows

Present

Indicative

7 7 6i9- o71 a 1,-

77,- 67 a 1, I , thou , he is

4 371 6901,- 60 96

,- ov7 a 1

, we, you , they arep ersuaded .

LESSON XVI 49

Subjunctive, with the long vowel as in the active voice“

27-w

,u,69a 4 770 96

and Optative with 0 1

7re19—o l71177v -0 10 -0 17 0

~0 10 06 - ow 7 o

0 610 9- 770 07111 1 4 70 77770 6/169a 4 70 60 06

First Aorist

6’

1r6l0 - 77v- 779

- 7”L€V- 777 6

Optativesingular, 7 610 9- 6aplural, 4 271611

In the perfect as in the active voice the reduplication takesplace, as

7ré1re10,u.a 1 7 67 610 011 7r€7r610 7 a 1

7 677 650711600. WGWGWHG’

VO L ( ZU LI

V

Certain verbs have a second aorist,as 0 7 9 th »

,I send

,not

-ciA077v but é0 7 dA77v, I was sent and pure verbs have the

characteristic contraction of the vowel into a diphthong, as

¢1X0 157169a for ¢1A66lu69a but these variations are bestlearned by practice .

6’

0 7 dhr70 a v of, d1760 7 oz\ o 1 7 b eva ‘

y‘

yékwv, Ka i

éxfipvga v 8611113 9, the Ap ostles were sent to p reach the gosp el, andthey p reached it with p ower.

3 7 6 o f d7760 7 0ko 1 6’

K77pvga v 7 bd ayyéh ov év 7 a i9’

A977V11 19,6M710 1 3 7 61

’

0 9770 a v, when the Ap ostles p reached the gosp el in

Athens, few were p ersuaded .

50 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEKQ A

0 Ka Kovpyo 9 6’

Keivo 9 no 1 B ta ia v 77A77~yi7v 7 77Ba xmpia

K a i 7 b V13 7 6V 71 0 1 6’

7 pa v71a 7 1'

0 977 xa /\ 67r13 9 , tha t bad fellow struck

me a heavy blow with his cudgel, and my back was severelywounded.

8? 7 1'

0 vv€,3 77 ; then wha t happ ened

7 13 V 7 050 7 13 1/ 7 19 7 13 V ¢vha0 0 6V7 wv mikw 77"

p1ra 0 6v

11 137 1511, 11 112 613013 9 éveflkrjdq 6139 7 0560 71 107 177010 11, one of the p olicemen who keep the p eace of the city la id hold of him,

and he was

forthwith ca st into prison .

85m m 3 7 110611,served him r ight.

113 150 11/ 7 0 13 7 0‘ m il/7 69 Ka i Bia 10 1 81110 i

BA7797§0 0 117 0 1 639 7 0 3 60,11w7 77p10w 0 13 yap dvfipw

‘n

'm 0 2 7 0 10177 0 1

dkhd 0 v'

y'

y6ve i9 7 13 V 7 i7 p6wv, qu ite na tura l; a ll lawless and

violent p ersons will na tura lly be cast into p rison ; for such

persons are not men,bu t rela ted to tigers.

0 i'

7a o 1 n énknyp a t, 776961/ 77 woe’s me

,I am struck I

whence came the blow ?

13 yvu'

ip171 1i9 y ou 15’

Iw1iw 779 K ap epcbv r a ifwv 7 77V Kopvvnv

7 1;77 685? Err-M7E6 711 017 51179 0 4>a ipa v, i7

'

77 6p 7rap67 pdvrr7 6l9 7 771!“ 150017711 0 ou, my acqua intance John Cameron, p laying a t golfon the links

,struck his ball obliquely and it was driven aga inst

y our head .

o ino 1—p 0 1—1i7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 3

, 0 woe’s me

,woe

13 7 05 0 p oor fellow.

T i xp7>7 717765011 ; wha t must we do ?

¢ép6 6i9 7 0 vo0 0xo7u6iov, Ka i KdA60 0 V 7 011 ia 7 p6V° 3X61 yap

xii/813 110 11 7 0 7 7067 71 01, take him to the infirmary and ca ll the

doctor ; it is a dangerous business.

a 137 i1< a ydka'

K /\ 779770 67 a 1, instantly ; he sha ll be ca lled.

ENGLISH AF FINITIES

Oligarchy. Plague . Toxicology. Phylacteries. Tiger.

Sphere . Nosology. Call. Physic.

