dynamic earth

Dynamic Earth

I feel the Earth move under my feetI feel the Earth move under my feet

Inertia Flattens out the polesFlattens out the poles Fattens the equatorFattens the equator

http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/structure/dynamicearth/internal/moment/index.htm

Oblate Just look at Saturn…Just look at Saturn… Low densityLow density Extremely rapid Extremely rapid

rotation rotation 1 day is 10 hours, 1 day is 10 hours,

47 minutes47 minutes Flattens poles and Flattens poles and

fattens equatorfattens equator

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030817.html

The Earth Is Not Spherical What about Earth What about Earth Very high densityVery high density Slow rotationSlow rotation We still are an oblate We still are an oblate

spheresphere

http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/earthshape_20030417112611.jpg

BONUS!!! 1 point for just trying! 1 point for just trying! 1 point for correct 1 point for correct

answers! (and I will be answers! (and I will be generous)generous)

Show your work!Show your work! Be neat and organizedBe neat and organized

Line up columns and Line up columns and rowsrows

Underline your answersUnderline your answers

Math Time!!! Terms:Terms:

DiameterDiameter RadiusRadius CircumferenceCircumference Surface areaSurface area VelocityVelocity VolumeVolume MassMass = 3.141592653589793… = 3.141592653589793…

We will use 3.14We will use 3.14• circumference/diametercircumference/diameter

http://media.nasaexplores.com/lessons/02-029/images/circle1.jpg

Math Time!!! Let’s figure out the Let’s figure out the

Surface Area of Earth! Surface Area of Earth! HOORAY!!! HOORAY!!! Surface Area of a Surface Area of a

Sphere:Sphere: SA = 4SA = 4rr 2 2

Diameter of Earth = Diameter of Earth = 12,756km12,756km

http://www.libraryofmath.com/pages/surface-area/Images/surface-area_gr_84.gif

Earth’s Surface Area (SA) SA = 4SA = 4rr 2 2

http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg


Diameter = Diameter = 12,756km12,756km




½ diameter = radius½ diameter = radius




½ diameter = radius½ diameter = radius Radius = Radius =

½(12,756km)½(12,756km)





½(12,756km)½(12,756km) Radius = 6,378kmRadius = 6,378km





½(12,756km)½(12,756km) Radius = 6,378kmRadius = 6,378km SA = 4 x 3.14 x SA = 4 x 3.14 x

6,378 6,378 22





½(12,756km)½(12,756km) Radius = 6,378kmRadius = 6,378km SA = 4 x 3.14 x SA = 4 x 3.14 x

6,378 6,378 22

510,926,783km 510,926,783km 22 http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg


velocity of the Earth at velocity of the Earth at the equator as it the equator as it rotates on its axis! rotates on its axis!

HOORAY!!! HOORAY!!! velocity = change of velocity = change of

distance divide by distance divide by change of timechange of time v = v = d/d/t t

http://research.physics.uiuc.edu/CTA/movies/r-Mode/images/scene2_7.jpg

Earth’s Velocity at Equator v = v = d/d/t t Change in DistanceChange in Distance

Volcan Wolf on Volcan Wolf on Isabela Island, Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands, Galapagos Islands, Peru is on the equatorPeru is on the equator

Change in TimeChange in Time How long does it take How long does it take

the Earth to make one the Earth to make one complete rotation on complete rotation on its axis?its axis?

http://syntropypress.com/south_america_september.jpghttp://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/GalapagosWWW/VWolf.html

Earth’s Velocity at Equator How can we figure out How can we figure out

the distance Volcan the distance Volcan Wolf travels in one Wolf travels in one day? day? What do you need What do you need

to figure this out?to figure this out?

http://calgary.rasc.ca/images/howfast_earth_rotation.gif

Earth’s Velocity at Equator Circumference = Circumference =

diameter x diameter x (don’t use r (radius)(don’t use r (radius)

http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/images/pi.gif


volume of Earth!volume of Earth! HOORAY!!! HOORAY!!! Volume = (4 divided Volume = (4 divided

by 3) times pi times by 3) times pi times (radius cubed)(radius cubed) V = V = 44//33rr33

http://scienceblogs.com/deepseanews/240px-Sphere-wireframe.png

Turn in your papers Be sure to include Be sure to include

your name!!!! your name!!!!

http://yfinder.de/random/hooray.jpg

Let’s Check We said:We said:

SA = SA = 510,926,783km 510,926,783km 22

Actual Surface Area Actual Surface Area 510,072,000 km²510,072,000 km² 196,939,110 mile²196,939,110 mile²

http://oxfordinspires.org/Programmes/images/earth-planet.jpg

Actual Earth Figures Surface Area Surface Area

510,072,000 km² 510,072,000 km² VelocityVelocity

1,673.72km/h1,673.72km/h VolumeVolume

1.0832073×101.0832073×101212 km³ km³ 1,083,207,300,000 1,083,207,300,000

km³km³

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0703/bluemarble_apollo17_big.jpg

Formation During Earth’s first 100 During Earth’s first 100

million years, ever-larger million years, ever-larger particles in the infant particles in the infant Solar System collided and Solar System collided and stuck together, generating stuck together, generating tremendous heat. tremendous heat. Earth accreted, then melted Earth accreted, then melted

completely, and layers completely, and layers began to form.began to form.

Dense molten iron sank and Dense molten iron sank and created the core.created the core.

