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9

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10

[qfmu $ dkospy[fh;p,n

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11

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$D ;ymulvpw0;j8uodk

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12

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&D ;ymulvpg-njv’fhkp

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13

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14

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mk’sq; mk’mhkp

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

[qfmu & dko0Q;-Uo

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ສ.ວ.ສ


20

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21

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22

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23

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0D dkodtdP, { g0Qklko\P;oewx\jk.shw|jF xt,ko # { $ -qj;3,’S { ]hk’4qj;fegvqkdyjolk[vvdc]h;c-j.shvjvo s^n 8Q,.shl5dS { \kdrhk;06f c]t 7AogvqkoEsq;dtmyda[oExkp.shwfh @ 4h;p.spjS { gvqk.[8v’oewx8kdcff.shvjvo c]h;oe,k9ud.shwfhlv’/k,n s^n 7;k,d;hk’xt

,ko !&{@W -a’8uc,af s^a’9kdoAooe,k8aflj;osq; c]t xkp.shgxaoI6[37’D

& *@

! @ #

$ & *

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24

7D dkox5’ gvqkoEsq;dtmyF oExkpdtmy0hP;.shc8d,aoF gvqkg0Qklko|P;F 4qj;feF oE 8koF c]t gdnv 7qo.shg0Qkl5dr=fu [+.shg]tF [+.shg0Qkw\h .shoEdtmycsh’]q’ c]h; 9bj’xq’xtw;h.shg1ao c]h;9bj’oewxs+D

’D ;ymus+ gvqk.[8v’mujdP,w;h,ks+ .ljg0Qk.shwfhxt,ko ! [j;’cd’c]h;s+ g;]ks+.shdu[ sq; c]t du[xkp[jvos+9q[’k, g,njvs+9qo\qfg0Qkc]h; .shoes+g0Qk8Q,wx|B’xt,ko #W{$W okmu c]h;xq’]q’xtw;h.shg1aoF oewxIa[xtmkogxao0v’s;kowfhD

7e4k, !D dkooe.[8v’,ks+g0Qk8Q,oAo9t8hv’8kdcff.shvjvodjvo4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D g0Qkmuj9toe,kgIafg0Qk8Q,.ljdh;pc,jog0Qk-toyf.fL

X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h? dD g0Qklko|P; 0D g0Qklko9hk; 7D g0Qklk]u

#D gxaospa’gryjo9bj’.ljgdnvg;]kgIafg0Qk8Q, L X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?

dD grnjvgIaf.shg0Qk8Q,oAog7a, 0D grnjv.shg0Qk8Q,oAo,u]qf-kf 7D grnjvgIaf.shg0Qk8Q,oAo,ao c]t ,u]qf-kf

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25

rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf [qfmu (

dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ !D 7;k,\kp0v’dkox6drnffh;psq; s^n |+

rnf[k’-toyf,u]e8Qo s^n IkdgIaf|hkmujltlq,vkskog-ajoG sq;zad[qj;F sq;zad mP,F 0u’F 0jkF sq;luw7F 8Qodh;p c]t vnjoMD rnfgs^qjkoU[+lk,kf0tspkpraofh;p dkoxad-eF 3m,dyj’F 8yf8k c]t 8+dyj’wfh ma’[+g\ktlq,da[dko0tspkpraofh;p cdjoD

dD dkoc[j’sq; dkoc[j’sq;c,jodkocpdlj;o0v’ rnfvvd8k,Ivpcpd8k,me,t-kf g-ajoG sq; zad[qj; c]t sq;zadmP,D

0D dkocpd|+

dkoc[j’|+c,jodkocpd|+0v’rnfmujc8d|+ g-ajoG dh;pF 0u’F 0jkF sq;luw7 c]t 0U \YoD

sq;zad[qj; sq;zadmP,

sq;0jk

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26

@D 75oxt3spf0v’dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ { dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ gxao;ymumujg\ktlq,da[dko0tspkpraornf[k’xt

grf g-yj’[+lk,kf0tspkpraowfh3fp;ymuvnjoM s^n 0tspkpwfhpkdg-ajoG sq;zad[qj;F sq; dtmP,F 0u’F 0jkF sq;luw7 c]t vnjoMD

{ 8Qornfmujzjkodko0tspkpraofh;psq; c]t |+,u]adltot7ngdqjk c]t c8d|+.\j wfh gxao9eo;os^kpD

{ rnffaj’djk;0tspkpraowfh’jkp c]t ltf;d lk,kfgvqksq;,kc[j’ s^n gvqk|+ ,kcpd c]h;oewxx6d.lj05,F .lj|ko s^n .lj.ork-totle]a[x6d Xdt34x6dF 75F -k,?D g,njvsqfoE.shrP’r=d+9twfhrnf8Qo.\jD

7e4k, !D dkoc[j’sq;c,jodkocpdlj;o0v’rnfvvd8k,Ivpcpd8k,me,t-kf 4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D rnfmuj.-hx6dfh;pdkocpd|+,usap’cfjL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D

dD 0u’ 0D sq;luw7 7D dh;p ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h

#D dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; c]t |+,u75oxt3spfco;.fL

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27

[qfmu ) dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ X8+?