LESSON XVII 51

LESSON XVII

THE M IDDLE VOICE

The middle voice,or

,as it might more significantly be

called, the reflexive or the subjective voice,is a form of the

verb where the action does not pass on from the agent to an

outward object,but comes back on him

,or in some loose way

is looked on as done for his benefit, or affecting himselfspecially . Thus it is in the main identicalwith

'

what in Latingrammar u sed to be called neuter verbs, only it is subject tonot a few nice shades of personal reference, which leads to itsapparent confusion with the active voice

,and to various

anomalous u sages which can only be learned by practice. It

is,of course

,in strictness more nearly allied to the passive

than to the active voice ; for in both these voices, as dis

tingu ished from the active,the force of the verb is either

altogether spent on the agent, or is in some way passivelyor emotionally or intentionally connected with him . Thisintimate relationship leads to a similarity of form in the two

voices, the present and imperfect middle being in fact identicalwith the same tenses in the passive voice, and the oth er tenses,in their characteristic changes, more allied to the passive thanto the active.

Fu ture Indica tive

A150 ” 1\ 150 67 a 1

A150 60 96 A150 o1/7 a 1

First Aorist

ékw dlunv 6

’

K150 m 6’

A150 a 7 0

éhv0 dp169a €X150 a0 96

0 13 7 13 V 7 vx6v7 wv Ka 7 éha,3 é 716 é

'

xew 81ba 0 xdhov9 7 779 0 0 11> ia 9 ,7 d V13 1! 82 81K0 1

’

019 a 1i7 59 0 0¢i§oua 1, I had the good luck to havecommon teachers of wisdom

, bu t now with good reason I

p rofess wisdom for myself.63 65671 7711 7 97V Biflkov i711 0 b 6

’

8é5w 7 01? dvexfitofi, Ka i

dvayvai0 op1a 1 d 1’

17 7‘

7v 7 60 77 ovrovbfi, I received the book which

you gotfrom your cousin, and I will read it carefully.

52 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

057 0 9 15 V6a vi019 7 péx61 BMW/67 0 1, this young manrunsfuriously ; he will hurt himself.

0 13 16078 01371 0 1, I am not afra id .

3 0 7 2 7 0 29 7 m0 1’

v, he is a steadyfooted fellow.

057 0 9 15 vea via 9 7 a )\a 17rui

pw9 K‘

Ufl'

TdCGL fliflhovr7 pi¢67 011 1317 6p7 pv1b13 v 7 77 this young man

stoop s miserably down into his books ; he will wear hims elfaway, stufi ng himself with reading.

711 77 xaA67ra 11/6‘

[3 0197117780 11 dxp a fet 77 01117 01. 7 0. 71 1Kpo 7 a 7 0.

0 77 6p71 017 a , 0’

1p5017116va 0’

17ro 7 ov 77p1v0v xpovov, 1rpo 7 779 o 7rwpa 9

4mm p eya ka , do not rep ine. All things growrip e

by degrees. The sma llest seeds beginning with the spring byharvest time will become large p lants.

0 137 00 2 1r/\ 77p60 w dvdy67 a 1 7 0 29 7771629 86mix 777 7 770 671690 , this fellow sails ou t with fu ll sa ils

,bu t we sha ll no t

fa ll behind.

0 77ptepov Aapwrpq'

i xpu'

ip 69a 0 137011 1 13 , tod ay we have fineweather .

0113'

p1o1/ 86130 61 69669 , bu t it will ra in to-morrow.

(ii,7 dhd9 0 138211 810 74 7 1167 011 névov 7 17; ovpawii 7 1737 77V Ka /\ 778ovia v, a las

,a las / there is no continuity or

p ermanence of wea ther in Scotland .

0’

1M797'

7 Aéy619°

718110 11 7 17 7 13 V Ka h 778oviwv 7790 9 0 671 11151167 0 1

7 177 dya v 0 7 a 96p1§ Ka i Kpa 7 6p17v 7 b Ka hu7790 9 6 ypa V17 6/\ 190 9, 15

’

A,3 6p8ovia, true ; only

the cha racter of the Scots boasts of stead iness and p ermanence.

The S cottish character is strong as the Aberdeen granite.

xdpw 0 380 7 153 a 1’

i7 17

9 dka fovevoua t 7 fi0 86 7 69 30 1716110 1;Kp1i0 6w9 0 13 0 7 7 0114 019 p 67 a hau780i1/60 9a 1, thank God ! myselfboast tha t I have a fa ir sha re of this p ersistent temp erament.

7 6° éyyvd7 a 1 7 77V Ka 7 6p9w0 1I/ 77 577 1710 1177. 3ppw0 0 ,

and with good reason ; p erseverance is the p ledge of success.

Farewell.

