e-book is created by · 2019. 9. 1. · e-book is created by ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ -...

E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org


ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨓမ္း

လြင္ꨳလူꨉ္ꨳꨁိူဝ္းပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨀဝ္ꨁဳꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳလူꨁ္ꨮꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲမဳး ꨅꨱမ္လ္ꨮꨅꨱမꨀ္ြꨓ္ꨲꨟုိင ္

ꨓꨤꨓ္းꨓဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨓင္ꨲ ꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳလူလꨯꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲမဳး ပꨱꨓ္ပြတ္းပꨱꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨯꨤး

မ်ဳꨵသဳꨲ၊ ꨁုꨓ္မ်ꨤတ္းသဳꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳယꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵသꨰꨓ္ဝီ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨯꨤမူိင္း မင္းရꨯꨤး၊ w.w.Cochrane ꨁဝ္

တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳသင္၊ ꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳထြမ္ꨲလꨯꨳငိꨓ္းတီꨳ ꨕူꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨁဝ္လဝꨳ္ꨬꨓ ꨅူိဝ္း

ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳသင္၊ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨡိမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮ တူိꨀ္းꨅ္ꨮလꨯꨳေသပြꨀ္ꨳ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ေသ ယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္း တီꨳေမဳလꨀိ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဝ္မဳးတင္းꨓမ္ ꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨰမꨳ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ

ꨟြင္ꨵဝꨤꨀ္ꨲ လြင္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းပိုꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ပꨯꨲꨟꨓ္ꨕ္ꨮတုိꨓ္ꨲတူဝ္တုိꨓ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮ တူိဝ္ꨵ

ꨓူိဝ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵꨓင္ တူင္ꨵꨓုိင္ꨟꨱတ္းꨬꨓသင္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵဝဳꨳဝဳꨳေသပြꨀ္ꨳ။

ꨡꨓ္ေမဳလိꨀ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨅူမ္းတꨰမ္ꨳ ꨅူမ္းꨟြင္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨡꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္

လိꨀ္ꨳလူလိꨀ္ꨳꨁဝ္တင္းလꨯꨤꨅူမ္းꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨅူမ္းလူꨅူမ္းထြမ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨓꨯꨵꨅုိင္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိဝ္းလြင္ꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵ

တꨤင္းပꨰင္း၊ လိꨀ္ꨳꨁꨱဝ္၊ လိꨀ္ꨳꨡလြင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္လြꨓ္ꨵလြꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းပူိꨓ္ꨳ ပြတ္းဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္းꨁဝ္သမ္ꨵေပဳးꨕꨰဝ္ထုိင္ ꨀꨤင္ꨟꨤဝ္ꨓူိဝ္လူိꨓ္ ꨓူိဝ္လꨤဝ္ꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟဝ္းယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵတꨰမ္ꨳ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨘꨓ္ꨅြမ္းꨡလြင္းယုိဝ္းလူိꨓ္ယုိဝ္းလꨤဝ္ꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။

ꨅုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ မူိင္းလ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲမူိင္းလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨟဳတꨤင္းယူꨲလြတ္ꨳတဳꨲꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္ꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္းယူꨲ၊ ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲ

ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳသမ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲ လြတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ။ တဳꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳသမ္ꨵ တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီးလြင္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲ

မုꨓ္လြင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္း။ တဳꨲေတꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲ မုꨓ္မူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ꨅြမ္းꨀꨓ္

ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္း ပိုꨓ္းတူဝ္ပူꨀ္ꨵꨀူဝ္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္းတုိꨀ္းꨡဝ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း ပꨀူ္းတꨤင္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း

မဳးမူိဝꨳ္ꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨡြꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ေတဳꨵတꨯꨲလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳꨬꨓꨁိုꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ၊ ေပဳး

ꨡမ္ꨲမီꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုိင္ ꨅꨤငꨳ္ဝꨯꨵမဝ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ေသ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨟꨓ္လီ ꨡꨤမ္းꨁြꨯ လ ူ

ယူိင္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ တူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲꨅူမ္ꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨬꨀꨳꨀꨤင္ပူꨓိ္ꨳ။


ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘မြင္းꨀူဝ္း’’ ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳသမ္ꨵေပဳး လꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးပြꨯꨲꨕဳꨳဝꨤင္းပꨰတꨳ္ပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨲတ‘‘မꨤꨀ္ꨵသ’္’

‘‘ေလꨲꨓိꨓ္ꨲ’’(Marx, Lenin)ꨁဝ္ေသပꨀူ္းပꨓ္ꨳꨀုꨉ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵပုꨓိ္း‘‘ꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ’’(Genghis

Khan)မဳး။ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲ ‘‘လိပ္းပ်ိဴဝ္း’’(Libia)ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳမီးဝꨯꨵ ‘‘ꨡူဝ္းမဳးမုꨀ္ꨵတဳꨲ’’(Omar Muktar)။

သပꨱꨓ္ꨲ (Spain)ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳမီး ‘‘ေꨡးလ္သိတ္ꨵ’’ (El Cid)။ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္ေသပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵထꨯး ယူꨲ ꨟိမ္း

ꨀိꨓ္ꨅမ္ꨟဝ္း ယင္းမီးꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ ‘‘ꨓေရးသူꨓ္’’ꨡိꨀ္ꨲတင္း ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳတꨤꨀ္ꨲသꨓိ္’’ ꨡꨓ ္ꨬတꨲ

ꨟꨱတ္းပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳထꨯးပꨤꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္။

ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵမꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳမီးဝꨯꨵ‘‘ꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ၊ ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ ၊ ꨡလြင္းၾꨕဳး၊ ꨡြင္ꨲသꨤꨓ္း’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ ္ꨵ

ꨡမ္ꨲတꨤပ္ꨳထꨤမ္၊ သမ္ꨵေပဳးေတလꨓူ္ꨵꨟူလူꨓ္ꨵတဳꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲလꨀိ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨁꨯꨳပိꨓု္းꨁဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ ။

ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯꨓꨯꨵ တꨯးသမ္ꨵꨡဝꨀ္ုင္ꨲꨡဝ္မုꨓ္ ꨀူꨓ္းꨘꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းယြꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨟꨀ္ꨵ မူိꨓ္

ꨓင္ꨲꨡလြင္းꨀꨱင္သူိင္းမူိင္းꨁြꨓ္း၊ ꨡလြြင္းꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲတြင္ꨲꨅိင္ꨲ ၊ မꨓိꨀုင္ꨲပꨰင္ꨲ။ ေပဳးေတꨀုမ္ꨲ ꨡဝ္

မုꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းပꨰတꨳ္လꨯꨤ ꨀူꨓ္းꨁဳꨳတူဝ္တꨯꨤယြꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨟꨀ္ꨵ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨡလြင္းꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ေလဳးေသ

ပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨓြꨓ္းꨘꨓ္ယူꨲꨅုိင္ မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮေတပူတ္းပြꨯꨲပူꨓ္ꨵလြတ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨅꨤတ္ꨳတꨀ္ုꨵꨁ ꨡꨓ္ꨟဝ္း

ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ထူပ္းꨉဳးယူꨲမူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္?။

ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းပူိꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳယူꨲထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨓꨯꨅုိင္

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳမီး-

(1) ꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊

(2) ꨅ္ꨮꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္၊

(3) ꨅ္ꨮတူဝ္ꨳတꨓ္းတဳꨲတꨯꨤပုꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္။

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲ မုꨓ္ꨓူိဝ္ပူꨀ္ꨵꨀူဝ္ꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးသူိꨀ္ꨳပိꨓု္း ꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳယူꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮ ပုꨓ္ꨳ

တဳꨲပူတ္းပြꨯꨲပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ မဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပꨓု္ꨳတဳꨲꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯး

ꨟဝ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨀꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳပူꨓ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္းပꨤꨓ္ꨀိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨀပ္းꨓမ္ꨵ တဳယူꨲꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ထုိင္ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္း


တꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ပူꨀ္းတုိꨓ္ꨲတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပူꨓ္ꨵလြင္ꨳꨘꨓ္ꨟꨯꨤꨵလူင္ လူꨉ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္၊ ꨅ္ꨮ

ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮဝဳꨳ မီးငူꨓိ္းပုိꨓ္းတူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲ ꨓင္ꨲ ꨀဝ္ꨲ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲလီလꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲတုိꨓ္းဝꨯꨵ

မဝꨁ္ိုꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ။ ေပဳးꨡဝ္လꨀ္းထꨤꨓ္(သꨤꨀ္ꨳေသꨲ) ပုꨓိ္းဝဳꨳꨅုိင ္ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲ

လꨀ္းꨓီꨳပီꨁရိတ္ꨵ 1298 ထုိင္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨟဝ္းယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး။

ꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ 1314 ထုိင္ 1364 ေꨀဳꨳယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳေꨀဳꨲသꨤင္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲ‘‘ꨟꨯꨤးေꨟဳသꨰင္’’(Empire)

မဳးတင္ꨳꨬတꨲ ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္း ေတဳꨲထုိင္မူိင္းဝꨉူ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ(Assam)။

ꨅꨱင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵꨲဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ꨓြင္ꨬသ (ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵ လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ မီးꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။)

ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ - ꨕꨰဝ္ထုိင္မိူင္းလꨤဝ္းပြတ္းတူꨀ္း။

ꨓဳꨳꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းထုိင္လမ္းပုꨓ္း၊ လမ္းပꨤင္း၊ ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းထꨯး။

ꨓဳꨳတꨤင္းꨅꨤꨓ္းထုိင္ - ပဳꨲꨀူိဝ္၊ တဳꨳꨀုင္ꨳတဳꨳဝꨯꨤ၊ ေမဳꨲလမꨰင္ꨲ ။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨬလꨳဝဳꨳ မဝ္းယဳꨳလုိမ္းတူဝ္ လဳꨳလီလꨤမ္းလိမ္း ꨕူꨲလူမ္းꨕူꨲလꨰင္ꨵ ။ မꨓ္းပဳး

ꨓ္ꨮး Gazetteer of Upper Burma & the Shan States ꨡꨓ္ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ꨁဝ္ တꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲ

ꨟꨱတ္းဝꨯꨵꨕိုꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵသꨀ္းသꨀ္း။

‘‘ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨵꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ ꨟꨀ္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ေသ ယြမ္းသꨱင္ꨲꨅုꨓ္ꨵပြꨯꨲသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮ

ယြမ္းတုꨀ္ꨵယြမ္းတꨯꨤ ꨟꨱတ္းမဳးပꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨀတ္ꨵ သင္ဝဳꨳ

ေတꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲ မုꨓ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨟဝ္း၊ ယင္းပꨯꨤꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းꨟဝ္းေသꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။ ꨅူိဝ္းꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းေꨀဳꨳ ယဳꨲဝဳꨳေတ

ေမဳယြငꨳ္ေယဳးတꨤင္းလီꨡꨓ္ꨟဝ္းꨟꨱတ္းမဳးꨬလꨳ ꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲ ယူꨲ ꨓꨓ္ꨵလဳꨳ၊ ပꨯꨤꨅိꨬꨓးꨬသꨵ

သြမ္းꨟဝ္းထꨰငꨳ္ꨀြꨓ္ꨲ’’။

ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳဝိꨉꨓ္ꨲꨁꨮꨓ္ငဝ္းꨁဝꨅ္ဝꨳ္လꨯꨳဝဳꨳꨟင္းလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯေသꨀမ္း။ ေပဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨅုိင္

မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳမဳးꨕ္ꨮေတꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ ထꨰင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵလဳꨲ?။ ယဳꨲဝဳꨳေတꨟꨀ္ꨵလဳꨳ၊

ꨅြင္ꨲမꨓ္းꨅ္ꨮꨳမူိင္းတꨯးꨀဝ္ေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨟုိဝ္ꨓꨯေသ ꨀြင္လင္ပꨯꨤꨳယꨤꨓ္ပꨰတꨳ္လူးꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။


ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္း ꨡမ္ꨲေမဳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ

မူိဝꨳ္လ္ꨮꨅင္ꨲ ေတပူꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅꨤတ္ꨳတုꨀ္ꨵꨁယꨤပ္ꨲ ꨀိꨓ္းလူင္ ꨅꨤတꨳ္တꨀူ္းတꨰမ္ꨲလူင္ꨓꨯꨵ။

ꨅင္ꨲꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳေမဳလꨀိ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္ꨓꨯေသတဳꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝꨳ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨟူꨵꨅူိဝ္း

ေမဳꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသမ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲ ယြမ္းပုိတ္ꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨳေတဳꨵတꨯꨲꨁꨯꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓပူိꨓ္ꨳ။ ဝဳꨳလဳးေꨀဳꨳꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္

ꨀꨓ္ꨀူဝꨅ္ူိဝ္ꨵ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ပꨓူ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨀိꨓ္း၊ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳတုꨀ္ꨵꨁ ꨅꨤတꨳ္တꨀူ္းတꨰမ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵꨟုိဝ္။ မꨤင ္

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨀူဝꨡ္မ္ꨲလꨯꨳသုမ္းꨅꨤတ္ꨳသုမ္းꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨟုိဝ္။ ဝူꨓ္ꨵꨓင္ꨲ ꨓꨯေသꨀꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨀ္ꨵတꨰမꨳ္

ꨡြꨀ္ꨳမဳး။

သင္ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲလီလူလီꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲꨅုိငꨁ္ꨰꨓ္းေတဳꨳယဳꨲေပꨅိꨬꨓးꨬသꨵသြမ္းꨀꨓ္။ ꨕိူဝ္ꨲေတꨬꨓး

ꨓꨓ္ꨵတဳꨵမီးꨅ္ꨮဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨳ - ပုꨓိ္းတူဝ္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨀဝ္ꨟူꨵꨀဝ္ေမဳ ꨅိုင္ꨀဝꨡ္မ္ꨲတꨰမ္ꨳလဳꨲ၊

ꨓꨯေသ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးထꨰင္ꨳ လူိင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲꨡဝ္(Fiction)ꨓမ္ꨓမ္။ ဝြꨀ္းလင္ꨲ

ꨀဳꨲ(Poem)လူိင္ꨲလူိင္ꨲ၊ ငဝ္းတူင္ꨵ(Movie)ꨁꨰမ္ꨵꨁꨰမ္ꨵေသꨀမ္း။

‘‘မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းလ်ꨓ္း’’ꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵမီးဝꨯꨵꨟုꨓ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ‘‘ꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ’’၊ ꨁိူင္ꨳမꨯꨤမိꨀ္ꨳ ꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨟူင္း

လုိဝ္ꨳသဝ္း(ꨟူင္းꨟꨰမ္း)ꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းပꨤꨓ္မ္ꨮꨲꨁူိဝ္းလြင္ꨳꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ တင္းꨓမ္

ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တဳꨲပꨀူ္းတုိꨓ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္ေꨕꨳမဳးပုꨓိ္းꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵတီꨳꨀꨰပ္ꨳမꨓ္းပြတ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ

ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိဝꨳ္ꨟပ္ꨵ တုင္းꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳမꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းသူိꨀ္ꨳပိုꨓ္းတဳꨲေတတꨰမ္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨀု္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨟူꨵ

ꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯေသ ‘‘သꨓု္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ’’ (Copyright)ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမꨀ္းတတ္းꨟꨱတ္းဝꨯꨵသင္၊

ꨕ္ꨮꨁ္ꨮꨳမဳးꨬမးꨅိမ္ထြꨓ္ထꨰမ္ထꨰင္ꨳꨀဳꨳꨟုိဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္သင္။ တြꨓ္းေသꨁ္ꨮꨳတုꨀ္းယြꨓ္းဝဳꨳ - ယဳꨲေပ

တꨰမ္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵမꨰꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨓပ္ꨵယမ္တꨯးꨟဝ္း မီးꨓူိဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨡꨓ္

လꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းပꨓ္ꨕြꨓ္းလီတဳꨲꨟဝ္းꨟဳးေပဳးလꨯꨳသုိပ္ꨲပုတꨳ္မဳးꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳေပဳးယဝ္ꨵ ။

ꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူဝꨓ္ꨯꨵေသ ꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္းဝꨯꨳသဳꨓပ္ꨵ ယမ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ၊ ꨡိꨀ္ꨲ

ပဳးပူꨀ္ꨵꨀူဝ္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းေသ လူꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮပꨱꨓ္ငဝꨳ္တုိꨓ္း


လုꨀ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပူတ္းပြꨯꨲပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁꨲꨅူိဝ္ꨵ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္မဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲယ္ꨮꨲꨓမ္ꨓမ္

ꨁဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ ။

ꨁꨮꨓ္ငဝ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁဝ္မီးꨟꨰင္းလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူဝꨓ္ꨯꨵꨀꨤဝ္ꨲယြꨓ္းထုိင္ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးတꨤင္းꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္

သူိဝ္းသဳꨲေသ မုꨓ္ꨟူမ္ꨲသုမ္ꨲငမ္းပꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ထုိင္ꨅဝꨳ္

ꨁဝ္ꨬ လꨳ ယꨱပ္ꨲယꨤင္ꨳꨅြမ္းꨟြꨯးတိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေသꨀမ္း။

ꨕူꨳꨁပ္ꨳꨁိုင္

ပပ္ꨵ ပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

ꨁြမ္ꨲမတီꨲꨁိုင္ပြင္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲပပ္ꨵ ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳတꨯး


ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨓမ္း

ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းသꨤမ ္

ꨓ္ꨮးမူိဝ္ꨳတုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္သꨯꨤတဳꨕူꨳ

ꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲလိꨀ္ꨳꨟဝ္းထꨰင္ꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းသꨤမ္ꨓꨯꨵ ယြꨓ္းꨁꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္းပုိꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္မဳး လြင္ꨳပပ္ꨵ လꨀိ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ

ꨡိတ္းဳ ံ။

မူိဝꨳ္ 18.11.93 ꨓြင္ꨵယိင္းꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳ လုꨀ္ꨵတꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯး ꨕꨰဝ္ꨟြတ္ꨳမူိင္းꨀꨯေသ လဝ္ꨳလꨤတꨳ္

ꨬꨓꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨡဳ ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳသင္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳမဳး - ငဝꨳ္ꨟꨤꨀ္ꨳꨅဳꨲတꨕိူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ

လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵမဳး - ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ။ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳမဳးꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္း လြင္ꨳပိꨓု္းေꨅꨶ

လꨤꨓ္ꨵ။ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္မီးပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ၊ သꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး ꨀြၽꨀ္ꨵꨬသꨲꨬလꨳ ပုိꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္

သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲမီးꨘဳꨵꨕီ တုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္းယူင္းꨅ္ꨮမဳး ꨡမ္ꨲ တꨰမ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲ

ꨬလꨳ တငꨳ္ꨬတꨲ 25.6.94 ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁိꨓ္တꨰမꨳ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵေမဳꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္။ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮတꨰမ္ꨳ

ေꨀဳꨳ ꨕ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းတꨰမ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡမ္ꨲထꨤင္ꨲေတမီးꨕ္ꨮထꨀု္ꨲꨅ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးꨅုမ္းꨕူꨳတြꨯꨲꨟြꨀ္ꨳꨟဝ္းဝဳꨳꨁုိꨀ္ꨵယူꨲ ꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅꨯꨤးသꨰင ္

ꨅုိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္း လြင္ꨳေပဳꨵꨡိတ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨕုိꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵ ။ ပဳးတင္း ꨅꨯꨤးသꨯꨤလꨰတ္ꨲ

ꨅြꨯꨳꨁုိင္တꨰမ္ꨳꨅꨓ္ꨟုꨓ္ꨲꨟꨤငꨳ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳး။ တူဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳတုိꨓ္းမူိင္း မူိင္းယꨯ ေꨀဳꨵယူꨲ မူိင္းꨡ

ေမရꨀိꨓ္ꨲꨡဝ္ꨁြမ္ꨲꨕိဝ္ꨲတူိဝ္ꨲေပဳꨵပꨓ္။ ꨅင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး ပပ္ꨵ ꨕိုꨓ္ယုꨀ္းယꨤင္ꨲ မြင္ꨳပ္ꨮꨵထဳꨳꨕူꨳ

ေတꨡြꨀ္ꨲငိုꨓ္းꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္ေꨕꨳပꨓ္။

လူိꨀ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨬလꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨯꨤꨲꨘဳꨵ[ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨰမ္ꨟူဝ္ပဝꨳ္လူင္ꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲ ငမ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯး (SSPC)

ယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္]လꨯꨳလူꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳေသ ထုꨀ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲတုိꨓ္းꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္

ေꨕꨳ 1000 ပပ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးပြꨯးပီꨶမ္ꨮꨲတꨯး မူိဝꨳ္ꨟꨤင္ပီꨶ 1994။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨡမ္ꨲထꨤင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲထူိမ္ ပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵလꨯꨳတꨤင္းꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲꨀမꨳ္ꨓမ္ꨟပ္ꨵꨟူမ ္

ꨅူမ္းတြꨓ္ꨳꨬတꨵꨬတꨵဝဳꨳဝဳꨳ။ ထုိင္တီꨳꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းသြင္ထꨰင္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀုိတ္း။


တဳꨲꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ငဳေတပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀုပ္းတုိဝ္းတြင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀြင္ꨟꨯꨲမူꨀ္ꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨰꨀ္ꨲတꨤမ္တဳ ꨅဝ္ꨳပဳ

ꨀိꨓ္ꨁီꨳယဝ္ꨵ ။

ꨕꨱင္းꨀꨮꨤမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨕူꨳတꨰမꨳ္ - တꨰမ္ꨳေꨁဳꨳ၊ သꨁꨟ သ္ꨮꨲလမ္ꨲသꨱင္ေသꨟြင္ꨵ၊

ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨯꨤးသꨯꨤလꨰင္းꨓမ္ꨵꨕိတ္ꨵꨕူး တꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးဝꨯꨤးလင္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ေတဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨓ္။

ꨕူꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္ꨁဝ္ ပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨟပ္ꨵတြꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨓမ္။ ထုိင္တီꨳꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨤꨅဝꨳ္ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨁူꨓ္ꨵ

သြꨀ္ꨳ ထမ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨬလꨳ လူလြမ္လုမ္းလဳး ꨡြင္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡိတ္ꨲပဳး ꨡြင္ꨳ

ꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။

ꨓမ္ꨵꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨕူꨳတꨰမꨳ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨰꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ဝြꨀ္းဝꨤꨀ္ꨲလင္ꨀဳꨲ ꨡမ္ꨲမိုꨓ္ꨳလ ီ လြꨯꨳလီ မူိꨓ္

ꨅဝ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ ထꨤမ္သုိဝ္ꨵ ထꨤမ္ယိမ္ ထꨤမ္ထုတ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨬလꨳ ေတ

လꨯꨳဝဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းသုတ္း ꨡꨓ္မူိꨓ္ꨓꨯ ꨓ္ꨮးငူိꨓ္းပုိꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးတꨯးပပ္ꨵဳ ံꨓꨯ

ꨀုိင္ꨲ ဝဳꨳယူꨲ ။

ꨀဳꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨁꨓ္လူင္ ꨡꨓ္ေတꨓပ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳငိုꨓ္းတြင္းꨡမ္ꨲ လꨯꨳပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ

ꨅမ္း - ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯးꨟဝ္း ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တုိꨓ္ꨲတူဝ္ လြင္ꨳပုိꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵ ꨁူိဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ လြင္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း

တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ မဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ သင္ဝဳꨳꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးတꨀ္းေတလꨯꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ ꨟိူဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းꨁုိꨓ္းဝꨓ္းဳ ံေသ

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ တꨀ္းလꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳလꨰဝ္းသူိဝ္းသဳꨲꨁုိꨓ္းယူꨲဝꨓ္းဳ ံꨅုိင္ꨡမ္ꨲထꨤꨓ္ꨲမီꨳေꨀဳꨳ

ꨁီꨳꨁင္ꨳပပ္ꨵလꨀိ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨟူꨵေတမီးပုꨓ္ꨳပꨤင္ꨳမꨓ္းယူꨲ။

ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳမꨀ္းမꨯꨤလြင္ꨳꨁြပ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲ ꨓမ္ꨓူိဝꨅ္ူိဝ္းꨕူꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨟꨰင္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲပဳး ꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္တင္းလꨯꨤေသ

လူပ္းလိုꨓ္းလူꨉ္ꨳ ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ꨀꨱပ္းတြမ္မဳး ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္း ေꨡးသွ်ဴဝ္းꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္း

ꨡြꨀ္ꨲ(A History of South -East Asia) ꨡꨓ္ D.G.E. Hall တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ

ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳဝူꨓ္ꨵꨀုိတ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။

‘‘လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ တုိꨀ္းေတဳးတꨯးမꨤဝ္းꨁဝ္တင္ꨳꨬတꨲ 1438-1465 ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္း - ꨕꨱꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္

တꨯးမꨤဝ္းꨁဝꨓ္ꨯꨵ လူိဝ္ေသꨁတ္းꨁꨮꨤင္ဝꨯꨵ သꨱꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨅူးထုင္ꨵꨓမ္ꨵꨀꨱဝ္ ꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး လြင္ꨳ

ꨡꨓ္သူိဝ္ငꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵ(ထꨀု္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ)မီးꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္း ꨁ္ꨮꨳပူꨀ္းပြင္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨡဳꨲ

ꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳတꨯး ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳပဳးယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳ ဝငꨁ္်ီꨳ(Wang Chi)ပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္း


တပ္ꨵေသတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨀꨓ္။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ငꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသြင္ꨵꨁꨤမ္ꨳꨀꨱဝ္ ꨡꨤင္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨁဝꨳ္ပုိင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳ

ꨕူꨉ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳမူိင္းယꨤင္း(Mohnyin)ေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵ လꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲမꨤꨓ္ꨳတꨉိြပ္းေသ ꨡဝ္ꨓြပ္ꨲပꨓ္တီꨳ

ꨬꨁꨲမူိဝ္ꨳ 1446။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ငꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္းေတဳꨲꨬꨁꨲေသ ꨁဳꨳတူဝ္တꨯꨤꨬလꨳ

ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨓြပ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨁꨤပ္ꨳတူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။’’[ꨓဳꨳလꨀိ္ꨳ 176-177]

မ္ꨮꨲသုင ္

ꨟꨮ္ꨳယူꨲလီမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီးꨀꨓ္ ꨀူꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨀူꨳတꨓူ္ေသꨀမ္း။


ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

ꨕူꨳပြင္သꨤင္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ

ꨀꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ

A Prince of Mao was the only Shan that ever united these squabbling states

into one solid Kingdom…..Even the Hsenwi Chronicle breaks through its shell

of self-adulation and sums up its estimates of this Shan King's character in the

words: He was a mighty King.

(W.W.Cochrane, ''The Shans'')

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨀ)

မူိဝꨳ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္း - ပꨱꨓ္လꨀ္းꨓီꨳပီꨁရိတ္ꨵ 1291 ꨓီꨳ (ပီꨶတꨯး 1385)

တီꨳဝꨱင္းဝꨯꨤ ဝꨱင္းငဝꨳ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲꨟိမ္းꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵေꨀးမꨤဝ္း။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨟꨤငꨳ္ꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးꨀꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲ တꨱꨓ္ꨳသꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝꨳ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ -

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲေတꨀူိတ္ꨲလꨱင္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨳ။

မꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨀုိင္ꨲတင္းတူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝꨳ္ဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡဳꨲယုꨬ ꨀꨲꨀိူင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ

လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵေတသုိပ္ꨲပုတ္ꨳတိꨓ္တꨤင္မုိဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းပꨯꨲမီး။ မီးဝꨯꨵလုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ။ မိူꨓ္

ꨓင္ꨲꨁဝꨅ္ဝ္ꨳ(4)ꨓꨤင္း -

(1) ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ꨡဳꨲယု 25

(2) ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ ꨡဳꨲယု 21

(3) ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡꨤမ္ေꨡဳꨳ ꨡဳꨲယု 18


(4) ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ꨡꨯꨲ ꨡဳꨲယု 15

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨬတꨲꨓဳꨳꨟိူꨓ္း ꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨡဳꨲယုလꨯꨳ (17)ေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲမီးတꨤင္းꨓြင္ꨬသ

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨀဳꨵꨁꨯꨤယူꨲတꨤင္းပုꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨤမ္ေꨡဳꨳေꨀဳꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ မူိင္းꨀြင္ေသ မီးယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨀြင္။

ꨓꨤင္းသꨰငꨡ္ꨯꨲꨬတꨵဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလပ္ꨵလြꨯငိုꨓ္းလြꨯꨁမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅꨱမ္မူိဝꨳ္ꨡဳꨲယုတုိꨀ္ꨵလꨯꨳ(5)ပီꨶ

ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨓပ္ꨵ ယမ္ပုိငꨳ္ꨡိင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨬမꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨬမꨳꨁိꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲ

ꨅြမ္းပီꨳꨁူꨉ္ပီꨳꨓꨤင္းတီꨳꨓြင္ꨬသ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵလꨉူ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲ မီးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨳပဳꨳꨀူꨳꨕꨯꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳ

ꨁမ္းထုိင္တီꨳပဳးတင္းတူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္တုꨀ္းယြꨓ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨁꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟဳထꨰင္ꨳꨀူပ္ꨵ

ꨀူꨳမ္ꨮꨲ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳပꨓူ္ꨵမဳးသြင္ပီꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤငꨁ္မ္းꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳ ꨟူမ္ꨳမိငꨳ္ꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲ

ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨡူꨉ္းေꨀဳꨵꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲ မဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းမူိင္း ပူးꨀမ္ꨲ ေꨀဳꨳသူင္ꨲမြပꨳ္ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨅိင္ꨲမဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵထꨰင္ꨳ။ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ

ꨅိင္ꨲꨬတꨵမူိဝ္ꨳပꨓူ္ꨵမဳး (6)လူိꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္း လꨯꨳꨀူိတ္ꨲလꨱင္ꨵမဳးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္း’’ꨬလꨳ

ပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨟူမ္ꨅူမ္းတင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳတင္းမူိင္း။ သင္ဝဳꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲမီးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨬတꨵ ꨓꨤင္း

ꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨟူꨵေတပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵတီꨳꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲ၊ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤယူꨲ။

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲတူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲယြꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮသင္ꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ေတမီးꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း

ꨀူꨉ္း။ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳမီးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္းဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပူိင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ 2-3 လိူꨓ္

ပူꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးသူꨳလီꨅ္ꨮ။ လꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ ꨅြꨯꨳလူꨅြꨯꨳ

တူꨉ္းပꨓ္ꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္တဳငꨤꨓ္းတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ။

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲယြꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮလူိဝ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳသမ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨅိင္ꨲ ၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨁ္ꨮꨳ

ꨟꨮ္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳ လꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨰမ္မူိင္း။ ေပဳးꨓꨓ္ꨅင္ꨲ ꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္တꨤင္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ

ꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္းဝꨯꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅꨤင္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္တင္းလꨯꨤꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးꨀဝ္ꨳꨟꨯꨤးေꨟဳေသꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵပဳး

(3)ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨟူိင္းယူꨲ တြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေတပꨱꨓ္မဳး။


ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨀꨤငꨅ္္ꨮမꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵ ꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳပꨱꨓ္။ ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးဝဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္း

ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀိူတ္ꨲꨟꨓ္ꨓဳꨳလꨀု္ꨳꨕဳေꨕ(3)ꨅꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨅိင္ꨲ သမ္ꨵေပဳးꨡူꨓ္ꨳꨓူꨓ္းမြꨯꨳ

ꨅ္ꨮꨀꨮဳꨲလုမ္းလုမ္း။

ေꨀဳꨵꨅူမ္းသူိဝ္းလူိဝ္ပိူꨓ္ꨳꨬတꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳယိင္း ‘‘ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္’’ꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨟိပ္ꨳ

ꨓꨰတ္ꨳတူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨡုပ္ꨲꨀုမ္ ꨕူꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ေမဳꨁꨤတ္ꨳတꨀ္ꨵꨓပ္ꨵ ꨟူꨵ(ေမဳꨀဳꨲလဳး)ꨁဝ္ေသ သ္ꨮꨲꨅုိဝ္ꨳ

ပꨓ္သꨱင္ꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္ဝဳꨳ-

(1) ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳငမ္းမူိင္း

(2) ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း

(3) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ꨀြꨓ္းငိုꨓ္း

ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨀူꨉ္းေꨀဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမꨀ္ြꨓ္းငိုꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ဝꨯꨤးမဳးꨀမ္ꨳꨓမꨟ္ြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္လူင္-ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။


တြꨓ္ꨳ (ꨁ)

ယူꨲမဳးထꨰင္ꨳ 1 လူိꨓ္ မီးꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨵꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨟြင္ꨳေꨟဳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ

မဳးသူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ ꨟꨯꨤꨵတꨳီꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္။

‘‘ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲသုိဝ္ꨳ၊ လꨯꨳ ꨀူတ္ꨵꨀꨓ္တင္းꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးတꨤင္ꨳေꨀဳꨵ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝꨳ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ ္ ꨅ္ꨮလမ္ေတဳꨲꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨟဝ္း’’။ ꨁꨤဝ္းယမ္းꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨤငꨁ္မ္ꨳ။ ꨅြမ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨟြင္ꨳေꨟဳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ

ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤးꨡြꨓ္ꨲယိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤ ေပဳးသူꨓ္ꨳသိꨓ္းသꨤꨓ္လူင္ယူꨲ လꨯꨳငိꨓ္းသꨱင္ထဳꨵလဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ

ꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္းယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲထꨤမ္ဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္သင္ꨓꨯ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳမီးꨀူꨓ္းသူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - မီးꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵဳ ံꨀꨯꨵꨀꨯꨵꨀꨤင္ꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯ ꨀဝ္ꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀူꨓ္းလမ္တူꨉ္း

လုꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲ(3)ေꨀဳꨵယူꨲ ꨬလꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤးꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လမ္းတꨱꨀ္းတိꨡဝ္မꨓ္း

မꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳꨀြၽꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨓူိဝ္လင္ꨁဳးမုင္းေသꨟြင္ꨵပꨤဝ္ꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨤတꨳ္ဝဳꨳ - [လꨤတꨳ္ꨬꨓꨅဝ္ꨳသူေသ၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵလꨉူ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨁ္ꨮꨳလꨯꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေသꨀꨤဝ္ꨲꨘဳꨵဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕီယူꨲဝꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨁိုꨓ္းꨁုိꨓ္း၊ ꨀဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨵ ငိꨓ္းꨬလꨳမဳးꨅြꨯꨳမꨓ္းꨡူိဝ္ꨳ။ မꨓ္းယင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵေမဳတꨤင္ꨲ မꨓု္။ တꨳီꨬတꨵမꨓ္းယင္းလူဝ္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵ ꨀဝ ္‘‘ေပဳꨳ ေပဳꨳ’’လူးꨀြꨓ္ꨲ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ]။ မꨓ္းထꨤင္ꨲတုိꨓ္းလူမဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨀဳꨳꨟုိဝ္၊ မူိဝꨳ္ꨀြၽꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ သြꨀ္းတိꨓ္မꨓ္းယင္းတူꨀ္းဝꨯꨵꨁြꨓ္ဳ ံꨬလꨳယင္းꨁူဝ္သ္ꨮꨲꨀဝ္ေသလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘မ္ꨮးꨡဝ္သြꨀ္းတိꨓ္ ꨀဝꨓ္ꨯꨵ တꨤင္ꨲ ꨟူဝ္ဝꨯꨵꨀူꨳꨅဝ္ꨵ ꨓ္ꨮဝꨓ္းꨁမ္ꨳလဳꨳ’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰငꨅ္ြꨯꨳꨬꨀꨳသပ္းလꨰင္းꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - ꨡꨓ္လꨤတꨳ္မဳးꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲ ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳ

ꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝꨡ္မ္ꨲ လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲသူꨲꨅ္ꨮးေသပြꨀ္ꨳ၊ မꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းꨀူꨉ္း လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨟꨱတ္းေꨀဳꨵယူꨲ ꨀူꨳꨁုိꨓ္း။ လီထꨤင္ꨲ

ထူိမ္ဝဳꨳ မီးꨀူꨓ္းမꨤပ္ꨲꨕꨤမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝꨡ္မ္ꨲꨟပ္ꨵ။ မူိꨓ္ꨟꨤင္ꨳေတပူငꨀ္ꨮꨤမ္းꨡဝ္တꨯꨤ

တင္းꨬမꨳတင္းလုꨀ္ꨳမူတ္းမူတ္း။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ေꨀဳꨳ ေꨁဳယြꨓ္းတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းꨬလꨳ ꨀမ္းလုိꨓ္းသုတ္းမဳး ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ ္

‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း’’ꨅင္ꨲပူင္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨓꨀ္းဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲမ္ꨮးꨓꨯꨵတုိꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲ တုိဝ္းသုိဝ္ꨳေတဳꨲ ꨀဝ္၊ မ္ꨮးယဳꨲယူꨲ ꨓူိဝ္ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ေꨟဳ၊ မ္ꨮးꨀꨮဳꨲꨀꨯꨀꨯပꨯလုိꨀ္ꨵလုိꨀ္ꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨓူ္ꨵသꨯꨤတဳꨀဝ္။ ꨓ္ꨮးꨁူးꨓ္ꨮးဝꨱင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨕ္ꨮꨟပ္ꨵဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨤပ္ꨲ ယူꨲꨓူိဝ္ေꨁဳꨳယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳ’’။


ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္လꨯꨳသူပ္းꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳပꨤꨀ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳလူင္းꨕꨤတ္ꨲ

ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူဝ္းေပဳꨳꨬမꨳပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵေသပꨯꨤꨳမꨀူ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳ(ꨟိမ္းလြꨯလꨤဝ္)။

ꨀူꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨡးလူꨬလꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟတ္းပꨓ္ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳေပဳးꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ

ꨅိင္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅုိင္ ေတꨟဳလြင္ꨳꨟဳတꨤင္းသ္ꨮꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။


တြꨓ္ꨳ(င)

ယူꨲꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟုိင္သင္မြꨀ္ꨳ 2 ပီ ꨀူꨉ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္သူင္ꨲ ꨀူꨓ္းမဳးပြင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္း

ꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ လꨯꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲတꨳီလꨀု္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨡꨓ္မဳးꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨤတ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တီꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ မီးလုꨀ္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨘဳေꨕ 3 ေꨀဳꨵꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ပြꨯꨲꨀူꨓ္းမဳးသြꨀ္ꨳတဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။

ꨅꨤဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းသင္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳမဳး ꨟꨮ္ꨳငူိင္ꨵ ꨬဝꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵပꨯꨤꨳဝꨯးဝꨯး။ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯး

ꨡြꨓ္ꨲ 3 ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵတီꨳေꨀဳꨵတꨤင္း။ လူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵသမ္ꨵꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲမဳꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲ

တဳꨲေတꨡဝ္ပꨓု္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းသူင္ꨲꨓြင္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵတꨤင္းတꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵဳ ံတီꨳ 2 ေꨀဳꨵ။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵ

ꨁဝ္သူင္ꨲ ꨅူးတီꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ꨓြင္ꨬသ။ ꨓꨤင္းꨡꨤမ္ေꨡဳꨳ မူိင္းꨀြင္ꨬလꨳ သူင္ꨲတꨳီ ꨀꨱင္း

တုင္၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨬတꨲ ꨓဳꨳꨟူိꨓ္းမီꨳဝꨯꨵယူꨲတီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨳ။

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅင္ꨲ ꨡဝ္လꨀု္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵယ္ꨮ ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ မြပꨳ္ပꨓ္တီꨳ 2 ꨅꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ေတꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူး

ပီꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ꨓြင္ꨬ သ။ ꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵလꨱꨀ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ ္ ꨡꨤပ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ 2 ꨅꨯꨤး

ꨡꨓ္ေတꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းꨀꨱင္းတုင္။ လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵꨀꨤင္ တူဝ္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨬတꨵ တုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨁꨯꨳꨓꨤဝꨓ္ူိဝ္ꨵ

လူိတ္ꨲမꨯꨳဝꨯꨵယူꨲ ꨬလꨳ ꨡဝ္ယူꨲꨅပ္းတူဝ္ေသ မူꨀ္းေသဳꨵဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးထူိꨓ္ꨲꨅူဝ္ꨳꨀꨰပ္ꨵ ။

ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းꨉဳးေꨕးသင္ေသ ပꨓူ္ꨵတူင္ꨲလြမ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲ တꨳီ

ꨀꨱင္းတငု္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨬတꨵ သမ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းပူꨓ္ꨵတူင္ꨲလြမ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨟုိꨀ္ꨵသ္ꨮꨲ ꨅုမ္း

သုိꨀ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲပြꨯꨲမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ လꨯꨳꨘꨓ္းꨕဳꨲဝူင္းလြမ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲ။ ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲ 2

ေꨀဳꨵꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵဳ ံတꨯꨤ။ ေꨀဳꨵဳ ံဝꨤတ္ꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ဝꨤတ္ꨲ ꨅꨱပ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ပꨯꨤꨳလိပ္း

ပꨯꨤꨳတꨯꨤꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲဝꨯꨵတီꨳ ꨀြၽင္းမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨓဳꨵသꨤင္ꨲ မꨓ္း တꨳီဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ

ꨓမ္ꨵꨁမ္းေသယဝ္ꨵလꨯꨳပꨯꨤꨳတꨱတ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္ꨲ တꨤင္း။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨕ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟူꨵ

ဝဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲမီꨳလ္ꨮꨅင္ꨲမꨀ္းမꨯꨤဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳ ꨲယဝ္ꨵ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။

ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳတူꨀ္းꨀိꨓ္းꨅူိင္ꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ၊ ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲတင္း 2 ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္

ꨀူꨓ္းꨅြမ္းလုမ္းလဳးꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁေꨟꨵꨀငꨳ္ပꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲꨡဝ္တꨯꨤပꨰတꨳ္၊ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ

ေꨀဳꨳ ပဳးလူꨉ္ꨳမုꨓ္ꨀꨤမ္ꨲ လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨬလꨳေတဳꨵꨬတꨵပူꨓ္ꨵလြတ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲေသꨀꨮဳ ꨲမꨀူ္းယူꨲ

ꨓ္ꨮးထမ္ꨳလꨀု္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။


မူိဝꨳ္ꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းလꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤးလူင္လꨤင္။ ထမ္ꨳလူင္တီꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓꨤင္း

ꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲတင္းꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလုꨀ္ꨳမဳးမꨀူ္းတꨱတ္ꨲယူꨲꨓꨯꨵ - လိူꨀ္ꨳလူိꨀ္ꨳသမ္ꨵမီးသူိဝ္ꨕူိꨀ္ꨲေပဳꨳ

လူင္ꨳꨬလꨳ လꨀု္ꨳေမးမꨓ္းယူꨲသဝ္းလုိဝ္ꨳထင္ဝꨯꨵ။ သူိဝ္ꨕူိꨀ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလꨀု္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲ ပꨓ္ေꨕး

သင္ေသꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲ ꨀဳꨳ လုꨀ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨲယင္းေမဳလꨱꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵꨀꨓ္တင္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေသ မီးꨟြꨯး

ꨓꨱပ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨡြြꨓ္ꨲꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨉဳးꨟူဝ္ꨡူꨀ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ꨁုꨓ္ယꨳီꨁꨤငꨁ္မ္း ꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲေသ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟြင္ꨵꨟꨱꨀ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ယꨳီသူိဝ ္

ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨓꨯမဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္း ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ ပြꨯꨲမဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵမူိဝ္းꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ

ေꨀဳꨳ ꨁꨯꨤꨵမဳးꨟꨱတ္းတီꨳယူꨲ သုမ္ꨵသြင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ꨟိမ္းထမ္ꨳေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းသူꨓ္။ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵ

ꨟꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲလꨱꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵယူꨲ ꨅြမ္းသူိဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨟိမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲထမ္ꨳ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။


ꨀꨓ္သြင္

''Everything will come to those who wait.''

Disraeli


ယူꨲမဳးထုိင္ပီꨓုိင္ꨳ (ပꨁီရိတ္ꨵ 129 ꨓီꨳ)ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္းꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ ꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလꨀု္ꨳ လူင္း

မူိဝ္းသူꨲꨅ္ꨮး ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္လုင္းꨁဝꨅ္ဝ္ꨳ ꨅဝꨳ္ေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳ ꨲ တီꨳမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ [ꨡꨓ္တꨯးꨟြင္ꨵꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ ္ꨓ္ꨮး

လိꨀ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးလိꨀ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲရဳꨲꨅဝꨤင္ꨲမင္းꨅꨰꨓ္ꨲ]ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္းသမ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨅပ္းမꨯꨳေသ

သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲ။ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳပြꨀ္ꨳမဳးယူꨲꨁုိꨓ္းဝꨱင္းဝꨯꨤေသတဳꨵꨡမ္မီꨳလꨀု္ꨳထꨰငꨳ္။

ထုိင္မဳး 1295 ꨓီꨳ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤငꨁ္မ္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပꨳူꨓြင္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲ။ မူိဝꨳ္ꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡ

မꨤတ္ꨳꨕြင္းမူိင္းꨓ္ꨮးꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳꨡိꨀ္ꨲ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨡꨓ္

ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨁꨯꨲသꨰင္ꨕꨓ္းꨁမ္းꨓꨯꨵꨀူꨉ္း မီးꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰငꨀ္ူꨉ္းꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ

ယုꨀ္ꨵတꨤင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္။ ꨅူꨳꨅ္ꨮꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲ

ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟပ္ꨵေသတဳꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳ ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵလꨱꨀ္ꨵတုိꨀ္ꨵလꨰင္၊ ပူိင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ တꨤင္းꨓြင္ꨳ

တꨤင္းလင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းမီးꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ (ꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္) ပꨱꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းေသ ပ္ꨮꨵ

တူꨉ္းယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅꨤင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္တꨓ္းꨟꨱင္း။

တီꨳမူိင္းထုင္ꨵမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးဝဳꨳꨕူꨳယိင္းꨁိုꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳမဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မူိင္းတꨯး

ꨀဝꨳ္ꨟꨯꨤးေꨟဳ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္-

(1) မူိင္းꨀြင္

(2) မူိင္းယꨤင္း

(3) သြင္သူပ္း


(4) မူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ

(5) သꨰꨓ္ဝီ

(6) သီꨲေပဳꨵ

(7) ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ

(8) မူိင္းꨓꨯꨤး

(9) မူိင္းပꨯꨤး ꨅူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨘဳꨵꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း၊ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ꨬꨕꨀꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤပြတ္းလꨯꨤ

တြꨓ္ꨳပꨰတꨳ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသထုိင္မဳး 1298 ꨓီꨳတꨯး 3 ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵ ပြတ္း

လိꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳထုင္ꨵꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္(ေက်ာက္ဆည)္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨁြꨓ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵေꨅဳး ပူး

ꨀမ္ꨲ (ꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္)ေသပူတ္းပꨰတ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳ ꨲ။ သမ္ꨵယꨀု္ꨵယြင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ

ေꨅဳးꨓိတ္ꨵ(ေစာနစ)္ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း။

လြင္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းလꨯꨳꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀြပꨳ္ꨁဝ္ꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ - တꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳယိင္း

ꨟꨱတ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨅြမ္ꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမူိင္းတꨯးတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨬလꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅꨤင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ေꨕးလꨯꨳ ꨓꨯ

ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ လြင္ꨳꨁဝ္သိမ္းꨡဝ္ꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲတီꨳပူးꨀမ္ꨲꨀမ္းꨓꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္းမဳးတုမ္ꨵ

ယြꨓ္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡူငဝ္းေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ တီꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းယူပ္ꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲထꨰငꨳ္။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ - ꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯꨵပ္ꨮꨵမြင္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝꨳ္တူꨀ္းလူꨵပုတ္း

ပင္းꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕ္ꨮဝꨯꨵꨁုိꨀ္ꨵꨓပ္ꨵထုိင္ꨀူဝ္ယမ္၊ တြꨓ္းေသဝဳꨳလꨯꨳယူꨲယြꨓ္ꨵ မုꨓ္ငဝ္းပꨤꨓ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ

ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤငꨁ္မ္းပူꨀ္းပြင္ဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသင္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲတꨳီꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ

‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁꨤငꨁ္မ္းꨓꨯꨵ ယဳꨲꨡဝ္ယူꨲ ꨅြမ္းလဳꨳ၊ မꨓ္ꨳလူဝ္ꨲꨅꨱဝ္းပုတ္ꨳတꨓိ္တꨤင္မုိဝ္း ꨀဝ္။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳသူင္ꨲမꨓ္းꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္းပီꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨓြင္ꨬသေသ ꨟꨱꨓ္းꨡဝ္ပုိꨓ္ꨵꨟူꨵတꨤင္းေမဳ၊ တီꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲေꨀဳꨳꨀဝ္သင္ꨲ ꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ’’။


ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္လူင္ေꨀဳꨳ လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ꨡꨯꨲ ꨀꨱင္းတုင္ လꨯꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္း

ꨡဝ္တꨤင္းေမဳယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨓဳး(မူိင္းထꨯးပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္)။ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨓ္ꨮး

လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝꨳ္ (မူိင္းꨓြင္ꨬသ)ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳပဳꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨅင္ꨲသိုုပ္ꨲသူင္ꨲမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲ

ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းလꨯꨤးယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲထꨰငꨳ္။

ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨟꨱꨓ္းꨟဳတꨤင္းꨟူꨵတꨤင္းေမဳယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းꨕ္ꨮလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ။ ꨀꨮဳꨲပꨱꨓ္သင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ ္

ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလီသုိပ္ꨲꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨅြမ္းယူꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳတꨰတꨳ္ꨓꨰတꨳ္မꨓ္း

ꨬတꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨟူꨵေမဳမဳးပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ဝꨯꨤး

မꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပြꨀ္ꨳမဳးꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ေမဳꨡဝ္တုိဝ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္တꨤင္းꨅြမ္း၊ ေမဳယိပ္း

တုိဝ္းပꨓ္ꨲꨬသꨳငဝ္းလꨯꨤးꨡꨓ္ꨀူိတ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးꨕြꨓ္းလီတဳꨲ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္ꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤင္ꨲေသ လူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းထမ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး

မူိင္းမုတ္ꨵတမဳꨵ(မူိင္းတဳꨳမꨤဝ္း)ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨡꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯး မꨀထူဝ္း(ေပဳꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘဳꨵꨟူဝ္ꨳ)ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲ ꨓ္ꨮး

မူိင္းမြꨓ္း တင္ꨳတူဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ၊ လုꨀ္ꨵတꨳီꨓꨓ္ꨳေသ သုိပ္ꨲꨕꨰဝꨀ္ꨮဳꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္း

သီꨲꨟူဝ္ꨲထꨰငꨳ္ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။


တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨁ)

တီꨳꨓꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨳတတ္းေသꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓလြင္ꨳ 3 ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး ꨡꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵ

ပြတ္းလိꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳထုင္ꨵ ꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္(ေက်ာက္ဆည္)ꨓꨓ္ꨵလူးꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။

မူိဝꨳ္ပီ 1058 ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ(1044-1077)မူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ေတꨀꨮဳꨲပꨤင္းꨡဝ ္ငဳးသꨰင ္

ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ(ꨁꨱဝ္ꨳငဳးၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္)တီꨳꨓြင္ꨬသꨓꨯေသ လတ္းꨁꨤမ္ꨳမူိင္းတꨯး(မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း)ꨀꨮဳꨲ။

လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯး ꨕုꨀ္ꨲꨟꨯꨳသြမ္ꨳꨓဳးလူꨉ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ေꨀဳꨲသꨤင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨘꨯꨤꨟြင္ꨳမူိင ္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ

ꨬလꨳ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ယြင္ꨳꨡꨤမ္းꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမီးꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵေꨀး ꨓမ္ꨵꨓမ္လꨯꨤေသ

တဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္မူိဝꨳ္ꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယင္းပꨯꨟူꨵေမဳတꨱငꨓ္ြင္ေꨀဳꨲꨘꨯꨤေသ ပꨯꨲပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းꨁဝꨳ္

မူိင္းꨓမ္ꨵယြင္ꨁဝ္ꨳေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္း မူꨓိ္ꨓင္ꨲꨅူဝ္ꨳ 3-40 ပီပꨓူ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးေသပꨤင္းꨡဝ ္ ‘‘ငဳးသꨰငꨀ္ꨰꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ’’ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ၊ ꨀြမ္ꨵꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳလူꨲလꨯꨳဝꨯꨳေသပြꨀ္ꨳမဳး

ꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ ꨅင္ꨲမဳးꨬဝꨵတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္း(ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨅဝꨳ္တင္း