!D rnfzadmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ dD rnfzadmujx6dfh;psq; rnfmujx6dfh;psq; ,uzad[qj;F zadmP,F gznvdF ,ao/t]aj’ c]t vnjoMD

0D rnfzadmujx6dfh;p|+ rnfmujx6dfh;p|+ ,u0u’F 0jkF 0U\yhoF sq;luw7F 8Qodh;pF \kdoaf c]t vnjoMD

sq;zad[qj; sq;zadmP,

sq;,ao/t]aj’ sq;gznvd

sq;luw7 sq;0jk sq;0u’

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28

@D dko7afg]nvdco;rao

s^a’9kdmujgIqkI6h-toyf0v’raornfmujgIqk9tx6dc]h; djvo9tx6d7;o7afg]nvdraornf .shfu 3fpxt8y[af8k,s^addkofaj’]5j,ouhG { g]nvdsq; s^n |+ 9kd8Qoraofumuj,u]adltotdq’da[lkpraoS { g]nvdsq; s^n |+ mujlq,[6o c]t c0’cI’S { g]nvd0t|kfg\ktlq,.odko0tspkprao s^n x6dF 0t|kf[+.spj c]t [+ohvp9qo gduowxF c8d.[vjvoxt,ko @{# .[S { g]nvdsq; s^n |+mujxaflt9kdg-Nv3]dD

#D fyogrktx6d vkf9t-Nfyogrktx6dleg]afI6[muj,u0kp8k,Ihko0kpv5xtdvodkodtglf s^n gvqkfyo,kxtlq,gvqkgv’8k,l6f s^n lj;oxtlq,faj’]5j,oUG

dD lj;oxtlq, vaf8klj;oxtlq, { x5p\ad @ lj;oS { 05p\kdrhk; ! lj;oS { 0Ucd[ !}@ lj;oS { oE\ad95]yo-u -u;trk[g9nv9k’ s^n vugva, XEM? ! ]yfxtlq,da[ oE @W ]yfD

8Qodh;p 8Qo\kdoaf

05p\kdrhk; oEvugva, 0Ucd[

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29

0D ;ymuxtlq, gvqklj;oxtlq,ma’\qf7qo.shg0Qkdao c]h;gvqkoE\ad95]yo-u-u;trk[ s^n oEvugva, XEM? xtlq,da[oE.shg0Qkdao .sh,u7;k,-5j,r=g\ktlq,F [+xPdgduowx \adw;hxt,ko ! vkmyyf 9bj’lk,kfoe,k.-hwfhD

$D v5xtdvo.odkox6d dD v5xtdvo

{ rk-tot.odkox6d,udt3xtF 34F -k, c]t 75D

{ v5xtdvo.odkox6d,u9qdF -;hko c]t lP,D

-k,

9qd lP,-;hko

75

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30

{ v5xtdvosqfoE,um+1k’F [q;sqfoEF 3vDDD

{ v5xtdvo.lj/5jo c]t xhv’daolaf86rnf ,u[A’lufF 75 c]t -h;koD

{ v5xtdvole]a[c[j’sq; s^n cpd|+ ,u,uf c]t rhkD

[q;sqfoE 3v

rhk,uf

-;hko 75

m+1k’

[A’luf

75

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31

0D dkogIaf7;k,ltvkf c]t dkogda[Iadlkg7njv’,ns^a’dko.-h

s^a’dko.-h;Pd’koleg]afc]h; 7;ogIaf7;k,ltvkf c]t gda[Iadlkg7njv’,n faj’oUG { 7;o]hk’v5xtdvo.shltvkf c]t g-af.shcsh’S { gda[Iadlkw;h[jvomujcsh’F xvfwr c]t oe,k.-h,u7;k,ltf;dD