ENGLISH AF FINITIES

Didactic. Sophist. Study. New. Early . Vernal.Chronology. Grace. Hypertrophy. Idiosyncrasy. Orthography . Acme . Phytology .

LESSON XVIII 5 3

LESSON XVIII

PARTICIPLES

The Greek participle has a large range of idiomatic andsignificant u sages, which can only be learned by reading .

For a start, however, it may be enough to say that theparticiple follows th e leading verb of the sentence in manycases where both Latin and English use the infinitive

,and

that when joined with the definite article the participleperforms the function of a relative clause in a less formalstyle ; as if in English, instead of the man who used such

language is no t a gentleman, we should say the ma n the

ha ving used,which no doubt sounds very clumsy, because we

require an auxiliary verb to express the past participle, butin Greek 6 7 0 13 7 0 Aé§0 9 is manifestly neater and moresuccinct than 89 7 0 177 0 21 656.

0 1371 dVéxoum 0 13 7 10 810 ,80AA8716V0 9 , I cannot stand to be

slandered in this way .

0 716A61°

0 711€A61 08801 7 0 0 V9p107rap10 V xa 1p61 0 61 flAa0

MM V 11 0 7 8. 7 13 V 11p610 0 0 V1oV, never mind ,never mind ; I

know the crea ture,i t is his delight a lways to be sp eaking ill

of men better tha 7i himself.7ro ia 7 19 77V 77 lBA

’

0 0 1p77711 i0 wha t was he slandering abou t 7

67 v'

yxa V0V 6'

yw 671'

0 1V13 V 7 1V81 7 13 V 8vV017 13 V,0 V8pa. 1 e v0 10 V

11011 evcppova 11011 0 113<f>p0 V0 6V M0 7 K60 7 p 11p o 86 6v9v9 77p£a 7 o810 78 0AA01V v 0 x6p13 9 0.71

”

a 7 77V 7 6 0 p10 7 0 11p0 7 10 V.

110 1

7rA0 v7 0 11p0 7 10 V 7 77V 6V 7 77 7roA61,I happ ened to be p ra ising a

gentlema n of the influentia l cla sses in M anchester,rich and good

and sensible,and fort hwith he began to denounce in a sweep ing

style a ll the p lu tocracy and the aristocracy of the country .

11>0 1'

V67 0 1 81,151,3 v 9 (DV

,110 1 019 0A77913 9 0 vyy6w79 7 ou Ka k o

80 1’

710V0 9

,7 ou £3 10

,8v 0 he app ears to be a ca lumnia tor

,and a

cousin~

germa n of the evil Sp irit, the D evil.

11 0 2 8167 éA61 £7 77,716n ,13 9 6710 13 7rap0 0 1

'

7 0v 8V7 0 9 Ka i dKoA

o1590v 7 779 B86Av11‘rfis 7 13 V 8A1'

yapx13 v 0 2p€0 6109'

77p89 867 0157 0 19

7 81 7 0 10 13 7 0 Ao 180p77710 7 0 7 v7rw97'

7V0 1‘

6’

V

and he went on to use insolent language, saying (or imp lying)

54 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

tha t I was a p a rasite and a flunkey of the detestablefaction ofthe oligarchs and in addition to a ll this he got this insu ltinglanguage p rinted in the newsp ap ers.

7 0 179 7 0 10 157 ov9 0’

1V9p167rov 9 éxpfiv 871019, 7 8 npd

7 6p0V A6x9éV, dp éAa . 877A69 50 7 1 V1K770‘

a 9 7 77V 8py77V 8 Aéywv0’

171 éA61, such ilLtongued ra sca ls shou ld have been fl ogged bu t,

a s I sa id before, never mind . I t is p la in tha t the man who

says dp6A61 has conquered his p assion .

8uva 7 81 A67 619°

071 10 9 0 vV0 180 6,110 v7 13 7 77V 7 13 V Kv0 u16pwV

0117 0 9610 V ovi1 677 0 7 7 6AA0/1 6Vo 9 , p ossibly , bu t I am conscious

tha t I do no t profess the apa thy of the Quaker .

0 716A61°

0,11 6A61 7 p19 Vu1 r71j>opo9 o V 111 770 0 9 7 77V opy

'

qv. fipa

x610 ua via 77 never mind , never mind, he is three

times conqueror who ha s conquered his p assion. Anger is a

brief madness.

ENGLISH AFFINIT IES

Devil. Blasphemy . Dynamics. Dynasty . Plutocracy .

Aris tocracy . Cacodemon. Parasite . Heresy . Oligarchy .