လꨯꨤ မဳးယြꨓ္းေမဳꨅꨤင္ꨳေမဳမုိဝ္း)ယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္ ေမဳတိꨓ္ေမဳမုိဝ္း ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳတင္းꨓမ္ ꨅပ္းꨅြမ္း

ꨟြမ္းပꨯမူိဝ္းꨅြမ္းꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး ꨓင္ꨲꨟိုဝ္ေတပꨱꨓ္ꨡူꨉ္းလီဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပီꨳမူိင္းꨓြင္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲမူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨳ

ယꨤဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယိင္း - ꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ သြꨓ္ꨵမိင္ꨳꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ

ꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ ။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵမီးꨀူꨓ္းꨬလꨲꨟဳဝဳꨳ - ꨀူဝ္ယမ္ပဳꨲရမꨀီꨓ္ေသ ꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨀꨓ္။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳလူဝ္ꨲꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ပꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨵꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨓꨤင္းသꨤဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိငꨳ္မꨯꨤꨡူꨉ္း

လီꨀꨓ္။ မꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨅုိဝꨳ္ဝဳꨳ မီးတꨯးꨬလꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္းꨟꨱတ္း။ ꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္းမူိဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨀလဳး၊

ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္း၊ ꨀူꨳမူိင္းမူိင္းꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨓမ္ေꨀဳꨳ ပူꨓိ္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းမဳးတင္းလုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယူꨲ ။

ပိုꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္မြꨓ္းလဳꨳꨬတꨵ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟူꨵꨓမ္ယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳလꨀိ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲ ꨁꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵ။ ေတꨁꨯꨳ

ꨬꨓေမဳꨅꨤငꨳ္ေမဳမုိဝ္း ꨡꨓ္တꨱင္ꨓမ္ꨵꨟꨱတ္းꨘꨯꨤꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨁဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေပဳးဝဳꨳမူိဝ္းꨕꨰဝ္

မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲေꨀဳꨲꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္(မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵ - ေက်ာက္ဆည္)ꨁင္ꨲꨓမ္ꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟြင္ꨳမူိင ္

သ္ꨮꨲꨓဳးꨕုꨀ္ꨲသြမ္ꨳပꨓ္ေသ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳမီးမꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵ ꨓမ္ꨀုိꨓ္းꨀိꨓ္လူိင္ꨲလူꨲ


လူိင္ꨲမဳးꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨡဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းဝဳꨳလꨯꨳပြင္ပꨱꨓ္။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨯးꨀူꨳတꨳီ

ေပဳးလꨯꨳမဳးပုိငꨳ္ꨡိင္ယူꨲꨟြမ္းꨅြမ္းꨁဝ္။ ထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ꨓရသီꨲꨟပေတꨵ(1255-

1290)ꨓꨯꨵꨅင္ꨲ မီးမဳးပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး(3)ꨅဝꨳ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

(1) ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲ

(2) ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ

(3) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သꨰင္သ္ꨮ

ေပဳꨳꨁဝ္ꨅဝꨳ္ပꨱꨓ္ ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨁမ္းပꨓ္း မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵ (သခၤဗိုလ္)၊ ꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းပꨓ္ꨕြꨓ္းလီမူိင္းပူး

ꨀမ္ꨲ (မူိင္းꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္)လꨉူ္ꨳလြင္ꨳသူင္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨀိꨓ္ ပꨱင္းေပဳးလူꨓ္ꨵလူိဝ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳ

ꨁမ္းꨅင္ꨲတꨤင္ꨳꨅုိဝ္ꨳမ္ꨮꨲပꨓ္-

(1) ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳသꨰငꨁ္ꨯꨲ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) အသခၤယ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း မ်ိꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤး(ျမင္စိုင္း)

(2) ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ(ꨟြင္ꨵ ) ရာဇသႀကၤန ္ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း မꨰꨀ္ꨵꨁရဳꨲ (မကၡရာ)

(3) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သꨰင္သ္ꨮ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) သီဟသူ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း ပိꨓ္ꨲꨬလꨲ (ပင္လယ)္

ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨕ္ꨮမီးငိꨓ္ုးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္၊ ꨕ္ꨮမꨳီꨁဝꨳ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေꨁးေတꨡမ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳ

တီꨳꨀူꨳယꨤမ္းေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨀမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨡြပ္းသ္ꨮꨲတꨳီꨅ္ꨮꨳမꨓ္းꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳ

ဝဳꨳꨁဝ္သꨤမ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨰင္းယ္ꨮꨲမဳးတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသမ္ꨵေမဳပ္ꨮꨵမိုဝ္ꨵ ပ္ꨮꨵယꨤမ္းပ္ꨮꨵတိုဝ္ꨵ

တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္ꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ပ်သꨓဳꨲလြင္ꨳꨀိတ္ꨲꨁြင္ꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨟꨓ္ထုိင ္

ထတ္းသꨤင္ꨡမ္ꨲမူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လꨯပူိင္၊ ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨅꨤငꨳ္လူဝ္ꨲပ္ꨮꨵမုိဝ္ꨵ ပ္ꨮꨵယꨤမ္းသင္၊ ေပဳးလုꨀ္ꨵ

ꨟꨱတ္းꨟူꨵမꨓ္းေတပꨱꨓ္မဳးꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨀမꨳ္ꨕြင္ꨳသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ထုꨀ္ꨲလꨟီြမ္ꨟꨰင္းေသပ္ꨮꨵမုိဝ္ꨵ လီဝꨓ္းငꨤမ္း

ꨅင္ꨲꨀြꨯးꨟꨱတ္းꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္၊ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨟိူဝ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲယꨤပ္ꨲယꨱꨓ္း ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤဝ္းသင္ေသ ꨡꨓ္

လူဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳေꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳပꨓု္ꨳတဳꨲသꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵꨬတꨵ မုိဝ္ꨵပ္ꨮꨵဝꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵꨓင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ

သꨤင္ꨲထꨀု္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳလြꨀ္းမဳးပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁဝꨅ္ဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။


တုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပ္ꨮꨵမြင္းယူꨲꨓꨯꨵမꨰꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳꨅဝꨳ္ဝူင္ꨵလူင္မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္း ꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤးꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ (Kublai

Khan 1215-1294)ꨬꨕꨲသုိꨀ္းလူင္းတုိꨀ္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ မူိဝꨳ္ပီ 1287 ။ မူိဝꨳ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵတပ္ꨵပူးꨀမ္ꨲတꨳီ

ꨀြင္းꨅꨤင္ꨵ ꨟိမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲꨓꨯꨵ တꨰꨀ္ꨵယꨯꨤꨳꨟူꨓ္လင္ေသ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲေလဳꨲလူင္းမဳးတဝ္ထုိင္မူိင္း

မꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ ထုိင္တီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓရသီꨲꨟပေတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲလꨯꨳတီꨳမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲေသ ပꨯꨤꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲပြတ္းတ္ꨮꨳ။

ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨁုꨓ္ပꨯꨤꨳꨬꨁꨲ’’(တရုပ္ေျပးမင္း)ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။

တင္ꨳꨬတꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳပꨯꨤꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲတင္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳပြတ္းတ္ꨮꨳꨓꨯꨵ လြꨀ္းပူိင္ꨕꨮင္းငမ္းေꨀဳꨳ လူꨵ လꨰဝ ္

သꨱင္ꨳ။ ꨅူꨓ္ပဳꨲလူိင္ꨲꨓမ္ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕ္ꨮဝူꨓ္ꨵတဳꨲꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ။ ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨡꨓ္

ꨕꨱဝ္ꨳလꨤင္ꨵတုိꨀ္းေတဳးတꨱꨀ္းတꨰတ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨟꨯꨤꨵပဳꨲꨅူꨓ္ေသ ပြင္သꨤင္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨕြင္းငမ္း ꨟꨱတ္း

ပꨓ္လြင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁိုꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯးသꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨯေသထုိင္တီꨳ

သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ မူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္းမူိင္းယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းမဳးယူꨲꨁုိꨓ္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨡꨓ္မီးေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲ ꨡဳꨲ

ꨓဳꨲယူꨲꨓꨯꨵ ယꨱꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁုꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨲ ꨀꨓ္သမ္ꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳꨡဝ္တꨯꨤေပဳꨳ၊ ꨓြင္ꨵꨡဝ္တꨯꨤပီꨳေသ ꨟိမ္ေꨟဳꨟိမꨟ္ꨯꨤး

ꨀꨓ္္ထꨰင္ꨳယူꨲ ꨬလꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ယိင္ꨳꨁꨰꨓ္းꨁဝ္းꨟဳလုꨀ္းꨘꨯꨤꨲတင္းသꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵမဳးꨀမꨳ္ꨓမ ္

ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨯထုိင္မဳး 1298 ꨓီꨳꨓꨯꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္တီꨳ

လီမꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮသင္ယဝ္ꨵꨬလꨳ သꨤမ္ ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵꨅင္ꨲ မဳးပူတ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳꨲ လူင္းေꨟဳေသ ယုꨀ္ꨵတင္ꨳ

ပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨅဳးꨓိတ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္မ္ꨮꨲ၊ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨡူငဝ္းေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲတင္းသꨱငꨳ္ꨓꨯꨵ မီး

ဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးမုိဝ္းသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵမူတ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတ္ꨳမဳးꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨕ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀူမ္ꨳꨀြမ္းꨓြမ္းေတဳꨲ ꨓꨯ

ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨘိငꨳ္ထုင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨁူင္းꨀꨤင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္ေသ မူိဝꨳ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ ꨅူဝ္းꨟြင္ꨵ

မြꨀ္ꨲထုိင္ သခင္ကိုယ္ေတာ္မႈိင္း ꨡꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမဳးပꨱꨓ္

ꨕြင္းမူိင္းလူင္ တꨳီမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းယင္းပꨯꨤဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨡမ္ꨲ ꨀꨮဳꨲယြမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨁီꨳꨁဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲ

ꨅꨤတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ’’ ꨓꨯေသ ပꨤꨀ္းတူꨀ္းပꨰတ္ꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝꨕ္ိုꨓ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္း သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ


ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလꨡီꨤမ္းပꨰꨀ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮလꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤးသင္။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ သꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨰင္း

ယ္ꨮꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး သမ္ꨵတုိတ္ꨵꨅꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းလꨯꨳတင္းꨓမ္ꨬလꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္တုိꨀ္းꨡမ္ꨲေပꨵလꨯꨳ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1300 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳသူꨓ္းꨬသꨲတꨳီꨬꨁꨲေသ ꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵ

သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲလူင္းမဳးတုိꨀ္း။ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္း၊ တုိꨀ္းꨓူꨀ္ꨲတုိꨀ္းꨓꨱဝ္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ မူိꨓ္

ꨓင္ꨲပြꨯးတုိꨀ္းတီꨳ ‘‘ꨀြင္းꨅꨤင္ꨵ’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္လꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္းမူꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းမုတ္းတုိꨀ္းယဳꨵတုိꨀ္းꨀဝ္းေသ

ꨟူꨓ္လူင္းမဳးꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲမဳးထုိင္ပြတ္းတြꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨡမ္ꨲမုိတ္ꨳ

ꨬလꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤဝ္ꨀꨓ္တင္းꨓမ္၊ လြင္ꨳꨀိꨓ္တꨤင္းယꨰမ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨬလꨳ ꨟꨰင္းꨅ္ꨮတꨀူ္း

ꨓမ္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။

မူိဝꨳ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲꨓꨯꨵပꨯꨤꨳမဳး - ‘‘မ်ꨓိ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤး’’ တီꨳဝꨱင္းꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨀြꨓ္းꨀိꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ

ေသ ꨅꨓ္ꨵꨓြꨀ္ꨳꨅꨓ္ꨵꨓ္ꨮးꨟပ္ꨵꨬꨟꨵတုိꨀ္းမင္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨟꨤဝꨳ္ꨟꨤဝ္ꨳꨟꨰင္းꨟꨰင္း၊ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္္ꨳတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္း

ꨬꨁꨲလူꨵယ္ꨮꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨓမ္။ ဝꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨯꨤမူိင္း မင္းရꨯꨤး တꨰမ္ꨳမꨯꨤဝꨯꨵပꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ

Shan State and the British Annexation ꨓꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨓ္းထိ 25.01.1301 ꨓီꨳ ꨓꨯ

ꨓꨓ္ꨵလီတြင္းꨀုိမ္းတꨯꨵꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။

မူိဝꨳ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ ꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ꨁဝ္ ပဳးꨡဝꨁ္ူဝ္းတြꨓ္ꨳꨁြင္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲငုိꨓ္းꨁမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူး

တမ္ꨳတီꨳꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲေသပဳးတင္းꨁꨤꨓ္ပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝꨳ္ေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳꨲꨡမ္ꨲ မီးယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵ

သꨯꨤငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းꨁꨯꨲသꨰငꨕ္ꨓ္းꨁမ္းေꨟဳသꨰင္မꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ သုတ္းဝꨯꨤးယဝ္ꨵ ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။

ꨓ္ꨮးတပ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳ ပဳးမဳးꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨀꨮꨯꨤးꨁမ္း ꨁုꨓ္တꨤဝ္ꨵ ꨓြꨯꨵꨁဝ္ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တꨯးꨅူိဝ္း

ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅြꨯꨳလꨤတꨳ္ပꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳꨟပ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨁြင္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁူဝ္းတြꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨅင္ꨲ

လꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္တꨯး မူိဝ္းꨅူးတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳဝူင္ꨵ ꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤးꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ။ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး သꨤမ္ပီꨳ

ꨓြင္ꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨯမဳးပꨀူ္းတင္ꨳ မူိင္းသꨀꨱင္း၊ [သꨀꨱင္း ꨓꨯꨵꨅဝ္ꨳပꨯꨤးပုိꨓ္းလူင္ꨑြꨀ္ꨲတူိဝ္ꨲတꨤꨓ္းထုꨓ္း

တꨰမ္ꨳဝဳꨳလꨀု္ꨵတီꨳ ေꨅꨶꨀꨰင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး။ ꨀꨰင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵပြင္ဝဳꨳ တꨳီꨡꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨅꨰဝꨳ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ

ယဝ္ꨵ။] မူိင္းပꨤင္ယဳꨳ ေသ ꨕြင္းငမ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး။ ထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨅဝꨳ္တꨓ္ူꨁုꨓ္

ပꨯ(ꨅဝ္ꨳသတူဝ္းမင္းꨘဳꨵ) ꨓꨯꨵ ꨅင္ꨲꨁꨯꨤꨵမဳးယူꨲတီꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵေသꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲ

1555 ယဝ္ꨵ။



မူိဝꨳ္ꨕြင္းပꨱꨓ္မဳးလြင္ꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨕဳေꨕ(မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း)ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡ ဳꨲယုတုိꨀ္ꨵ

ေတလꨯꨳ(10)ပီေသ ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းလꨯꨤး တꨤင္းေမဳဝꨯꨵယူꨲ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ထုိင္မဳးပီ 1310 သမ္ꨵ

ပꨱꨓ္မဳးလြင္ꨳꨁိုꨀ္ꨵလုိꨀ္ꨵ 2 ပူိင ္ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲလꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲမꨓု္တꨯး။

(1) ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨡဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ ꨀꨮဳꨲမြပꨳ္ပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသင္ꨲꨁဳꨲꨓင္ꨳꨀြၽင္းꨓမ္ꨵ ꨁမ္း

ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးပြင္ꨲ ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲတꨳီꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္တင္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ’’

ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵမီးယူꨲ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳယူꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းသီꨟူဝ္ꨲ ꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲꨅူမ္း

သူိဝ္းꨀꨓ္၊ ပီꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨓြင္ꨵ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨓ္ꨓဳꨳꨀꨓ္ꨁိုꨓ္း။

(2) ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳၾတဳး၊ ꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ေတꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳယူꨲꨟုိငယ္ဝ္ꨵ။ ꨡꨓ္

ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳေပဳꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဳꨲယုလꨯꨳမဳး (19)ꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္၊ ꨀုိင္ꨲတꨤꨓ္ꨲေပꨵတူဝ္ေပꨵ

ꨀꨓ္းꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေသပြꨯꨲꨀူꨓ္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨟဳꨟြင္ꨵမဳးꨀူꨳေꨀဳꨵ။ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းꨡဝ္‘‘ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း’’

ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲဝꨯꨵတꨳီꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ တဳꨲဝꨯꨵꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳမြပ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨁဝ္။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ ငꨤဝ္းလုိဝ္းဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨡမ္ꨲသူိဝ္းတူဝ္သဳꨲꨅ္ꨮꨓꨯ

ꨬလꨳ မူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းေꨀဳꨳယꨀ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲလြမ္မုင္ꨳတူꨉ္းမဳး။ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵပိꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ ယင္းပꨯꨲမီးꨟꨰင္းꨓꨯ

ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡူငဝ္းေꨡဳꨳꨅဳꨲ ငူိꨓ္ꨳပုꨓိ္းꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ယꨤမ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္မဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵ

ꨀုိတ္းလူိဝ္ယူꨲ။ ꨕ္ꨮꨕ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨁဝꨳ္ꨅ္ꨮပဳးေꨁဳး တဳꨲေတꨟိမ္ꨡဝ္ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨡဝ္ေꨟဳ။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨘဳꨵလူင္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ ဝꨱင္းꨓꨓ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵပꨱꨓ္

လꨤꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ေꨀဳꨳ မီးတꨤင္းꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮꨀီꨳဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ေတလꨯꨳ

ပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨓꨯေသ ꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းမဳးပ္ꨮꨵလုမ္းလဳးဝꨯꨵ ေတဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲ

ေပဳးꨅꨤမ္ꨳပꨳူꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1311 ေပဳးဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ လꨯꨳသꨰင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨁုꨓ္

တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ ꨅင္ꨲပုꨓိ္ꨕꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵ သုိပ္ꨲပုတ္ꨳပူင္ဝꨤင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္တင္းလꨯꨤ’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။


မူိဝꨳ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုမ္းထဝ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳထဝ္ꨳမူိဝ္းꨁဝ[္ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨀူꨳတꨓူ္ လꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း

ေသ ယꨀု္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ(တꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳ)ဝꨯꨵပꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨓပ္ꨵယမ္]ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ တြပ္ꨲꨬꨀꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮ ေတပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨕူꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေတလꨯꨳမီးꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း’’ ꨓꨯꨬ လꨳꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨬလꨳသြꨀ္း

ꨟဳ ꨅုမꨳ္မူိင္း။ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨱပ္းꨅ္ꨮဝꨯꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးမꨓ္း ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္

ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲပြꨓ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ သြပ္ꨵသꨰပ္ꨵပုိတ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅꨤငꨳ္ေꨁးမီးတီꨳ

သꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵꨕဳꨬꨕ။ ေꨀဳꨵဳ ံꨬတꨵငꨓိ္းꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - လူꨵꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵမီး

ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - မူꨀ္းယူꨲꨟိမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳ ꨅမ္တူင္ꨲတꨤင္ꨲ လြꨯလꨤဝꨓ္ꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲ သူင္ꨲသုိꨀ္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲဝꨰတ္ꨵ

ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ ။

ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲ လူꨉ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨁိူဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ W.W.Cochrane သပ္းလꨰင္းတꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓ ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္းꨡꨓ္မꨓ္း

တꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓဝꨯꨵ The Shans ꨓꨓ ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - Shan Kings could name as their successors

anyone they wished, but any appointee might be rejected by the Official

Board, who were supposed to be the representatives of the people, though

not chosen by them. ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳယုိꨓ္ယꨓ္ (confirm) ပꨓ္ဝꨯꨵယူꨲ ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - မီးတီꨳဝတ္ꨵမꨓု္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵ ꨁမ္းꨓꨯꨬလꨳ တꨤမ္တူဝꨅ္ဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ

ꨡြꨓ္သုိꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨰတ္ꨵ ေသ သင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳသြင္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ မြပ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨓြမ္းꨅူး။ ‘‘တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းဝဳꨳ - ေပဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨕ္ꨮ၊ လုꨀ္ꨵꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮမဳꨳေသ မဳးꨡꨤင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵေꨟဳသꨰင္ေꨟဳꨁမ္း။ ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳ မꨤပ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨕꨤမ္းလိꨓ္။ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေပဳးဝဳꨳꨟင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

မူိဝꨳ္ꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨰꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္လူငꨀ္ꨮဳꨲꨡဝ္ ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨡꨓ္သူိင္ꨲဝꨯꨵ

ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးတီꨳဝတ္ꨵေသꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳꨡဝ္တူဝ္လြတ္ꨳ

လꨯꨳယူꨲေသတဳꨵ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ေတꨡမ္ꨲလြတ္ꨳꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲ ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲပꨯꨤꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨓီေသ ယြမ္း

ꨟꨮ္ꨳတိꨉြပ္းတင္းꨬမꨳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

သင္ꨲꨁဳꨲမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓင္ꨳဝတ္ꨵꨓင္ꨳꨀြၽင္း ꨅင္ꨲတြပ္ꨲလꨤတꨳ္ꨟင္းꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘လြင္ꨳ ꨓꨯꨵမꨓ္း ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္တꨀဳꨲ။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳမီꨳတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳထတ္းသꨤင္ꨅြမ္းၾတဳး ေသ ပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲꨓင္ꨲꨀိုင္ꨲထူိꨀ္ꨳ၊ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ဝတ္ꨵဝဳးဝိꨟꨤꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ မꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလိꨓ္ၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္


ေပဳꨳေတꨡဝ္ꨀူꨓ္းꨀꨮဳꨲ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ပꨓ္ꨀတိသတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲေꨁဳꨳꨀိꨓ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ေတꨡဝꨅ္ြမ္းၾတဳးေသ တꨰပ္းတတ္းပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲ ၊ ေတꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးလြင္ꨳလူလꨯꨤတꨱꨀ္းငꨰꨓ္းꨁိꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္’’ ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨳေပဳꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳꨀြၽင္းꨓမ္ꨵ ꨁမ္း ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨓပ္ꨵꨓဳꨳထုိင္တဳ တင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ

တင္းမူိင္းꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္လꨯꨳေသ ꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳပꨓ္ꨀတိꨀꨮꨤမ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ တꨉိြပ္းꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ

ꨁꨤင္ ꨁမ္း ꨁဝ္ꨬ မꨳလꨀု္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲသ္ꨮꨲꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨁင္ဝꨯꨵ။

ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁမ္းသ္ꨮ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ယိင္းသꨤဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ

ꨓꨯꨵ မူိဝꨳ္ꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳတိꨉြပ္းမဳး ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳတင္း ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ

ꨅင္ꨲမီးꨅ္ꨮေꨡးလူ ငိꨓ္းꨟꨀ္ꨵပꨰင္းꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳသ္ꨮꨲသူပ္းသ္ꨮꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းꨕူꨳꨀုမ္းꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨁင ္

ꨁဝ ္ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးလြင္ꨳꨁိꨓ္တူဝ္ꨁိꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮ တꨱꨀ္းငꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨁꨱꨓ္ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။’’

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲမဳးꨡုပ္ꨲꨀုမ္ꨲ တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨕူꨳမီးတꨤင္းꨟူꨵ တꨤင္းꨟꨓ္ꨁဝ္ဝဳꨳ

‘‘ေတꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ꨁုိင္ပြင္လြငꨳ္တꨤင္းꨕိတ္းသ္ꨮꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁတ္းသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳသꨤꨓ္ ꨁတ္းꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း’’။

ꨅင္ꨲမီးေꨀဳꨵꨓုိင္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ‘‘မူိဝꨳ္လꨱဝ္မီꨳဝꨯꨵမꨀီꨮꨯꨤးတူဝ္ဳ ံꨬလꨳ သူိဝ္တူဝ္ဳ ံꨡꨓ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳတိမဳးꨁꨯ။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္မီꨬ လꨳသူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။ ေပဳးမꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း ꨅꨱတ္ꨳꨅꨤင္ꨲ ꨅုိဝꨳ္ꨅ္ꨮꨳယူꨲꨬတꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨟမ္းေပꨵလꨯꨳ။ ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨬတꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ ꨘဳꨵꨕီပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲမꨓ္း။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းတꨀ္းလꨯꨳတꨯꨤ။ မꨓု္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨬꨓး တꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨟဝ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ။ သင္ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟတ္းꨟမ္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း မဳးမြပ္ꨳꨡꨤပ္ꨳꨓြပ္ꨲ ယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္’’။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ တင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟꨓ္လီ တꨰပ္းတတ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲလꨤတꨳ္တꨳီ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။

တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨟပ္ꨵပꨤꨀ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ေတ ꨟမ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပြꨯꨲပꨓ္ ꨬမꨳꨅဝꨳ္လဳꨟꨤင္း

ေသꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။ လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵပꨰꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - လꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨵမဳးတုꨀ္းတဝ္ꨳလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳယူꨲဝဳꨳ - ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ

ꨟပ္ꨵ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵလဳးလဳး ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္း။ မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀဝ္ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮ ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵꨀဝꨁ္္ꨮꨳꨟူꨵ၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨘဳꨵꨕီꨟူꨵ။ ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမီးလြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲ ထူိမ္သင္။ ꨬမꨳꨅဝꨳ္လဳ ꨬꨕးꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳပူꨓ္ꨵꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဳꨵꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨁꨯꨤသꨱင္ေသ’’။


ထုိင္ဝꨓ္းမꨓ္းမဳး ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္မဳးꨁြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တီꨳꨀꨤင္ပꨤင္ꨲ လူင္ꨓဳꨳဝꨱင္း၊ တဳꨲမဳး

တူꨉ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨟမ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းမီꨬလꨳသူိဝ္။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨯြꨲမဳꨳမꨀီꨮꨯꨤးလူင္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း၊ လꨯးꨟမ္းလမ္း

မငꨁ္ꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵꨀꨓ္ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းလꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨡဝ္တꨯꨤ

လꨯꨤꨳမီꨀꨮꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨰတꨳ္ꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨀမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳသမ္ꨵပြꨯꨲမဳးသူိဝ္ထꨰငꨳ္။ သူိဝ္ꨡꨓ္တြင္ꨵမꨯꨳသꨯꨳꨀူင္

မဳးလꨯꨤဝꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲမဳးꨟꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ တꨱတ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨁꨤင္းသꨱင္ꨟြင္ꨵမꨓ္းေသ မဳးꨓူမ ္

တိꨓ္ꨓူမꨁ္ဳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨀူꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤꨀူꨳပဳꨳꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲယြင္ꨳꨡꨤမ္းꨡမ္ꨲသုတ္း

ꨡမ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨳလꨯꨳ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေꨀဳꨳတꨤင္းꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲထုိင္တီꨳယဝ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨅ္ꨮလမ္သꨯꨳꨀမ္ꨲေသ ꨡꨤင္ꨳ

ေတသင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းမꨓ္းꨁဝꨳ္တုိꨀ္းꨘꨓ္းꨡဝ္၊ မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨁဝ္ ꨀိုင္ꨵꨀꨤင္ꨵ

ꨟြတ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္မဳးေသ ဝꨰꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲတိꨀမ္ꨡဝ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨓဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤ။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵမꨓ္းꨅိ

သင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းမꨓ္း ꨟူꨓ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨳသꨱငꨳ္။ ေပဳးယဝ္ꨵ ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨅဝꨳ္ꨓꨤင္း

ꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳမူꨓ္ꨵꨡြꨀ္ꨲလုꨀ္းမဳꨳေꨁဳယြꨓ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပြꨯꨲပꨓ္ ꨅီꨲဝိတ္ꨵတ

သꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေသ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨅြမ္းလုꨀ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵမꨓ္းမူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္းတီꨳ - ဝꨱင္းꨓꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူငꨅ္င္ꨲ ထူꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨡဝ ္ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္

ပီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္ေသꨁုိꨓ္းဝိတ္ꨲဝꨯꨤꨲသုိပ္ꨲꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ

မုꨓ္ꨅꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲ ယြမ္းꨟပ္ꨵ ။ ‘‘ꨀဝ္ꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္မုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓုင္ꨳꨕဳꨳ လူိင္ေသ လြတ္ꨳေꨕးမဳး ꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္မဳးꨀူꨳလြင္ꨳလြင္ꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳထြတ္ꨲꨕဳꨳလူိင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀဝ ္ꨡမ္ꨲထြတ္ꨲꨕဳꨳလူိင္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ေတမီꨳꨕြꨓ္းလီပုꨓ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ၊ ပုꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္တင္းꨓမ ္ယူꨲ’’။ တြပ္ꨲလꨤတꨳ္ꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

‘‘ꨕြꨓ္းလီပုꨓ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - မူိဝꨳ္ပꨤꨓ္ၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ ꨟူိဝꨳ္ꨟူိင္း ယြꨓ္ꨵလꨉူ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းꨓ္ꨮး ထꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္း ꨁြပ္ꨲဝူင္းꨅꨓ္ꨵသုင္ꨅꨓ္ꨵယြတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္မဳး ꨟꨤပ္ꨲꨀꨤꨓ္သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨟꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨀꨤꨓ္သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းတꨰမ္ꨲꨀူꨓ္း တုိꨀ္းꨓꨯေသပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ꨬလꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ ꨅင္ꨲꨟူိဝꨳ္ꨟူိင္းမဳး။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ ꨀဝ္သုိပ္ꨲယူꨲ ꨓ္ꨮး ꨕဳꨳလူိင္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓမ္ေꨀဳꨳေꨀꨲ ꨟူꨵမꨓ္းေတမီးꨕြꨓ္းလီယူꨲꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။


‘‘ꨕြꨓ္းလီပုꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ သမ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ေပဳးꨓꨯꨅုိင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္၊ ေတလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳ။ ꨀဝ္သမ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳၾꨕဳးꨬလꨳ မီးထမ္ꨲမꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳ။ ေပဳးꨟဝ္းပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ထြမ္ꨲသူပ္းꨡဝꨀ္ꨮꨤမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨅုိင ္ꨀꨤꨓ္သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲေꨀဳꨳေတꨟူိဝꨳ္ꨟူိင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟူꨵတꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ။ သတ္းတဝဳꨲတင္းလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳ ေတလꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲ ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨅြမ္း ꨀꨓ္’’။

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ ꨅုမꨳ္မူိင္းꨓြပ္ꨲ ယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္း။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္

ꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - သူိဝꨁ္ꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨓꨯေသ ꨅုင္ꨡဝ္ꨓြင္ꨵ ꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳေꨟဳ။ ယꨀု္ꨵယြင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳ

ꨡဝ္ꨓြင္ꨵ ꨅꨯꨤး ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨰမ္မူိင္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨘဳꨵမူိင္းꨀြင္ေသယဝ္ꨵ ယုꨀ္ꨵꨡဝ္ ꨓꨤင္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁမ္း

သ္ꨮ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။


ꨀꨓ္သꨤမ္

With supreme confidence in himself, Hsohkhanhpa commanded the other

princilpalities to submit and acknowledge his (suzerainty ? ). He apparently

had foreseen their refusal and had prepared for it. With a large army, he

attacked and conquered their appendages in turn.

W.W.Cochrane – ''The Shans."


ဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ယဝ္ꨵ၊ တꨤင္းမꨓု္ꨅꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨁဝ္

ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵလꨯꨳသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ပꨓ္တꨤင္းꨟူꨵꨀꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨟူဝ္ယြꨯꨳမꨓ္း

ေသတဳꨵ ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္း ꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨬတꨵ ꨟူꨵလꨤမ္းလꨯꨳ

ယူꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ေတꨡမ္ꨲလြတ္ꨳသြꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵꨟူꨵတုိꨓ္းေတပꨱꨓ္ ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵ ꨕူꨳꨓမ္းꨓဳꨳ(6)

ပူိင္၊ ေꨁဳꨳတုိဝ္းꨀမ္ၾတဳးꨁုꨓ္လီ(10)ပူိင္၊ ꨡꨀတိၾတဳး(4)ယူိင္ꨳ၊ ေလဳးꨀပဳꨲလ(4)ပူိင္၊ ꨡပရꨟိဳꨓိ

ယၾတဳး(7)ယူိင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ပꨯꨤးမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီး(4)လြင္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။

ꨅူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးေလဳးꨀမူိင္းꨁူင္းꨀꨤင္လူင္ꨓꨯꨵ သမ္ꨲလ္ꨮပူိင္လ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲဝဳꨳ တဳꨲေတလꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲ ꨟꨤင္ꨳ

ꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨓꨯꨵ မီးတီꨳသိꨀ္ꨳꨁဳꨲ(3)ပူိင္-

သီလ - တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီးပꨀ္းပူိင္။

သမဳꨲထိ - တꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁတ္းꨅ္ꨮ၊ တင္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္၊ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္။

ပꨓ္ꨲꨉဳꨲ - တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီးꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲ။ ꨬလꨳ ꨅရိယ(3)ပူိင္

ဗဒၶတၳစရိယ - ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ လီ။

ဉာတတၳစရိယ - ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းလီ။


ေလာကတၳစရိယ - ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳေလဳးꨀလီ။

ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳ - မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေတသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ပြꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ ꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ

ꨘဳꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္သိꨀ္ꨳꨁဳ(3)ပူိင္ ꨬလꨳꨅရိယ(3)ပူိင္ပꨱꨓ္ငဝꨳ္ငဳꨲေသပူꨀ္းပြင္ပꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္

ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲ ။

ꨕူꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳသူိꨀ္းပုိꨓ္း ပီꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲ ယြတ္ꨳတꨯး ꨬတꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ေꨀဳꨵ

ꨡꨓ္ꨓမ္းꨓဳꨳ လꨯꨤးလုꨀ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨘိင္ꨳꨬငꨳ (Cultural revolution)ꨓ္ꨮးꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးမဳးꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း

ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

လꨯꨤးလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨘိင္ꨳꨬငꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ - လြင္ꨳလꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨳပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵ၊ ပꨯꨤးလꨤတꨳ္၊ ပꨯꨤးꨟꨱတ္းတꨯး ယဳꨲ

ꨟꨮ္ꨳမူꨓိ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ယူꨲမဝꨀ္ိꨓ္မꨤင္ ဝꨓူ္ꨵꨘꨓ္ꨅြမ္း ꨡလြင္းꨡယဳꨲေသ မꨀူ္းꨅူိမꨳ္ယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး

မꨓ္း၊ ꨡမ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္မဳးထတ္းသꨤင ္ꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း 3 သꨰꨓ္း

3 ထꨤꨓ္ꨳေသ ပꨤꨀ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨬꨓတꨤင္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲမူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲ-

သꨰꨓ္း (1) ေတဳꨲ ꨡဳꨲယု (20)

1ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳလꨀိ္ꨳလꨯꨤး

2ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲမီးပꨀ္းပူိင္၊ မီးꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵ၊ သ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮꨓ္ꨮးꨓဳꨲꨀꨤꨓ္

3ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊ လူဝ္ꨲꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္

4ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳꨀꨤꨓ္သုိꨀ္း

သꨰꨓ္း (2) ထိုငꨡ္ဳꨲယု (40)

1ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳꨀြꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္း

2ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳꨟဳတꨤင္းမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီး

3ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳပꨀ္ူးပြင္ꨓဳꨳꨟူိꨓ္း


သꨰꨓ္း (3) ꨡဳꨲယု (40) ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳꨓိူဝ ္

1ꨵ ေမဳပꨱꨓ္ထဝ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳထဝ္ꨳꨓဳး

2ꨵ ေမဳပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္မူိင္း

3ꨵ ေမဳပꨱꨓ္ꨁူးသြꨓ္

ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨬလꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးပꨯꨤꨀမ ္ꨡꨓ္ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲ လꨉူ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨅ္ꨮေꨡဳꨲꨬꨡꨲ ꨡူꨓ္ꨳ

ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီး။ - လိꨀ္ꨳꨁꨱဝ္ လိꨀ္ꨳꨡလြင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨕဝ္ꨘꨯးပꨰတ္ꨳ။ ꨅူိဝ္း

တꨰမ္ꨳပိꨓု္ေꨕꨳေꨀဳꨳꨉဳးတꨤမ္ꨲ။ ‘‘ပꨯꨤေသလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳꨡဝ္တꨯးတူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲ သူသမ္ꨵေတꨅꨯြꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳ မဳးတꨱꨀ္းထꨰင္ꨳꨬꨓꨲ’’ - ꨓꨯေသ ꨅ္ꨮꨵတꨰမꨳ္လိꨀ္ꨳပူꨀ္းပြင္ထꨰင္ꨳꨟꨰင္းꨓုမ္ꨲꨟꨯꨤးꨅꨯꨤးယိင္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵ

ꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊ ꨅ္ꨮꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝꨳ္လꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းလꨤတ္ꨳ ေꨁဳꨳꨟြင္ꨵ ꨅုိဝ္ꨳသꨱင္ ဝꨓ္းလူိꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ယူိင္ꨳပူꨓိ္ꨳေသဝဳꨳ

ဝꨓ္းတꨓꨤင္းꨓူꨉ္ꨲ၊ တꨓꨤင္းလဳꨲ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳမီး။ ဝꨓ္းတိတ္ꨵ၊ ဝꨓ္းꨅꨓ္ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳဝဳꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ

မူိဝꨳ္ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵလꨯꨳငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳမီးဝꨓ္း မူိင္း၊ ပုိꨀ္း၊ ꨀတ္း၊ ꨁူတ္း၊ ꨟုင္ꨵ၊ တဝ္ꨲ ၊ ꨀဳ ꨓꨯꨀူꨉ္း။

ꨁꨤဝ္းတꨤင္း 2 ပီလမု္းလုမ္းꨓ္ꨮးပီꨟꨰꨀ္ꨳ(ပီꨬတꨲငဝꨳ္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း)ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသဝꨓ္းယ္ꨮꨲဝꨓ္း

လူင္ꨓꨯꨵ သꨤမ္ပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵ ꨕြမ္ꨵ ꨀꨓ္ပူꨀ္းပြင္ သူꨓ္းတုမ္ပꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ လြင္ꨳလꨀိ္ꨳလꨯꨤးပꨯꨤး

ဝူꨓ္ꨵပꨯꨤးꨟꨓ္။ ပီထိသြင္မဳး - ꨕုိꨀ္းသြꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္သုိꨀ္းပꨓ္ꨓုမ္ꨲ ꨟꨯꨤးꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ ꨀူꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳꨡူိင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ

ပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းတူဝ္ꨳတꨓ္းတဳꨲေသꨲဝꨯꨵယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

သꨤမꨅ္ဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ တꨉူ္းꨡဝ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းတီꨳတ္ꨮꨳꨅူိဝ္း

ꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳေတꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ယူꨲ။

ပီꨳꨟူꨵꨓုိင္ꨳ၊ ꨓြင္ꨵ ٭ ꨟူꨵသြင္ - ꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ပြင္ꨅꨱဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ။

ပီꨳꨟူꨵသြင္၊ ꨓြင္ꨵ ٭ ꨟူꨵꨓုိင္ꨳ - ꨁꨱင္ꨲ ပုိင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳတꨀ္းလီ။


ေပဳးတူꨉ္းꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵတင္းꨅဝꨳ္သꨤမ္လူူင္ꨘဳꨵသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨅုိင္ ေတလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ပꨰꨀ္ꨲ

ပူိငꨳ္ꨀꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨟꨤဝ္ꨳ။ ꨅဝꨳ္သꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵသမ္ꨵ ꨟꨤမ္ꨵ ꨅ္ꨮယꨱꨓ္။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳဝဳꨲသꨓဳꨲတꨤင္းသူင္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးပꨯꨤꨳပူိငꨳ္ꨀꨓ္။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ

ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨅꨱဝ္းꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းဝꨯး။

ꨅင္းꨀꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲ ٭ လꨯꨳေꨁဳꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁꨱꨓ္ေလဳꨳမဳးꨅမ ္

ꨟဝ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀꨓ္၊ ေꨕးသင္လꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳယꨤပ္ꨲ ٭

ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨟꨀ္း ꨟꨀ္းꨓ္ꨮးသူိဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨟူဝ္တꨰꨀ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူꨀ္ꨲꨟူဝ္ ٭

ပိုꨓ္ꨓမ္ တꨱမ္ꨀမ္၊ ꨕ္ꨮငမ္ꨟꨀ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ ٭

ေတလူမ္ꨵꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ပꨀူ္း၊ ေတတူꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ꨟြပ္ꨲ ٭

ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓမ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳလီ၊ ꨟဝ္းꨓမ္ꨟဝ္းလီ(ပူိꨓ္ꨳလꨡီမ္ꨲတꨤꨓ္ꨲꨟဝ္းꨅဳꨵꨀꨓ္) ٭

မꨯꨵတူꨓ္ꨳဳ ံꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လူင္ꨁꨱဝ္၊ ꨀူꨓ္းꨟူိꨓ္းလꨱဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ ٭

ယူꨲ ٭ ဝꨤꨓ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀမ္ꨵဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ ယူꨲမူိင္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀမ္ꨵ မူိင္း

ယြꨓ္ꨵလꨉူ္ꨳတꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳမီး ꨁူိဝ္းꨟူိꨓ္းꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္း၊ (ꨘꨤင္၊ ꨁမ္း၊ သꨰင္၊ ေတဳꨲ၊ တဝ္ꨲ၊

သူိဝ္၊ လꨤဝ)္ꨡမ္ꨲ မူိꨓ္တꨯးတ္ꨮꨳꨟဝ္း ꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨟူိꨓ္းꨟꨯꨤ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳ တꨳီꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ လြင္ꨳ

ꨕြမ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္း 2 ပီꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳဝဳꨳဝꨯးꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨡꨓ္ꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ဝꨯးထꨰင္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳ

ေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵေတပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳပꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းꨓꨤင္းယိင္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳေပဳးꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသင္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသုင္၊ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းမီးဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ-

ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨤငꨳ္လီ ပူိဝ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး၊ ꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨟꨤင္ꨳလ ီပူိဝꨳ္ꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ ٭

ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨀတ္ꨵလꨯꨤးꨅူိင္း၊ လꨱꨓ္ꨳသုိꨀ္းမူိင္းေပꨵငꨯꨤꨳ ٭

ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္း၊ ꨡူမုꨓ္ꨟူိင္းတꨱမ္ꨘဳꨵ ٭



ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1313 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵေꨟဳမဳးꨬတꨲတင္ꨳယူꨲထꨰင္ꨳတꨳီ ေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္

တီꨳယူꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။ ꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟိုင္ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းလိꨀ္ꨳသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးေꨀဳꨵ

ပꨱꨓ္ꨓဳꨵꨡꨤဝ ္ꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ။

‘‘မူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းꨟဝ္း မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းꨓုိင္းꨅုိင္ꨳလꨱဝ္။

ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတꨳ္မဳးပꨱꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨁြပ္ꨲဝူင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨁဝ္မꨓ္ꨳꨀုိမ္း ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳ။ တꨯးꨟဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ

ေပဳးေတပꨱꨓ္ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း၊ ယူꨲတီꨳ တြꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္းယူꨲ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯꨬတꨵ ေတꨅꨤင္ꨳဝြတ္ꨳ

ဝꨯꨤးꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။ မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳေပဳးမဳးꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲေꨕꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ 3 တြꨓ္ꨳဝဳꨳ -

ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨤငꨳ္လီ ပူိဝ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး၊ ꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨟꨤင္ꨳလ ီပူိဝꨳ္ꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ ٭

ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨀတ္ꨵလꨯꨤးꨅူိင္း၊ လꨱꨓ္ꨳသုိꨀ္းမူိင္းေပꨵငꨯꨤꨳ ٭

ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္း၊ ꨡူမုꨓ္ꨟူိင္းတꨱမ္ꨘဳꨵ ٭


ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1313 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵေꨟဳမဳးꨬတꨲတင္ꨳယူꨲထꨰင္ꨳတꨳီ ေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္

တီꨳယူꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။ ꨡမ္ꨲꨟုိငꨡ္မ္ꨲ ꨓꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းလိꨀ္ꨳသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးေꨀဳꨵ

ပꨱꨓ္ꨓဳꨵꨡꨤဝ ္ꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ။

‘‘မူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းꨟဝ္း မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းꨓုိင္းꨅုိင္ꨳလꨱဝ္။ ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတꨳ္မဳးပꨱꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨁြပ္ꨲ ဝူင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨁဝ္မꨓ္ꨳꨀုိမ္း ꨡမ္ꨲ တꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳ။ တꨯးꨟဝ္းꨓꨯꨵေပဳး ေတပꨱꨓ္ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း၊ ယူꨲတီꨳ တြꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္းယူꨲꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯꨬတꨵ ေတꨅꨤင္ꨳဝြတ္ꨳဝꨯꨤးꨟꨯꨤ ꨀꨮဳꨲတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။ မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳေပဳးမဳးꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ 3 တြꨓ္ꨳဝဳꨳ-

1ꨵ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း

2ꨵ သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ၊ ꨬလꨳ


3ꨵ သိပ္းသြင္ပꨓ္းꨓဳးယဝ္ꨵ။’’

ေပဳးတꨯးတꨰꨀ္ꨲ ေတလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡိုꨓ္ꨡဝꨀ္မ္းꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲ။ ဝꨯꨤးလုိꨓ္းမဳး ေတꨀိုတ္းꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨟဝ္းꨟဳးꨓဳꨵလꨤꨓ္ꨕိတ္းꨕꨰꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ထမ္ꨲမတဳꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပူꨓ္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ဝူဝ္းယꨱပ္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮꨯꨤးယꨱပ္ꨲꨓꨰꨓ္ꨳ။ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨤပ္းမီးꨓမ္ꨵ ꨀဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးꨅ္ꨮꨀဳꨳꨓြꨀ္ꨳ။ ‘‘မꨯꨵတꨓူ္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲ ပꨱꨓ္လူင္ꨁꨱဝ္၊ ꨀူꨓ္းေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ ္ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ’’။ ꨟဝ္းꨓဳꨵလꨤꨓ္လီꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨬတꨵ တင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္း ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးꨟဝ္းꨀꨮဳꨲမူꨓိ္ပꨤꨓ္ပူꨲ မြꨓ္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းꨬလꨳ ယုꨀ္ꨵတူဝ္ေယဳးꨁိင္းမဳးꨅူးလꨤꨓ္ေသꨀမ္း’’။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨅူး။ ‘‘ꨡꨯꨤꨳယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း၊ မ္ꨮးပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္တူꨶ။ ေပဳးတူꨶꨀꨮဳꨲꨬတꨵ မီꨳလꨤပ္ꨲမီꨳလꨰဝ္းတဳꨲမ္ꨮးꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ’’ဝဳꨳꨓꨯေသ ꨟꨤင္ꨳသုိꨀ္းꨁိုꨓ္ꨳမဳးတုိꨀ္း။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟပ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းေသ ထုꨀ္ꨲတပ္ꨵသꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶꨁဝ္ဝꨰတ္ꨵလြမ္ꨵဝꨯꨵ။ သုိꨀ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သမ္ꨵ မဳး

ဝꨰတ္ꨵလြမ္ꨵထꨰင္ꨳ တꨤင္းꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသꨁဝꨳ္တုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳꨬလꨳ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသုတ္းꨟူꨓ္ꨀꨮဳ ꨲ။ ꨀမ္း

လုိꨓ္းမꨓ္းလꨯꨳသူင္ꨲမဳးပꨓ္ ꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲꨁမ္းꨕြင ္ ေသ ꨟပ္ꨵသတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨟြမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ ္

ꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1314 မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္လꨯꨳသူင္ꨲ ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ ္ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨅဝꨳ္ꨘဳꨵလူင္ မူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤးꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ

တဳꨲေတꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ထꨰင္ꨳ။ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤးꨁုိꨓ္းလꨯꨳတိꨉြပ္းꨡဝ္ ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ ္10 ေꨀဳꨵ၊ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨘꨓ္းတꨯꨤ

ပꨰတ္ꨳ 7 ေꨀဳꨵေသ ပြꨯꨲမူိဝ္းꨁိုꨓ္း 3 ေꨀဳꨵ။

‘‘ယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမ္ꨮးꨟꨤငꨳ္ꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းပ္ꨮꨵထဳꨳꨀဝ္’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲꨟꨰꨓ္းꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵꨅꨤင္ꨵဳ ံꨟꨱင ္

ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း။ ꨅြမ္းတꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨕꨰဝ္တီꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဝꨘ္ꨯးꨅုတ္ꨲꨕဝ္လူငꨀ္ꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳ

ꨡူိင္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

တီꨳꨓꨯꨳꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳꨬꨓꨟဝ္းဝဳꨳ ꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨵလꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္းꨅူိင္ꨵ

ꨟုိဝ္တြပ္ꨲတꨰꨓ္းꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလီေသးလꨯꨤꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

ꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵꨅꨤင္ꨵ 8 ပꨤꨀ္ꨲေသ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨁꨱင္ꨲ တဳꨲꨟပ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းꨬလꨳ ꨡြင္ꨲေပꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမိတ္ꨳတင္းလꨯꨤ လꨯꨳတိꨉြပ္းꨡဝ ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ ယဝ္ꨵ တꨰပ္းꨟူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ

ေသ ꨡဝ္သူင္ꨲမဳးꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨡဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨅ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲ လီ။ ꨁုိꨓ္း


ယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳꨀꨯꨲ(ꨓြင္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ)ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ေသယဝ္ꨵ ပူင္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝဳꨳ -

‘‘တုိꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ တုိꨀ္းလꨯꨤး မူဝ္ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅမ္ꨵ ꨓမ္ꨵယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ လီလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ သုတ္း’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ ꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းယုမ္ꨲယမ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲဝꨯꨵꨀူꨳမူိင္းမူိင္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀဳꨵꨁꨯꨤ

သူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ ပꨓ္ꨀူꨳလြင္ꨳလြင္ꨳ၊ ပုိꨓ္ꨬꨕꨳပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ။ မုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳေꨀဳꨳ သူင္ꨲꨕူꨳ

ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး ꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳတီꨳꨀူꨳလꨰꨓ္။ လူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ သူင္ꨲꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ယုိꨓ္ꨳလꨀိ္ꨳလꨯꨤးꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨀူꨳမူိင္း

မူိင္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ တ္ꨮꨳတုင္းသူိဝ္ꨕူိꨀ္ꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ - ယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။



ထုိင္မဳး 1317 တူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳလတ္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းပꨱꨓ္သြင ္

ငဳးေသယဝ္ꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳလြမ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨬသ၊ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းꨓြင္ꨬသ ယꨓု္ꨀူꨉ္ꨵ

(Governor General Yun Kuei) ꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းꨟူꨵတူဝ္ေသ ထꨀု္ꨲလြမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္း

ယြမ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵပꨓ္။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵယုꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨅူဝ္းပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးတီꨳ

ဝꨱင္းလူင္ေꨟဳသꨰင္ပီꨲꨀိင္း(ပိူꨉ္ꨲꨀ်ိင္း)ေသလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨟဝ္းꨡꨤမ္းꨁꨯြပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨁ္ꨮꨳယူိင္ꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨬꨁꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀြꨓ္းꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨅုမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳမဳးယြꨓ္းꨁုꨓ္းꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨕဳ ꨅူဝꨳ္ပူꨲပꨤꨓ္ မြꨓ္ꨲ။ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳတꨤင္းပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲေတꨡမ္ꨲမီးတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨟူꨅဳꨵꨓူိဝ္လြင္ꨳလူိတ္ꨲမꨯꨳတူဝ္ ꨀဝ္ေသ ေတပြꨯꨲꨕဳꨳပꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္း’’ ယူꨲ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

တꨤင္းပူꨉိ္ꨲꨀ်ိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ မီးလြင္ꨳသုꨀ္ꨵꨡူꨓ္ယုငꨳ္ယꨤင္ꨳဝꨯꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ လꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤꨲလꨯꨤတꨤင္း

တုိꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲ မြင္ꨶ ꨀူဝ္း ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပူိင ္

ဳ ံꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ꨡꨓ္သူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ မီးလြင္ꨳꨘꨤင္ꨟꨤင္ꨳလꨰပꨳ္လီလꨰတ္းသꨰဝ္း ေမဳလꨤတꨳ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္း

ထုꨀ္ꨲ။ ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘မꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝꨁ္ꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ငမ္းမူိင္း ꨓ္ꨮးလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝꨳ္

ပတ္းပုꨓ္ိꨵ’’။ ꨁဝ္ယင္းယြင္ꨳꨡꨤမ္းထꨰင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓမ္ꨵ ꨀတ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵသꨤမ္ပီꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵ - ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ ၊ ꨅဝꨳ္သꨰင္သ္ꨮꨁဝ္’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝꨳ္ပꨯꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳသုိꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းသိမ္းꨡဝ္ ꨓြင္ꨬ သ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨟြင္ꨵꨡုပ္ꨲလꨤတꨳ္

ꨬꨓတီꨳꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းသုိꨀ္း ꨡိꨀ္ꨲꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းꨀꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕြင္းꨡꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ တုိꨀ္ꨵလꨀု္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းယူꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨘꨯꨤꨲꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ တꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨟူိငꨳ္ꨀူိင္း ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤꨲလꨯꨤꨅုမ္းဝꨯꨵ။ ꨀြပꨳ္ဝဳꨳ ꨅုမ္း ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ ꨡꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨕိုꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းေꨀဳꨳမီး၊ ꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲေꨀဳꨳမီး။ ꨡꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵꨡꨯꨤꨳဝဳꨳꨅီꨲ ယီꨳဝဳꨳꨟုင္ယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨡꨱꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္း ꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးမီး လြင္ꨳꨁြတ္ꨲမꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨓꨰꨓ္ꨳꨓဳꨀꨓ္။’’

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသိူဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲလꨤမ္းꨓပ္ꨵ သြꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨡꨱꨓ္းꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ ꨡမ္ꨲ

ပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းဳ ံꨅုိငꨳ္လꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္လူမ္လꨤꨓ္ꨕူင္ꨵယꨯꨤꨳဝꨯꨵ ꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္တုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းလ ီ

ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨡဝ္ ꨓြင္ꨬ သ ꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္မဳးꨁိုꨓ္းယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။


1318 မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္သုိꨀ္းလူင္းမဳးတꨤင္း ꨀꨱင္းꨟုငꨳ္ ေသ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္မင္းရꨯꨤး

(ေꨀဳꨵꨬတꨲတင္ꨳ ‘‘ꨀꨱင္းတုင္ ꨀꨱင္းꨟꨯꨤး၊ ꨀꨱင္းမꨯꨲ)လꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပꨳူꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳ ꨲပီꨶꨀꨯꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨓꨯ

ꨬလꨳꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသုိပ္ꨲလူင္းမဳးတꨤင္း မူိင္းꨕဳသိူဝ္ꨲတြင္း(လူငꨘ္ဳꨵꨖꨤင္း - မူိင္းလꨤဝ္း)၊ ꨀꨱင္းသꨰꨓ္၊

ꨀꨱင္းꨟꨯꨤး၊ လမ္းပုꨓ္း၊ လမ္းပꨤင္း။ သုိပ္ꨲလူင္းမဳးတꨤင္းေမဳꨲလမꨰင္ꨲ ၊ မူိင္းတဳꨳမꨤဝ္း(မုတ္ꨵတမ)၊ ပဳꨲ

ꨀူိဝ္၊ တဳꨳꨀုငꨳ္တဳꨳဝꨯꨤ။ ꨀူꨳတီꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမဳးလူꨉ္ꨳꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္း၊ ꨟꨰင္းမꨱတ္ꨵ တဳꨲ ꨟꨰင္း

သတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨀူမ္းꨓြမ္းꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းပꨓ္လီလီ။ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးလꨯꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳသုိꨀ္းယ္ꨮꨲလူင္တုိꨀ္းေတဳးသင္

ꨀဳꨳꨟိုဝ္။


တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨅ)

ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1321 ꨓꨯꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္လꨯꨳꨅတ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္းꨡဝ္ မူိင္းဝꨉူ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ၊

[မူိင္းတꨯးꨡဳꨟူမ္ꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးထုင္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨡဳꨲသမ္(Assam)၊ ꨡꨓ္တင္ꨳမဳးꨅꨱမ္မူိဝꨳ္ 1222 ꨓီꨳ]။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ

ꨡြꨓ္မူိဝ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း၊ တꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨟꨤꨓ္၊ တꨤဝ္ꨵ ꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ 3 ငဳးသုိꨀ္း - ꨡꨓ္မူိဝꨳ္

လꨱဝ္ ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘သꨯꨤသုိꨀ္း’’။ တူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳယူꨲ ဝꨯꨵ တꨰဝ္းလင္ေသ ꨁပ္းꨁုိင္ꨟꨤငꨳ္

ꨟꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨤꨓ္းꨀူꨳလြင္ꨳလြင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

မီးꨀူꨓ္းꨀꨯꨵယြင္ꨳေယဳးꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ လူိဝ္ေသꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳတုꨀ္ꨵ

ယꨤပ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းꨀမ္ꨳပဳꨳꨓမ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ။ မူိꨓ္တꨤင္းဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္

ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းယူꨲပဝ္ꨲ ယူꨲလꨯꨤယူꨲတꨰဝ္းလင္ꨀမꨳ္ꨓမ္ ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳꨬတꨵဝဳꨳ

လီယြင္ꨳေယဳးတင္းသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳ၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨳတိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳမုိဝ္းꨀꨓ္။ ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲ မီးꨅဝꨳ္

သꨤမ္လူငꨘ္ဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ တဳꨲꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ ေတလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္သြင္ပူိင ္သြင္လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ

ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨯꨤꨳ။ ေပဳးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨤꨘဳꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨀမ္ꨵလင္ဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ တဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵေတ

ꨡြꨓ္ꨓမ္းလꨯꨳတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨟꨰင္းယ္ꨮꨲꨀုိမ္းꨁူိင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨡဝ္ေပꨵလꨯꨳမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳလီꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨓ္ꨮးတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨁဝ္ မီးလြင္ꨳပူိင္ꨳပꨰꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္။

ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းငဳးသိုꨀ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္ꨬလꨳ တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ ္ လꨯꨳလꨤတ္ꨳပꨓူ္ꨵ ပꨰꨓ္လူမဝ္ေတဳꨲ

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲꨁုꨓ္မူိင္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲꨁဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨡမ္ꨲ မီးꨀြင္ꨵမီးꨟꨰꨓ္ꨲသင္၊ ꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္းယြမ္း ပꨓ္ꨟဝ္းငꨯꨤꨳငꨯꨤꨳꨀူꨉ္း’’ - ꨓꨯေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟူꨵထုိင္လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တဳꨲေတꨬꨀꨳလိတ္ꨳ မီးလꨯꨤးလꨱဝ္၊ လူဝ္ꨲသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ ꨁဝ္ပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨓဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤ’’ ꨓꨯေသ ေတဳꨲꨓဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ ꨬလꨳ

ꨀူꨓ္းမꨤဝ္းသြင္ꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳပြင္ꨵထဳꨵသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳေꨁဳယြꨓ္း ပူတ္းဝꨤင္းတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းတီꨳ

ꨁုꨓ္မူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ။ ထုိင္တီꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲတင္းလꨯꨤေပဳးꨅူိမ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮေတဳꨲꨓမ္ꨵ ꨅ္ꨮ

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းယဝ္ꨵ။


လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨟꨱတ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း၊ တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨅꨱပ္းꨅ္ꨮေသ လꨀ္ꨵလြမ္ပြꨯꨲꨀူꨓ္းသူင္ꨲ

လိꨀ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨅူးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨅဝꨳ္သꨤမ္လူငꨘ္ဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲတုိဝ္းသုိဝ္ꨳေတဳꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨟဝ္း။ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨤꨓ္းꨡဝ္မူိင္းꨀြင္တင္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ငဝꨳ္ေသ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳမꨓု္ယ္ꨮꨲꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨟဝ္း’’ တꨰမꨳ္လꨤတ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲ ဝဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨟပ္ꨵလꨯꨳလိꨀ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨅ္ꨮꨵတိမတ္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ သ္ꨮꨲꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္း

လꨱဝ္။

‘‘ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵမꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ-

1ꨵ သင္ဝဳꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨅြꨯꨳꨀဝ ္ မူိဝꨳ္ꨀင္ထုꨀ္ꨲꨁမ္တူꨀ္းꨀိꨓ္းယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅြင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲတꨯꨤ ယဝ္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

2ꨵ ေပဳးꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမꨡ္မ္ꨲ ꨀမ္ꨵꨀဝ္ ꨅြင္ꨲꨀဝ္ေတပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းလꨯꨳ?။

3ꨵ မူိဝꨳ္ꨀဝ္ꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨓဳꨳသုိꨀ္း ꨕြင္းမꨓ္းယူꨲတꨰဝ္းလင္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨱတ္းသင္လꨯꨳယူꨲလဳꨲ?၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳ သင္မꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟꨱတ္းꨅꨱမ္မူိဝꨳ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ? ꨓꨯေသ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ တဳꨲ

ꨀꨮဳꨲတိမတ္ꨵထတ္းသꨤင္ꨬꨀꨳလိတ္ꨳေသ ꨡဝ္လြင္ꨳတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း တင္း တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ ္

ယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝꨳ္ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းေꨀဳꨵꨓုိင္ꨳမဳးꨅြမ္းꨀူꨓ္းသူင္ꨲလိꨀ္ꨳတꨤဝ္ꨵ သူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးလꨯꨳ

ငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳ ေꨀဳꨵသူူင္ꨲလꨀိ္ꨳ လꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲတိꨉြပ္းꨁင္ꨁြပ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨓꨰꨓ္ꨳꨟဳသုိဝ္ꨵမဳꨵꨁီꨲလီလီ

ေသ မူိဝ္းꨁိုꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲဝꨯးဝꨯး။ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္မꨓ္းမီး လꨀိ္ꨳမꨯꨤလꨯꨤးမုိဝ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း ဝꨯꨵ

ꨬလꨳ ယြꨓ္းပဳးမဳꨵꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြမ္းတꨤင္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨉဳးတင္းယꨤပ္ꨲꨕုိတ္ꨲသင္၊ ꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲ

လီꨲယဝ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲ ꨀꨮဳꨲလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲꨬꨓတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းꨬလꨳတꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲတင္းသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳ။

သြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨁိုင္ဝꨯးဝꨯးꨬတꨵ ꨬတꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ’’ ꨓꨯေသꨟဳလြꨀ္း

လꨯꨤးပရိꨬယꨲယဝ္ ငꨓ္ူꨵသꨤꨓ္ သ္ꨮꨲဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵ ꨀိꨓ္ ꨅဝꨳ္သꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင ္

ꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳꨀိꨓ္မꨰꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ေတꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲလꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳတꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨁꨤꨓ္

တူꨀ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨓꨯေသ ꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။


လꨯꨤးꨟꨱတ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵ သူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ လြင္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳသြင္တꨤင္း ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨤင္း လꨯꨳပဳးတင္းမꨤꨀ္ꨲမူင္ꨳ

ꨬလꨳလြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပြꨯꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳဝူꨓ္ꨵထꨤင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းေတဳꨲꨓြင္ꨵ ꨅꨯꨤးတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္သုိꨀ္းမဳး မူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲထꨰင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝꨳ္သုꨀ္ိꨀဳꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳ

ꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨬလꨳ ထုꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေပဳးလꨯꨳ

ငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳ - ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းလꨀ္ꨵလြမ္မူိင္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨁဝ္ယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဝ္သတိꨓမ္း

ꨓဳꨳေသ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမဳးတꨤင္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ။ ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳေꨕးေသꨕꨰဝ္မဳး။ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤဝ္ꨵ

သူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းတင္းတꨤဝ္ꨵ ꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ငြꨯးꨁဳꨳꨟꨰမ္ပꨰတ္ꨳ တꨤဝ္ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨟꨤꨓ္ထꨰင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨡြꨓ္တပ္ꨵ

သုိꨀ္းလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း။ ေပဳးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨀဳꨲꨘဳꨵꨕꨰဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ ေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨁိုꨓ္းသူꨓ္းတုမ္

ꨟူꨉ္းပꨯꨤး ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨕꨱဝ္ꨳမူꨉ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨟိုင္ꨓꨤꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ 4 ပီ ꨅင္ꨲꨕꨱဝ္ꨳသိမ္းလꨯꨳ

မူတ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨀိꨓ္မꨰꨓ္ꨳငူꨓ္ꨵသꨤꨓ္ ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝꨳ္ပီꨳꨁဝ္သူင္ꨲ ပꨓ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ’’ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨕꨰဝ္မဳးတီꨳမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း ထုိင္ꨟူေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨅဝꨳ္

မုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕ္ꨮꨟတ္းတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳတူဝꨅ္ဝꨳ္

သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း။ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨕိတ္းꨅ္ꨮတူိဝ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮေသ ဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀဝ ္

ေတꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨟူꨵတူဝ္’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨁုꨓ္လူင္ေတꨀိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨀိꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵမီးꨀူꨓ္းꨅိမ္းပꨓ္ ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း။

တီꨳꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ေꨀဳꨵꨟꨤငꨳ္ꨟꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။ တꨯးꨓူိဝꨡ္ꨓ္

ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲ ꨅ္ꨮꨵမုိဝ္းꨅ္ꨮꨵေꨅဳꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းတꨯးတ္ꨮꨳ။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵမꨯꨵထူꨲငိပꨳ္ꨀိꨓ္၊ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲ တမ္း

ပꨓ္မꨯꨵထူꨲ လꨰမꨳ္လꨱဝ ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲထꨤမ္ꨲ ဝဳꨳ-

‘‘ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္မꨯꨵထူꨲ မီꨳလꨰမ္ꨳလꨱဝꨀ္ူꨉ္းꨟဳꨵꨅဝꨳ္ꨬမꨳ’’ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ‘‘ေတဳꨳပꨰတ္ꨲ ꨓဳꨳ ꨘဳꨵမူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳယင္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵေသ ꨡꨤꨓ္းꨀြꨓ္းေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္။ ꨁြင္ꨓင္ꨲꨡဝ္မꨯꨵထူꨲ လꨰမ္ꨳ လꨱဝ္ꨀိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀူꨉ္းꨬတꨵ ꨅꨤငꨳ္ယꨤပ္ꨲ သꨤင္၊ ꨀိꨓ္ꨬလꨳꨬမꨳ’’ - ꨓꨯေသꨟꨯꨳ ꨡဝꨓ္မ္ꨵတဳ

တူꨀ္းယြတ္ꨲယ္ꨮꨲယြတ္ꨲလူင္ယူꨲ။


ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲမဳးထꨤမ္လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းမꨓ္း။ ေပဳးမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ‘‘ယြꨓ္ꨵ ꨀဝ္လူမ္လꨤမ္၊ ꨡမ္ꨲ ထတ္းသꨤင္ေꨅးꨅြတ္ꨲ(ꨁ္ꨮꨳဝဳꨳꨡဝ္ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း လြတ္ꨳပꨰတꨳ္ေꨀဳꨵ ꨓုိင္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ)ꨬလꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵꨀဝ္ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨯꨤ။ မူိꨓ္တင္းပꨱꨓ္ꨀဝ္ꨡဝ္တꨯꨤယဝ္ꨵ’’ ꨓꨯေသ ပြင္ꨵꨟꨯꨳယူꨲ

ယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(သ)

တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး လြင္ꨳတဳꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲဝဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨅြတ္ꨲတူဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨀူꨳတီꨳ၊ တြꨓ္းေသဝဳꨳꨀိုတ္းမူိင္းတꨯး

လမ္(ပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲ ဝꨰတ္ꨵ ꨓꨤမ္း)ꨬလꨳ မူိင္းထꨯးပြတ္းꨅꨤꨓ္းမူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨀူꨉ္း။ လꨯꨤꨁုꨓ္လꨯꨤမူိင္းမဳး

ꨀဳꨲရဝမူပ္ꨲ ꨀူမ္ꨳလမꨟ္ူဝ္ မဳးလူꨲမဳးဝꨯꨳေꨀဳꨳ သင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္း၊ ꨀြꨓ္းမူိင္း တီꨳꨕ္ꨮတြꨓ္ꨳမꨓ္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳ

ꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း လꨯꨳယူꨲသူိဝ္းသဳꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵပꨰင္းꨕြမ္ꨵꨕꨱင္ꨲꨀꨓ္။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူꨵတူဝ္လြင္ꨳဝဳꨳ-

ပꨱꨓ္တꨯးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳတူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲလုိဝ္းလင္ ꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨟူိင္းꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္

တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵထꨰင္ꨳသြင္ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝꨳ္ပီ 1361 (ꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨬတꨵ 1363)မူိဝꨳ္ꨅဝꨳ္ သီꨲ ꨟပေတꨵ မူိင္းသꨀꨰင္း(ေꨅꨶꨀꨰင္ꨲ)

တင္း ꨅဝꨳ္ꨓရသူꨲ ပꨤင္ယဳꨳ(ပင္းယ)ꨕိတ္းꨀꨓ္။ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨅူိဝ္းပꨱꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးလြင္ꨳ

ပꨱင္းေပဳးꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮ ꨀြပꨳ္ထုꨀ္ꨲꨁုꨓ္တꨯးတꨱꨀ္းတꨱင္၊ မီးလြင္ꨳလꨀု္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္တꨱတ္ꨲ

ꨓိမ္။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓရသူꨲ ပꨤင္ယဳꨳေꨀဳꨳ ပꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ လူင္းတုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ

သူင္ꨲသူိဝ္ပꨱမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨬလꨳ ငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁꨱဝ္ꨘဳꨵ(မꨤင္တီꨳဝဳꨳ - သူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ သူိဝ္လုိꨓ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯ

ေꨀဳꨳမီး)လူင္းတုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္။

ေပဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ(ပꨤင္ယဳꨳ၊ ေꨅꨶꨀꨰင္ꨲ)မြပꨳ္ဝꨤင္းပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳတꨓူ္ꨁုꨓ္ပꨯꨤ(သ