Lighter silicate liquid rose Lighter silicate liquid rose and cooled, forming the and cooled, forming the mantle.mantle.

http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/107/Solar/FG02_29b.JPG

The inner Earth is layered Beneath its familiar Beneath its familiar

surface and thin crust surface and thin crust lie a rocky mantle and lie a rocky mantle and iron core.iron core.

http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_4_0.html

Proportional Layers Inner core – solid, hot, Inner core – solid, hot,

heavy, dense ironheavy, dense iron Outer core – liquid, Outer core – liquid,

hot, heavy, dense ironhot, heavy, dense iron Mantle – primary Mantle – primary

component of Earthcomponent of Earth Crust – very thinCrust – very thin

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/threedearth/threedearth_files/image017.jpg

Inner Core The inner Earth is The inner Earth is hothot. .

Its core is hotter Its core is hotter than the surface of than the surface of the Sun. Tectonic the Sun. Tectonic plates move plates move because the internal because the internal heat escapes into heat escapes into cold outer space. cold outer space.

The inner core is The inner core is hot and solid.hot and solid.

http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap07/FG07_23-05.jpg

Outer Core The outer core is The outer core is

liquid iron and liquid iron and flowsflows In the outer core, a In the outer core, a

churning dynamo of churning dynamo of liquid iron liquid iron generates Earth's generates Earth's magnetic field.magnetic field.

http://lpmpjogja.diknas.go.id/kc/e/earth_files/earth-15.jpg

Mantle Primarily Rock The uppermost 100km of The uppermost 100km of

the mantle is rigid. Along the mantle is rigid. Along with the crust, it makes up with the crust, it makes up the lithosphere (the plates).the lithosphere (the plates).

The next layer, the The next layer, the asthenosphere, is solid, hot, asthenosphere, is solid, hot, and soft. It flows much like and soft. It flows much like a glacier does.a glacier does.

The lower mantle is The lower mantle is extremely dense, but still extremely dense, but still flows. flows.

http://lpmpjogja.diknas.go.id/kc/e/earth_files/earth-15.jpg

Crust Later, partial melting Later, partial melting

of the mantle of the mantle produced the crust, a produced the crust, a process that continues process that continues today. today.


The Crust – Earth’s Thin Skin Relative to its size, Earth's Relative to its size, Earth's

crust is about as thin as an crust is about as thin as an apple's skin. This apple's skin. This outermost layer is outermost layer is composed primarily of two composed primarily of two types of rock.types of rock. GraniteGranite

The continental crust is The continental crust is mostly granite.mostly granite.

BasaltBasaltThe oceanic crust is The oceanic crust is mostly basalt.mostly basalt.


Extraterrestrial Some components of Some components of

Earth are Earth are extraterrestrialextraterrestrial

Iridium – common in Iridium – common in meteorites, rare on meteorites, rare on EarthEarth


http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/mystery/images/fg_ktRock.jpg

Extraterrestrial Formation of the Formation of the

Moon – composition Moon – composition is similar to Earth’s is similar to Earth’s crust and mantle, not crust and mantle, not the corethe core

Meteors more similar Meteors more similar to core to core Iron, silicated iron, Iron, silicated iron,

stony iron, or stone, stony iron, or stone,

http://a52.g.akamaitech.net/f/52/827/1d/www.space.com/images/ig162_01.jpg

Plate Tectonics Large scale motions of Large scale motions of

the Earth's lithosphere the Earth's lithosphere Lithosphere is broken Lithosphere is broken

up into up into tectonic platestectonic plates Asthenosphere has Asthenosphere has

low viscosity and low viscosity and shear strength and can shear strength and can flow like a liquid on flow like a liquid on geological time scales geological time scales

http://www.huttoncommentaries.com/subs/PSResearch/Strain/Fig8.gif

Plate Tectonics Convergent BoundariesConvergent Boundaries

two plates slide towards two plates slide towards each other forming either each other forming either

a subduction zone (if one a subduction zone (if one plate moves underneath plate moves underneath the other) the other)

a continental collision (if a continental collision (if the two plates contain the two plates contain continental crust).continental crust).

Deep marine trenches are Deep marine trenches are typically associated with typically associated with subduction zones. subduction zones.

http://www.alancolville.com/plates/cascades.jpg

Plate Tectonics Divergent BoundariesDivergent Boundaries

two plates slide apart two plates slide apart from each other. from each other.

Mid-ocean ridges Mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and active Ridge) and active zones of rifting zones of rifting (such as Africa's (such as Africa's Great Rift Valley) Great Rift Valley) are both examples of are both examples of divergent boundaries divergent boundaries


Plate Tectonics Transform boundariesTransform boundaries

plates grind past each plates grind past each other along transform other along transform faults. faults.

Relative motion of the Relative motion of the two plates is either two plates is either sinistral (left side toward sinistral (left side toward the observer) or dextral the observer) or dextral (right side toward the (right side toward the observer). observer).

The San Andreas Fault in The San Andreas Fault in California is one example. California is one example.


Land Through Time Next 20 slides are Next 20 slides are

maps from Dr. maps from Dr. Scotese’s website.Scotese’s website.

Scotese, C.R., Scotese, C.R., 2002, 2002, http://www.scothttp://www.scotese.com, ese.com, (PALEOMAP (PALEOMAP website).website).

dynamic earth

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