Type . Ephemeral. Apathy. Maniac.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

56 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

modification of the vocal organs, easily pass into one another 3thu s 0 and 7 being both dental, 7 a pure dental, and 0 a

sibilant dental,and 8 being only the blunt form of 7

,these

three letters pass into one another,as in Attic 77pd7 7 10 for

77p1io-0 10

,and 761580V, English rose. So in German das for

English tha t. In like manner, A and p being both liquids ,A61

’

p10V becomes lily, and the Latin Tibur becomes the Italian

Tivoli, by th e interchange of the labials and of the liquids.(4) Th e termination s in the names ofmany of the sciences,

as op tics, acoustics, mechanics, is simply the Sign of the plural

in English, pu t for a the neuter plural in Greek, as in 7 81

77 0A17 u1 1i,things belonging to the sta te 7 81 87 7 17102

,things

belonging tovision, which , however, the Greeks often expressby 77 87 7 11177 in the nominative singular feminine, with 7 éxV77,art, or 960 p 1

’

0, theory, understood.

(5) The termination ise or ize, so common in English ,generally though not always with an active signification, as inadvertise, solemnise, is the of Greek, as in I make

wise, with in the middle voice,I p rofess myself

wise. The word 0 0 17510 7 779 from th is verb,in English sop hist,

is the person who makes this profession, as in bap tist, theorist,a theist

,and other pure Greek words for an agent, with only

the loss of the termination 79 sometimes in a hybrid wayist is added to a Latin root

,as in deist

,etymologically but

not colloquially identical with theist.(6) Sometimes not only is the terminational syllable cut

off,but th e initial also

,either wholly or in part so 3 77 50 11077 0 9,

with the change of 77 into the kindred labial B, becomes

(7 ) When two consonants of different kinship cometogether, one of them, specially that not be longing to th e root,disappears, as from Ad17 7 w

,lap from 7 157 7 7 10

,7 1577 0 9 , typ e.

(8) The aspirate h, in Greek sp iritus a sp er, has a closeafiinity with the sibilant s ; so for 35 we have in Latin sex

,

in English six 73

9 for sow 380 9, sedes, sea t.

(9) When a word in Latin or Greek commences with a p ,

by aspiration it becomes f in English and the Teutoniclanguages thu s for 71

°

13p we have fire, for 7 013- foot, for 7 0 7 7p,

(10) The English w is closely connected with the vowels,

APPENDIX I I 57

as appears from wa ter and coa ter hence it disappears inGreek altogether, or is represented by a breathing, as in 0 171 09,wine ; 1

'

5810p, wa ter ; 7367 159,wet.

(11) In some adjectives the Latin an,like a l, is super

fiuously appended to th e Greek termination in 1169, as

rhetorician,from 715777 op 11189.

(12 ) The Greek x,as in 11151011

,and cornu in Latin, appears

in the Teutonic languages as h,so hound

,horn ; 110A16V77,

collis,hill.

(13 ) The letter m at the end of an English word curtailedfrom Greek signifie s the thing done, the product of the verb,as 77 0 13 771 01, p oem, th e thing made, a poem, from 77 0 1610

,I make

so bap tism from 60 7 7 1110, and chrism from xplw, I anoint,and other isms.

(14) Finally, as at least two - thirds of the technical wordsu sed in our scientific nomenclature

,and not a few even

outside of the range, are of Greek extraction, the studentwould act wi sely if at starting h e were to make a list of all

such terms in familiar use,with their Greek form and Greek

analysis in an opposite column as

theology 960Aoy 1'

01

(9669, God A67 09, discourse)He will thus find that he knows already some two or three

hundred Greek words in a slightly disguised English form.

APPENDIX II

VOCAB ULARIE S

In accordance with the principle set forth in the preface,these vocabularies, containing the names of the most familiarobjects

,are to be taken with him as a vade mecum wherever

the student goes. He mu st in no wise be content with the

lazy habit of recognising a word only in a passive recipient

style when he meets with it in a book, but he mu st stampit directly on every object that comes in his way, and repeat

it frequently without the intervention of the mother tongue ,

58 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

till he u ses it as familiarly as a workman handles his tools.The language will thus become h is familiar friend, not, as inthe mere bookish method

,an occasional visitor. Of course ,

such a catalogue of words is not intended to be exhaustive ;but the learner

,after training himself to the habit of th inking

and speaking in the foreign idiom,may supply the deficiency

by consulting any good English -Greek dictionary , such as

Arnold and Browne ’s,London 1856, and for modern Greek,

where that may be necessary, Lascarides’s English - Greek

dictionary, London 188 2 . From these sources also , and fromhis own reading, which must in no wise be neglected, he will

be able to pick out appropriate verbs with which he may put

the Hellenised objects around him,so to speak, into motion,

and hold a conversation with a fellow- student trained to the

colloquial method,or with himself

,solu s cum solo, if he can

find no partner in his colloquial exercise.

