dysfunctional democracy in america dr. doug roscoe department of political science university of...
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Dysfunctional Democracy in America
Dr. Doug Roscoe
Department of Political ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Fulbright Visiting ScholarLingnan University
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Defining Democracy
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
--Walt Whitman
“I shall use America and democracy as convertible terms”
(19th Century American Writer)
Formal Electoral Process
Formal Electoral Process
Informal Political Process
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
-435 members-2 year terms-apportioned to each state based on its population
-100 members-6 year terms-2 senators per state regardless of population
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
-435 members-2 year terms-apportioned to each state based on its population
-435 members-2 year terms-apportioned to each state based on its population
Seats Per Million Residents in State-bigger ratio means more political power per person
Seats Per Million Residents in State
Wyo
ming
Nebras
ka
West
Virginia
North Dak
otaOhio
New M
exico
Louisia
na
Alabam
a
New Ham
pshire
Tenness
ee
New Yo
rk
North Caro
lina
Illinois
Californ
ia
Virginia
Arkansas
Indiana
Wash
ington
Georgi
a
Oklahoma
Idaho
Mississ
ippi
Arizona
Nevad
a
Delaware
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
-435 members-2 year terms-apportioned to each state based on its population
-100 members-6 year terms-2 senators per state regardless of population
-100 members-6 year terms-2 senators per state regardless of population
Californ
ia
New Yo
rkIlli
noisOhio
Georgi
a
North Caro
lina
Massach
usetts
Indiana
Arizona
Marylan
d
Minnesota
Alabam
a
South Caro
lina
Oregon
Connecticu
t
Mississ
ippi
Kansas
Nevad
a
West
Virginia
Idaho
New Ham
pshire
Rhode Isla
nd
Delaware
Alaska
Vermont
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Population (in 1000s)
Democratic Party supports• Working/lower class• Social welfare programs• Regulation of economy• Existing/higher taxes• Alternative lifestyles
Republican Party supports• Upper class• Smaller government• Deregulation• Tax cuts• Traditional lifestyles and
morality
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 400000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Population (in 1000s)
% o
f Pop
ulati
on in
Dem
ocra
tic P
arty
Bigger States Are More Democratic(r=.35)
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Electoral College • Candidates need a majority of Electors to win Presidency• Each state gets number of Electors equal to number of
House Representatives and Senators• Almost all states award all Electors to candidate who wins
the most popular votes
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Americans don’t vote
Prior Registration
Long/Frequent Ballots
Tuesdays
In-Person
0-16 Per-
centile
17-33 Percentile
34-67 Percentile
68-95 Percentile
96-100 Percentile
0102030405060708090
100
Some High School
High School Some College College Degree0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage Voting By:
EducationIncome
Source: 2008 National Election Study
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Help Elect a Favorable Government Influence the Existing Government
Help Elect a Favorable Government Influence the Existing Government
Help Elect a Favorable Government Influence the Existing Government
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
is there too much money in campaigns?
SPENDING BY CAMPAIGNS FOR 2008 ELECTION (2007-2008) Congressional Candidates $1,300,000,000 Presidential Candidates
primaries $989,600,000general election $638,800,000
Political Parties (independent/coordinated) $350,900,000 PACs (independent) $135,200,000 Nonprofit Groups (independent) $398,000,000 Total Spending $3,812,500,000
is there too much money in campaigns?
SPENDING BY CAMPAIGNS FOR 2008 ELECTION (2007-2008) Congressional Candidates $1,300,000,000 Presidential Candidates
primaries $989,600,000general election $638,800,000
Political Parties (independent/coordinated) $350,900,000 PACs (independent) $135,200,000 Nonprofit Groups (independent) $398,000,000 Total Spending $3,812,500,000 Gross Domestic Product, 2008:Bowling $4,100,000,000Guns $4,900,000,000Ice cream $7,600,000,000Dog/cat food $16,100,000,000Beer $22,600,000,000Snack food $25,000,000,000Spectator sports $38,800,000,000Tobacco $46,600,000,000Total $14,400,000,000,000
(campaign spending is .03%)
Percentage Donating By:
EducationIncome
Source: 2008 National Election Study
0-16 Per-
centile
17-33 Percentile
34-67 Percentile
68-95 Percentile
96-100 Percentile
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Some High School
High School Some College College Degree0
5
10
15
20
25
30
campaign finance law
Individuals give max US$2500/election
campaign finance law
Individuals give max US$2500/electionCorporate contributions banned
campaign finance law
Individuals give max US$2500/electionCorporate contributions banned
Corporations can form PACs
campaign finance law
Individuals give max US$2500/electionCorporate contributions banned
Corporations can form PACsPACs give max US$5000/election
campaign finance law
Individuals give max US$2500/electionCorporate contributions banned
Corporations can form PACsPACs give max US$5000/election
Corporations can form Super-PACs
campaign finance law
Individuals give max US$2500/electionCorporate contributions banned
Corporations can form PACsPACs give max US$5000/election
Corporations can form Super-PACsSpend unlimited amounts independently
Super-PAC Fundraising for 2012
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Access
(Lobbying = the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government)
Access
Good lobbyists
(Lobbying = the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government)
Access
Good lobbyists
Mobilized bias
(Lobbying = the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government)
Access
Good lobbyists
Mobilized bias
Votes?
(Lobbying = the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government)
Legislative Vote
Meta-analysis of over 350 statistical tests spanning over 30 studies
Roscoe, Douglas D., and Shannon Jenkins. 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of Campaign Contributions’ Impact on Roll Call Voting.” Social Science Quarterly 86(1).
Meta-analysis of over 350 statistical tests spanning over 30 studies
One-third of tests reveal correlation between money and votes
Roscoe, Douglas D., and Shannon Jenkins. 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of Campaign Contributions’ Impact on Roll Call Voting.” Social Science Quarterly 86(1).
Meta-analysis of over 350 statistical tests spanning over 30 studies
One-third of tests reveal correlation between money and votes
Model specification does not matter significantly
Roscoe, Douglas D., and Shannon Jenkins. 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of Campaign Contributions’ Impact on Roll Call Voting.” Social Science Quarterly 86(1).
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
Republicans benefit from:
-inequalities in House apportionment-inequalities in Senate apportionment-arrangement of the Electoral College
-barriers to easy voter turnout-open avenues for campaign contributions
Republicans benefit from:
-inequalities in House apportionment-inequalities in Senate apportionment-arrangement of the Electoral College
-barriers to easy voter turnout-open avenues for campaign contributions
Lobbyists lobby against:
-lobbying reform
Defining DemocracyAmerican Role Model?Inequality in the Formal Electoral Process
HouseSenateElectoral CollegeVoting Law
Inequality in the Informal Political ProcessCampaign ContributionsLobbying
Reform BarriersPolitics
Values
--Charles Wilson
“I thought what was good for the country was good for General
Motors and vice versa”
(CEO of General Motors, 1941-1953)
freedom vs. equality
positives vs. negatives