တူဝ္းမင္းꨘဳꨵ)လꨤꨓ္ ꨅဝꨳ္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ ေသ သင္ꨲပူင္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨅင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပူꨓိ္ꨳလꨯꨳ။ လိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးꨬလꨳ ꨘိင္ꨳꨬငꨳပူꨓိ္ꨳ ပဳꨲေပတꨱꨀ္းတꨱင္။ ꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮပꨳီꨓြင္ꨵ မꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝꨡ္မꨤ္လူိဝ္ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨁဝ္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ယူꨲꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟူꨵထုိင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅူိင္ꨵ ꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳလ ီꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨀူတ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲေပꨵသုိဝ္း ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္းလဳꨳ’’။


မူိဝꨳ္ 1363 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပꨯꨤ(ꨅဝ္ꨳသတူဝ္းမင္းꨘဳꨵ)ꨅင္ꨲမဳးပꨀူ္းတင္ꨳမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ

ေသ ꨀြꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1362 ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨕꨯꨤꨲမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵထဝ္ꨳꨬꨀꨲယဝ္ꨵ ထုိင္ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္းလူဝ္ꨲꨬꨓꨁိုꨓ္းꨡူငဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ယဝ္ꨵ’’ - ꨓꨯေသယုꨀ္ꨵꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵ သုိꨀ္းလူင္လူင္း

သိမ္းꨡဝꨓ္ြင္ꨬသ ေသပူꨓ္ꨵမဳး။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲꨅတ္းသုိꨀ္း ꨟပ္လြမ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းယဝ္ꨵ သူင္ꨲꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨡုပ္ꨲ။ - ‘‘လꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤးꨀူꨓ္းလူꨵꨀူꨓ္းတꨯꨤလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ။ ꨀဝ္ေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳသူတꨯꨤ။ သူတꨯꨤယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲ ယဝ္ꨵ၊ ေတသုိပ္ꨲတုိꨀ္းေတသုိပ္ꨲတꨯꨤထꨰငꨳ္တင္းꨓမ္။ ꨓ္ꨮးသူမီးꨕ္ꨮꨀတ္ꨵ ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲေသပူိꨓ္ꨳ ꨡဝ ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးꨟမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵေတဳꨲꨀꨓ္တင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨀဝ္။ ေပဳးꨟဝ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵ - ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလꨓိ္ꨟဝ္းတင္းမူိင္း ေတယꨱꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨁြင္သူꨅဝꨳ္မူတ္း။ ေပဳးသူꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ - လꨀု္ꨵတꨳီꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလꨓိ္တꨯးတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ- သုတ္းꨟူꨓ္ထြꨓ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨁိုꨓ္းလီလီ’’ - ။

တင္းꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨡꨓ္ထုꨀ္ꨲလြမ္ꨵဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮေသ ꨓ္ꨮးꨬꨀꨳꨀꨤင္ပꨤင္ꨲလူင္ တီꨳ

သုိꨀ္းသြင္ꨘꨯꨤꨲေတဳꨲꨓဳꨳꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးꨀူꨓ္းꨁီꨲမဳꨵ ꨕူꨳꨀတ္ꨵ ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅူိင္းသုိꨀ္းေꨀဳꨵ

ꨓုိင္ꨳဝꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

တꨤင္းတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းတꨯးေꨀဳꨳ ꨕူꨳငꨤꨓ္တင္းလꨯꨤတြင္ꨳထꨤမ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳမꨓု္ယ္ꨮꨲꨟဝ္းေတꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮꨀꨮဳꨲ?’’

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ယုမ္ꨵတူꨉ္းတင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲေသ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨀ္းသꨱင္။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳ

ꨟꨰꨓ္းမဳꨵꨁီꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨡဝꨕ္ဳꨳတူမ္းꨓဳꨳေသ ꨁုꨓ္ꨳမဳꨵလꨰꨓ္ꨳꨁဝꨀ္ꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ။

ꨟꨓ္ꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ တꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨬꨁတူဝ္ ꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨡဝ္ꨀြꨀ္းꨟူဝ္ပုတ္းတူꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲပꨰတꨳ္။

မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္ꨅင္ꨲယိပ္းတင္းꨀြꨀ္းꨟူဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁီꨲမဳꨵလꨰꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨁုိꨓ္းတꨰဝ္းလင္။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲꨕꨰဝ္တꨰဝ္းꨓဳꨳ

သုိꨀ္းမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲ ပူတ္းꨕဳꨳတူမ္းꨓဳꨳေသ တိဝ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨀြꨀ္းꨟူဝꨅ္ꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ ယꨀု္ꨵ

ꨬꨓတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ။

ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨀꨰပ္ꨵ ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨕꨰပ္ꨵတဳထူိင္းထူိင္းလူင္ ꨀမ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓုိငꨳ္ꨀူꨉ္း ꨀူꨓ္း

တင္းꨓမ္မုိင္မူꨓိ္ꨲယူꨲ ၊ လꨰပ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵထူꨉ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮတင္းꨟိုင္။ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝꨁ္ꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ


ꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းꨁူဝ္းꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁြင္တြꨓ္ꨳသူင္ꨲပꨓ္ꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮ

တူꨀ္းလူင္းꨀꨓ္ꨀိုတ္းသုိꨀ္းေသ တꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨅင္ꨲထြꨓ္တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းပြꨀ္ꨳမူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္း

ယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

တင္းꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး မူိင္းတꨯးတင္းမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးသုိꨀ္းသူိဝ္ေတဳꨲꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨀတ္း

ꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ယꨱꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ ထꨰင္ꨳတင္းꨟုိင္။

ထုိင္မဳး 1364 ꨡဳꨲယꨅုဝꨳ္လꨯꨳ 73၊ ꨅꨤမ္ꨲေꨟဳꨀိꨓ္မူိင္းမဳး - 53 ပီ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးတꨤင္းပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨀ္ꨲ

လꨯꨤးယ္ꨮꨲလူင္သင္ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသ တꨤင္းထဝ္ꨳꨬꨀꨲ။ ꨅဝꨳ္သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလပ္းတဳလုိမ္းမူိင္း

ꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ ။

လꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝꨳ္သင္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝꨯꨵ 3 ေꨁဳꨳယူꨲ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲငိꨓ္းꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮဝဳꨳသင္ꨲဝꨯꨵ ꨡီꨳသင္ဝဳꨳ

ꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀုိင္ꨲ တꨤꨓ္ꨲသင္ꨲဝꨯꨵလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ ꨡီꨳသင္၊ ꨅူိင္ꨵ ꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ

ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ထꨀု္ꨲလꨡီြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳ သြꨀ္ꨳတဝ္တူꨉ္းေသ သုိပ္ꨲꨁꨯꨳလဝ္ꨳလꨤတꨳ္ꨬꨓ လꨀု္ꨳ

လꨤꨓ္လုပ္ꨳလိုꨓ္းလင္ꨟဝ္းတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းယူꨲ။ ပဳꨲꨟꨱဝ္ꨳမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝꨳ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ပတ္းပူꨬမးꨀုမ္း

လုမ္းလဳးလီလီတဳꨵ။


သိုꨀ္းတꨯးမိူဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲ


SURKHANFAH

An ever-Refreshing Inspiration

Dedicated to Sao Yanfaah Hsenwi (1912-72)

who wrote "Shan History"

I wanted so much to read about him. But, to my eternal disappointment,

nobody I knew was writing about him except in bits and pieces or in

connection with other Shan historic figures. So I resolved myself to take up

the pen and, to my pleasant surprise, it became a bestseller.

To many, he was a Shan Genghis Khan, but to those who knew him better, he

was not merely a conqueror but also foremost, a nation-builder.

W.W.Cochrane wrote in "The Shans": A prince of Mao was the only Shan that

ever united these squabbling states into one solid kingdom…Even the Hsenwi

Chronicle breaks through its shell of self-adulation and sums up its estimates

of this Shan King's character in the words: He was a mighty King.

He was born in 1291 in the palace of Wiangwai, then the capital of the Mao

State, a city on the Mao River called Shweli by the Burmese. His father was

Khun Pharngkham, his mother Sao Nang Awn. He was the second of the

young queen's triplet sons.

Through the jealous intrigues of other queens, Nang Awn was accused of

bearing children of a lover and was banished from the court together with her

newborn children. However, princess E Khamliang, the King's second daughter


of another consort, was believed to have looked after them during their exile-

in a distant village called Kaimaw.

Two years later, a rival queen learning that Sao Nang Awn and her sons were

still and well, sent assassins to kill them: Fortunately for the poor queen and

her children, the plans were leaked to Princess E Kham Liang, who at once

dispatched her trusted guards to protect them.

During the ensuing fight and flight, the first of the triplets, Khun Ai Ngam

mong, was reported to have disappeared. Some say he reappeared as a wise

monk who became his brother's chief counselor later.(This was the version

that I liked and subsequently adopted it in my telling of the story).

The third triplet, Khun Sarm Long, Later to be known as Ssrmlongfah the

Conqueror, was successfully smuggled out to Monggawng(Mogawng in

Burmese), a state in the northwest, where Princess E Khamliang's younger

sister, Nang Arm-aw, resided with her husband, the Prince of Monggawng.

The second triplet, Khun Yi Kharngkham(who was to become Surkhanfah),

being ill, was with his mother. The few guards sent by E Khamliang were

killed, and the young queen fled with her son into a cave only to be

confronted by a fierce tiger and his family.

Legend says the big cat was none other than the White Tiger, considered to

be the king of tigers. (The Tiger is the national emblem of the Shans, sho, like

the noble beast, are intensely individualistic. Thus whenever unity is achieved

among Shans, it is said: the White Tiger has come.)


The White Tiger received his uninvited guests warmly and chased off the

frightened assassins, who believed both the mother and child were killed by

the White Tiger and reported this news to the rival queen.

The infant, Khun Yi Kharngkham, then grew up in peace and safety among

the tigers and their cubs. He played with them while his mother worked in the

fields nearby. While playing, he was playfully scratched by his mates on his

back and front, and as a result, became known as "Surkhan"(Tiger Scratches).

"Fah"(Heavenly or Celestial) was the title he was to receive only upon

becoming king.

He was later taken to Nawngsae(Tali), where his eldest half-sister, Ye Kham

Long, lived, to be brought up and educated there.

In 1295, Khun Pharngkham, died and, believed by many to have left no living

male issue, E Khamliang was crowned as the ruling queen. (Burmese history

regards Shin Sawbu, the Mon queen, as the only female ruler in Burma). She

was said to have accepted the crown only because her half-brothers were still

in their infancy and were therefore not ready to don the crown.

Sixteen years afterwards, in 1311, she died leaving the kingdom without a

ruler. A horde of neighboring princes vied with each other for the vancant

throne, among whom was Surkhan a.k.a. Khun Yi Kharngkham, who finally

proved himself to be Khun Pharngkham's legitimate son by slaying a fearsome

bear with his bare hands and taming a hungry tiger before his astounded

spectators.

To his superstitious audience, this spectacular act was divine evidence of his

mother's innocence, which led to the triumphant return of both mother and


son to the court. No doubt his younger brother, Sarmlongfah, who was by

then already the prince of Monggawng, another his brother-in-law's death,

also helped to turn the Official Board of Succession's decisions in Surkhan's

favor with the help of his well-trained army.

Cochrane wrote: "Shan Kings could name as their successors anyone they

wished, but any appointee might be rejected by the Official Board, who were

supposed to be the representatives of the people though not chosen by

them."

Surkhanfah ruled for 53 years and during his reign, he helped to improve the

Shan script. He also introduced as system where every citizen had a role to

fulfill both in times of peace and war.

Youths under 20 were schooled to read and write, to practice self-discipline

and shoulder responsibility, and to fight as warriors in wars.

Men between 20-40 were trained to become leaders, trained in commerce and

trade and to be good family men.

Men 40 upward were trained to become good administrators and teachers.

According to Zai Zai Zuen, a well-known linguist and historian, Surkhanfah

also didn't neglect the role of women in Shan society. He taught them: "Men

are handsome because of their bravery; Women are beautiful because of their

literacy," "Women who are skillful in martial arts win wars" and "Shan women

engage in affairs of state, their glory shall fill Heaven."

Having thus carefully prepared his people, both morally and physically, for two

years, he began his quest for unification, in the ways of his time, in 1313.


He is recorded to have conquered and, on many occasions, won over by his

diplomacy, charm and wit, a vast region which included most of today's

Burma, Southeastern Yunnan, Western Laos, Northern Thailand and Assam in

northeastern India.

To some observers, the story of his conquest of southwestern Yunnan, Known

as Lanzao(Land of a million princes) and better known as Nanchao (a

corruption of Lanzao), seem incredible. Shan historians however note that his

ascendancy came at a time when China, under Mongolian rule, was going

through a period of flux and instablility Surkhanfah simply saw his chance and

took it.

A point of observation is also appropriate here: Laos is known as "Lanxang"

(Land of a million elephants) while northern Thailand, "Lanna"(Land of a

million paddy fields) pointing to a linguistic affinity and commonality which

historical scholars should not ignore before they blithely dismiss and claim

that Lanzao or Nanchao is not Shan at all.

He successfully repulsed another Chinese invasion in, 1362 (some say after a

duel in which he, at 71, cut off his opponent's head).

Two years later he died peacefully at Wiang Tasop-oo, his third and final

capital. (His second capital from 1313-1363 was Selan, between today's Nam

Kham and Muse).

After his death, his successors tried to preserve his legacy but they were not

successful. In 1405, 41 years later, the Chinese defeated Surkhifah and Surn

gamfah and the Mao Kingdom, which had been founded by Khun Terngkham

in 753 A.D., came to its end.


I was not satisfied with my penmanship asked if anybody could help.

Help, when it came, appered in a different but welcoming form. My colleague,

Saengjuen Sarawin, took it to his press, straightened out my raw Shan and

asked a mutual friend, Sailed, to do the illustrations. Then the manuscript was

read by a friend in Lashio, who published it and distributed on Shan New

Year's Day of 1994. It was an instant success.

Since then, it has been printed twice and made into photocopies several

tiems. Still, there are inquiring buyers asking for it yet, reports a distributor.

Surkhanfah's cave was also rediscovered, and has become a place of

pilgrimage and devotion for many Shans since, thanks to the tireless efforts of

Saifah, a well-respected leader of the Shan literacy movement.

Surkhanfah's name was also given to a famous fighting force of the Shan

State Army a few years ago.

So, if you're someone who is looking for somebody to blame for the revival of

Shan natioinalism don't look far.

The junta and Surkhanfah are each and both guilty, the former for their

relentless and unceasing abuse of the Shan people, and the latter for

remaining a symbol and inspiration for today's Shan youth, as he was for

yesterday's.

Khuensia Jaiyen

1 Nov, 1999.


ꨀꨮꨤမ္းလူပ္းလိုꨓ္း

ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ေꨀဳꨵလꨡူꨤꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ေတꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮပꨱင္းေပဳးꨅ္ꨮꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨟူꨵ

ယူꨲ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝꨳ္ꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ꨀဳꨳꨓꨯꨵေမဳꨀဳꨳꨓꨯꨵꨀူꨉ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅူိဝ္းꨟူꨵꨓမ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨟꨓ္ꨀꨮꨤငꨳ္လူိဝ္

ေသꨀဝꨁ္ဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁꨰꨓ္းေတဳꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္မဳးꨕူိမ္ꨵထူမ္ထꨰမ္ပꨓ္ꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲထꨰင္ꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳေပဳး

လီလူ လီတူꨉ္းလူိဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲလူိဝ္ꨓꨯꨵေသꨀမ္း။

ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ပိꨓု္းꨡꨓ္သင္ꨲသြꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းတင္းꨓမ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁဝꨟ္ြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - သꨤမ္မိူင္း(San

Kuo)။ ပꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးထုိင္ယꨤမ္းꨟူဝ္ꨁမꨳ္မဳး ပူꨓိ္ꨳမဳးꨁြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တီꨳꨟူဝ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨤငꨁ္ူင္ꨲေသ

ꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓꨀꨓ္၊ ꨟꨱတ္းꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨅူိင္း၊ ꨟꨱတ္းလင္ꨲꨀဳꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းလူင္ꨬꨓꨀꨓ္။ လုꨀ္ꨵတꨳီꨓꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨀူꨓ္း

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ေလဳꨀꨮင္းꨀ်ဴင္း (Lo Kuang Chung) ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲꨀꨱပ္းꨟြမ္တြမ္ꨟဳ ꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤ

မဳးတꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵလူင္ယꨤဝ္းပꨱꨓ္ 1361 ꨓဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ။ ပꨱꨓ္လိꨀ္ꨳသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းꨬꨁꨲတင္းလꨯꨤ

ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ ေပဳးဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳꨬတꨵ တꨀ္းလꨯꨳယူိင္ꨳꨡဝ္တꨤင္းꨕြမ္ꨵ တꨤင္းꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္

တꨤင္းꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲပူိꨓ္ꨳ၊ - ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးမူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲပူꨓိ္ꨳ၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁုိတ္းပꨱင္းပူꨓိ္ꨳ။ ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလꨓိ္ꨟဝ္းသုမ္းမဳး

ꨓမ္ယဝ္ꨵꨀုိတ္းꨀဳꨳꨓꨯꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀူꨉ္း။ ေတလꨯꨳသုိပ္ꨲယြမ္းပꨓ္ယုꨀ္ꨵပꨓ္ ꨬꨕမꨰင္ꨲ ပꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳလြꨀ္ꨲ

လြꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤလꨯꨤယူꨲ ထꨰင္ꨳတꨀိ္းတိꨀ္းꨟဳꨵတꨯး?။

e-book is created by · 2019. 9. 1. · e-book is created by ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ -...

Documents