I. MAN AND H IS BELONGINGS

(1) THE BO DY

Appetite , 6p6£19, -6109, 77.Arm, fipaxlwv, - 0V09, 6.

Bandy- legged, BA0 1069, « 17,Blind, r u¢A69, 4 7, -6V.

Bosom , 0 7 77909 , -609, 7 6.

Bowels,7 8. 511 7 6700 .

B oy , 7 0 79, 7 0 1669, 6.

Bread,dp7 09, 6.

Breakfast, dpwroV, 7 6.

Breast, 0 7 6‘pVO V, 7 6.Breath , 7 1160110 , - 0 7 09, 7 6.

Butter, fioérfipov, 7 6.

Button up, to, 110116017110 1.

Cake, -0 7 09, 7 6.

Choke, trans ,7 Vlyw,

-£w.

Cough , 19775, -x69, 6or

Creep, to, 6777 15510.

Dessert, 7 700 7 7770 0 7 0 , 7 d.

Digested, easily, efixa r épy aoros, -0V.

Digestion, 110 7 6707 0 0 10 , 77. Hair, 0plf, 7 p1x69, 77.

Dinner, 6627 V0V, 7 6.

Disease, V60 0 9, 77.Drink, - 0 7 09, 7 6.

Drink , to , 7 111 10.

Dyspepsia, 6110 7 65010 , 77.Ear, 069, 167 69, 7 6.

Eat, to, 60 01'

s) .

Elbow,117 111611,

- 13 Vos, 6.

Erect, 6p069, -6V.

Excrement, 7 6. 7 60 0 0 16110 7 01.

Eye, 6160000169,-017, 6.

Face, 7 7060 107 011 , 7 6.

Fat, 7 axé s,- 17.

Fever, 7 vp67 69, 6.Food, Spa/110 , 7 6.

Foot , 17 0 159, 17 0669 , 6.Foreh ead, 1167 107 011, 7 6.

Gout, 7 0667 700 , 77.Gums, 0010 , 7 a.

APPENDIX I I

Head, k e¢dA77, 77.Health , {17 6t , 7 .

Heel, 7 7 677110 ,to kick with th e h eel, Aam lfw.

Hungry , to be, 7 61V1i w.

Hungry, to be very, Mudrrrw.

Inflammation, ¢Aéyu01, - 0 7 09, 7 6.

Jaw, 7 116009, 77

Knee , d v,

-0 7 09, 7 6.

Lament, to ,Laugh , to, y ehdw.

Leg, 0 116‘A09,

-609, 7 6.

Limp, to, w evw.

Lip, x61Ao9,- 609, 7 6.

Lungs, 7 1161111 1011,

Meagre , {17 v 9,- 77, -611 .

Mou th,

-0 7 0 9, 7 6.

Muscle, 11 17 9, 111169, 6

Nail , 611 115, -vx0 9, 6.

Neck, 7 pdx77A09, 8Nose, 619, - ZV69, 77.

to turn up th e nose ,to blow th e nose, 077 011 1517 17 0

,110 1.

Pain, 686V77, 77.Palsy, 7 0pdAv0 19, -6109, 77.Paunchy , ¢150w , 4 111109, or 7 60

rpwv,- o 9, 6

Pleasure, 776011 77, 47 9,

59

Porridge, - ou,6.

Pudding, 1751117 7 77, 43 9,

Rh eumatism, 66011 0 7 101169, -o17, 6.

Run, to, 7 péxw.

Vinegar, 650 9, -609, 7 6.

Vomit, to, 611610 .

Walk , to, 7 67717 0 7 13 .

Wash, to, Vlj

'

w, fut.

Water,i56wp,

- 0 7 0 9, 7 6.

Windpipe , Adpvyg'

, d ry/

7 09, 15

Wine , olva9, 8.

(2 ) DRESS

Belt, fwmfip, - 7'

7p09, 6.Bonnet, 7

‘

1’

M610V, -ov, 7 6.Boots, 11600p1109, - ov

, 6.

Bracelet, 7 6.

Breech es,duagvpt669 , -w11

Buckle, 7 6p6V77, - 779, 77.

Clothes,60 9779, -firo9, 7i.

Coat, 11167 1011, 7 6.Cosmetic, ¢dp110 11011, 7 6.

Curl , 3 60 7 70117609, 6

Dress, 0 1161177, - 779,Dress, to, 611611 011 0 1, 811¢1786AA0110 1.

Garter, 7 6p10 K6M9, 4609, 77.Glove, xa pls, - 160 9, 77.Gown , a lady

’

s,7767 )\ o9, 6.

Greatcoat, 7 6p1§67\0 10V, - 011, 7 6.

Scab, or itch , 1,016pa , « 1 9, 77.Scratch , to , 111177010.

Shou lder,17111 09,

- ou, 6.

Sinew,vefipov, 7 6.

Skin, 6ép1101, 4 1 1 09, 7 6.

Snore , to, 1367x111.Spittle, 0 7 1501101, T6.

Stomach , - '

rp6s, 77.Stoop, to , 10571-7 111.Sugar, 06Kxapov, 7 6.Supine , 60 1 109, -a ,

-0v.

Swallow, to, xar afipoxmfw.

Sweetmeats, 1 157 11110 , 7 6.

Tall , 111111 p69, -6,

-6V .

Th igh , 11 77p69, - 06, 6.

Th in, h em -69,

- 77, -6V.

Throat, hu 111é s, - 00, 6.

Thumb, dw lxa p, - e1pos, 6.

Toe,6d1c‘r vko9, - ou, 6.

Tooth , 660159, -6u7 09, 6.

60 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

Hat, 7 67 110 09, -ou, 6. Shoe -tie, 11169, -6117 09, 6.

Slippers, fika vfl ov, 7 6.

Necklace, 7rep16épa 1011, 7 6. Stick, Bax7 77pla , 77.

Plaid, x7\0111159, - 15609, 77. Umbrella, 0 1116661011, 7 6.Undress, to, 60 0615011011.

Sh irt, x17 16v, 611109, 6.Shoe , 61766771101, -a 7 09, 7 6. Veil, 11a )\ 157r7 pa , 77.

(3 ) CHARACTER AND CONDUCT

Bash ful, to be, 6v0w7ro1’

1‘

11a 1. Learned, 1rol\v11a 0779, -és.

Benevolence, ¢1h0¢po061177, 77.Braggadocio , dkag‘cbv, -61109, 6. Parsimonious, -77, -611.

Brave,6116116209,

- a,

- 011 . Prig , ko11 1/101rp61r779, 6.Prudent, ¢p611 1110 9, - 77,

- 011.

Careless, 7000611 09, - 011 .

Cautious, 613 116779, - é9 .

Clever, 6611010779, -é 9.

Cowardly , - 77, -611 .

Cunning, 7ro111£7\09, - 77,- o11 .

Dandy, 11017 0100 10 7 779, - 017, 6.

Diligent, ¢17\67rox109, - o11 .

Foolish , 7’7Mt9109, - a,

-o11.

Gambler, l1u13 6117 779, - 09, 6.

Gentle , -011.

Handsome, 66616779, -69.

Haugh ty , to be, Bp611017

011a 1. Vain, 11611660509, - 011 .

High -minded, 116a 6¢pw11 , -01109.

Well -mannered, 1160 11109, - 01,

Lazy , 11 100p69, -d, -611 . Worsh ip, to, 7rpo0 11v116w.

I I . THE HOUSE AND ITS BELONGINGS

Basket, 1110 01009, -ou, 6. B ox, Nipvag, 411109, 77.

Bath , 7\ov7 pu’

1v,611109, 6, or fiaha Bread, loaf of, dp7 0 9, 6.

1162011, 7 6. Bread,roll of, dp7 £61011

B ed,11017 77, 77, or Kpcifia 7 09, 6. Bust, 771107 011 77, 77.

B ed- cloth es, 0 7 pu’

111a 7 a ,

Bedroom ,11017 1611, 4 231109, 6. Cage , k fi69, 6.

Bell, 111660111 , 4 111109, 6. Candlestick , hvxvla , 77.Bellows, 9660 01, - 779, 77. Carpet, 7 67 779, —777 09, 6.Book, 515A“,

-o11, 77. Cellar, Mi n es, 6.

Bottle, 110 1109, 6. Chair, 66pa , 77.

Rash , 7rpo7re7 779, -é 9.

Religious, 660 613 779 , -69.

Rude,67 p011169,

- 77, -611 .

Sensible , 110v116x779,Shameless, 6110116779, -é 9.

Snort, to , 511111601111 1.Squander, to, 0 7 010610 .

Superstitions, 6610 1601010111,Swindler, 96611015, 6.

Thrifty, - 77, -611 .

Ugly, a Z0xp69, -d, -611 .

APPENDIX I I

Chest, 1110 7 77, 77.Ch imney, 110 7 110661177, 77.Cistern,

665011161177, 77.Clock, 1bpo)\67 1011 , 7 6.Closet, 6la 17 a , 77.Cook, 1167 611109, 6.Court -

yard , 1161177, 77.Cover, or lid, 67 19771101, -a.7 09, 7 6.Cradle

,M1111011, 7 6.

Cup,- 11109, 77.

Curtain, 0 61760 67 60116 , « 17 09, 7 6.

Dining-room, 6617 11777 77p1011, 7 6.Door, 19 151701, 77.

Ewer, 1rp6x009, 77.

Fire, 7 6.

Flask, X7711 v009, 77.Floor, 6617 66011, 7 6.Foot-stool, 13 7 00 661011, 7 6.

Foundation, 7 6.

Garret, 67 670173011, 7 6.

Hearth , 60x6pa , 77.

Ink, 1167\a 11, -611 09, 7 6.Inkstand

,

116p1011, 7 6.

Kahu

Jar, 0 1009, 6.

Kettle,Mflm,

-777 09, 6.Kitch en, 11017 61p6

'

13011,7 6.

Lamp, )\01111rd9, -6609, 77.Lavatory , d7ro7ra 7 77p1011 , 7 6.Library, 13 13 1 1007710 7, 77.Lobby, 1rp66o1109, 6.Lumber-room , 7 1107 0661177, 77.

Maid -servant, 06p61ra111a , 77.

61

Master of the house, 660 7 67 779,- 011, 6.

Mirror, 1167 07 7 p011 , 7 6.Mistress, 660 0 011111, 77.

Nurse , 7 po¢69, 6, 77.

Pail , y av)\69, 6.Pane, 71665, -a 1169, 77.

Paper, x6p7 779, -ov, 6.Parlour, 60 0 010 7 111611, 7 6.Pen, 1166011109 , 6.Pencil, 7 pa¢l9, 4 609, 77.Picture, - a 11o9 , 6.

Pillow,60 01161116661011 , 7 6.

Poker, 0 1167\6v0po11 , 7 6.

Porch , 0 7 06, « i s, 77.Portrait, 61111611 , -61109, 77.Pot

,an earth en, x15

‘rpa , 77.

Roof, 617011177, 77.Room, 0111771101, -a 7 o9, 7 6.

Table , 7 p67reg'a , 77.Tongs, 1rvp61

ypa , 77.Towel, x61p61111 117 po11, 7 6.

Vessel , 67 7 62011, 7 6.

Wardrobe, 7 6.

Wash -h and basin , xépwflov, 7 6.Window,

0vpi9, 4609, 77.

Screen , 0 1167 77, 77.Servant, 06167 779, - 011, 6.

Shake -down, 0 7 11369, -6609, 77.Sh elf, 077111011, 7 6.Sh ovel, M0 7 pox1 , 7 6.Sofa

, 10111177, 77.Stairs, 117 01165, -a 11os, 77.Statue, dyaNta , -c17 09, 7 6.

Storeroom ,7 0111162011, 7 6.

Story, 0 7 67 77, 77.Study, a, ¢110V7 10 7 77p1011, 7 6.

62 PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

I I I . THE TOWN AND ITS BELONGINGS

Abbey, 110111678 1011, 7 6.Advocate, 0 011777 0110 9, 6.Alderman

,0 1511667009, 6.

Alley , see Lane .

Baker, dp7 00 0169, 6.Bank, 7 p60 6§a , 77.Barracks, 0 7 706 7 60 66011 , 7 6, or 0 117711 77,77.

Bazaar, 0 0 0 7 00 1661011 , 7 6.Beadle , see Verger.

B ell,111660111 , 6.

Bish op, 60 10 1100 09, 6.Bookseller, 5086100 166779, - 011, 6.

Bookseller’s sh op, 13 1196100 01662011

7 6.

Brick , 0 611101011 , 7 6.Bridge , 7 6¢Upa , 6)Butcher, xpeovp‘y69, 6.

Canal, 6X6‘7’6S, 6.Carpenter, 511601117769, 6.Castle, 61111160 0619, ~ews, 77, or gbpo15

mar , 7 6.

Cath edral , 111110667001, 77.Chape l , 0 771169, 6.

Church , 611 116770 111 , 77.Churchyard, 0 060611610011 , 7 6.Clergyman

, 11677p11cb9 , 6.

Concert, 5111111 11661 , 77.Confectioner, 0 60 11 00117 00 0169, 6.Council, 13 011677, 77.Councillor, 13 0066117 779, 6.

Court -h ouse , 6111a 0 7 77p1o11, 7 6.

Deacon ,6161101109, 6.

Dispensary , ¢ap111z116?ox1, 7 6.Draper, 60011 100 66779, - ou

,6.

Elder, 0 p6013 157 6p09, 6.

Grocer, 6p0111017 00 0'

16779,- 011, 6.

Groom,i0 0 01161109 , 6.

Horse, 10 0 09, 6.

Hotel, 0 0 116011 62011, 7 6.

House, ol’

1109, 6.

Infirmary , 1100 01101162011 , 7 6.

Judge, 11p17 779, - 017,6, or 611160 0 6609 ,

6.

Lamp, 601110 69, -6609, 77.Lane, or close, 6a1z7pa , 77.Laundry , 0 6111169, 6.

Market-place, 67 0p6, 77.Mason , 610066110 9, 6.Mayor, 0 06161161109, 6, or 677110px09,

0 0

Monument, 1111771162011 , 7 6.

Railway, 0 1677p66p0110 9, 6.Revenue, 0 p60 06o1, a Z.

Night-watch , 9 11117 0016605, - 0 1109, 6.

Palace , 0’

1v6117 0p011 , 7 6.

Park,0 0p66610 09 , 8.

Pastry -cook, 0 611110 7 0vp7 69, 8.Pillar

,0 7 17609, 6.

Policeman,0 67010 0609, 8, or 7 0567 779

- ou, 6.

Poor~house , 0 7 wxo6ox6'

1’

o11 , 7 6.

Post - othee, 7 0xv6po1162011 , 7 6.

Preacher, 16po7177pv£ , - u1cas, 6.

Prison ,66011 017 77171011, 7 6.

Provost, 0 11157 0 1119, -6019, 6.

Scavenger, 7107rp0667 09, 6.

Sch ool, 6160 0 110662011, 7 6.Shoemaker, 60 06000 7 00 0169 , 6.Shop, 110 0 77662011 , 7 6.

Station, 0 7 0 01169, 6.Statue, 0

’

1116p169 , -611 7 09, 6.

Steeple, 110160111 00 7 60 1011 , 7 6.

Store , 00 007711 77, 77.S treet, 6669 , 77.Suburbs, 0 7000 0 7 62011, 7 6.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

64

Marsh , 7 6110 7 09 , 7 6.

Meadow, 661111611 , 061109 ,M ine, 1167 066011, 7 6.

Mole , - 0 11 09, 77.Mountain ,

6700 9, 7 6.

Mud, 0 77609 , 6.

Mule , 7711101109, 77.

Nursery , (6117 111171011 , 7 6.

O ak, 61109, 6p1169, 77.O x, 0017 9, 0069, 6, 77.

Pea, 0 10 09, 6.

Peacock , 7 0 1611 , 4 151109, 6, orPear, d7'v 77Pen, or fold, 0 771169, 6.

Pig, 69, 669, 6and 77.Pigeon, 0 6p10 7 6p6, 77.Pig

-sty , 0 v¢669 , 6.

Plough , dp07 p011 , 7 6.Potato, 7 771611 776011, 7 6.Precipice , 117077111169, 6.

Rabbit, 1115

11111609, 6.

Rake. 61111. 1)Ravine , 41411017 5. 0 101,River, 0 07 0 1169, 6.Rock , 0 é 7 p0 , 77.

PRIMER OF COLLOQUIAL GREEK

Root, 76150 , 77.Rose , 7606011, 7 6.Rush , 0xo

'

i11 09, 6.

Sand, 11161111 09, 77.Settler, 11677p017x09, 6.

Sh eep , 0 17600 7 011 , 7 6.Shrub, 06111109, 6.

Slope , 116611 0 , - 0 7 09 , 7 6.

Spade, 0 110 0 611 77, 77.Stable , 10 0 1611 , « 3311 09, 6.Straw,

11660 11 09, 6.

Strawberry , 7100006170 0 00 ,

Thicket, 66116171611 , 4 33 110 9,6.

Th orn ,77.

Toad , ¢p151177, 77.Torrent, x61116pp0119, 6, or x0p66p0

77.

Tree , 66116p011 , 7 6.Trout, ” 10 7 6710 17011 , 7 6.

Valley, 07 1109, - 609, 7 6.

Village, 1106

1177,- 779, 77.

wag-tail, 7 170711609, 6.

Well , ¢p60p, 7 6.

Worm, 0 11166775, - 771109, 6.

THE END

R . CLARK ,

PLEASE DO NO T REMOVE

CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERS ITY O F TORONTO LIB RARY