&D ;ymudkox6drnffh;psq; s^n |+ &D!D dkox6drnffh;psq;

dD ;ymuc[j’sq;rnf c[j’sq;zqd[jq; c]t zadmP, 8k,Ivpc[j’me,t-kf8k,I6[]5j,oUG

0D ;ymux6d { 05f05,.ork-totle]a[x6dmjug7njvophkpwfh s^n 05f05,.o|kox6dmujdP,fyow;hF gvqk sq; s^n |+mujc[j’,kcxt.ljmk’dk’0v’05,x6dS { dkox6d7;oxtw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’c4; c]t 8Qo 3fp7eob’g4y’0t|kfdko9t g]uog8u[380v’rnfg;]k,ao0tspkp8q;vvdS

dkog9kt05f05,.o-k,

dkoc[j’sq;zadmP, dkoc[j’sq;zad[qj; ສ.ວ

.ສ


32

{ gvqkfyoxqd c8j8hv’xt.shpvf-Uvvd,k ltrk[7nda[8vomujgIqkc[j’vvd,kx6d lyj’ muj7;o]t;a’7n[+.shfyoxqdpvfS

{ sqfoE.sh,u7;k,-5j,c8j1jk.shxPd9qogduowxgrktgs’Qk8Qovkf9tgoqjk8kpwfh c]t 7;osqfoE8vog-Qk c]t 8voc]’S

{ gIafIqj,[a’cffxt,ko # { & ;ao c]h;9bj’gxufIqj,vvdD

dkogvqkfyoxqd

dkosqfoErnfzads^a’9kdx6dc]h;

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33

&D@D dkox6drnffh;p|+ dD ;ymucpd|+grnjvoewxx6d

cpd|+0v’rnf grnjvoewxx6d,u0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG { .-hlP,05fcpd|+.sh0kfvvd9kd8Qoc,jraoS

{ .-h,uf7q,M xkf|+muj8yfda[8Qoc,jrao.sh0kfvvd9kddaoS

{ 8afIkdmuj8yf,kda[|+4Y,S

dko05fcpd|+mujxkf0kf9kd8Qoc,jrao

dko.-h,ufxkf|+muj8yf8Qoc,jrao

dko8afIkd

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34

{ 4hk|+,u.[8yf,ks^kp7;o8af.[4Y,grnjvxhv’daodko7kpoED

0D ;ymux6d { gvqkwxx6d.ork-totF 05,x6d c]t |kox6dmujdP,w;hD

dkox6d8Qow,h.ork-tot

dko8af.[ c]t ]e8Qo

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35

&D# 95ffu c]t 95fvjvo.odkox6dfh;p;ymuc[j’sq; s^n cpd|+ dD95ffu { 9twfhIa[raornfmuj,u]adltotdq’8k,lkpraogfu,m5d1jk’S { x6d’jkpd;jkdkox6drnfvnjoM grkt.-hsq; s^n |+x6d3fpdq’S { .shzqozt]yffuD

0D95fvjvo { x6dwfhgmnjv]t|hvpS { glp7jk.-h9jkps^kpd;jkD

*D dko[q;]t[afIadlkrnfzadmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ dD dkosqfoE

.odkosqfoErnfzadgrnjv.sh,u7;k,-5j,16jltg\uoAo 7;osqfoE.shs^kp.ow]pt mevyf0v’dkox6d c]t ]tf6c]h’D le]a[.o]tf6/qo,u7;k,-5j,rP’r= 7;os^5fzjvo dkosqfoE]q’D

0D dko.lj/5jo

dko.lj/5jo8hv’.sh4ndda[w]ptdko9tg]uog8u[38 c]t .lj8k,7;k,8hv’dko 0v’rnfzadD ltoAogIqk7;og]nvd/5jofaj’oUG /5jo7vdF /5jog7,uF /5jooE-u;trk[ c]t /5jo\ad8k,g’njvow0muj,u.oc8j]tmhv’4yjoD

/5jo\ad-toyfoE/5jooE-u;trk[

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36

7D dkode9aflaf86rnf skdrq[dko]t[kf0v’[Q’ s^n c,’w,hF 4hk[+s^kp.sh.-h,n9a[[qj’4Y,F 4hkgxao grhp.sh.-hoEzaddtgfqk s^n oE1k]hk’4h;p !& -u-u xtlq,da[oE @W ]yf sqf s^n luf 8k,dhv’.[.og;]k8voc]’ s^n .-hoE1krNog,nv’w]jc,’w,Dh

(D oE1kw]jc,’w,hc[[rNog,nv’

dD dkogIafoE1kw]jc,’w,h-toyfmqj;wx lj;oxtlq,

lj;oxtlq,0v’oE1krNog,nv’le]a[w]jc,’w,h s^n de9afc,’w,h-toyfmqj;wx,u lj;oxtlq,faj’oUG { sq;zadmP,S { oE,aorkik2yo XoE1k0hkg-Nv?S { oElt[6 c]t oED

;ymugIaf { .-hsq;zadmP, # sq;.spj [qf.sh]tvPfS

{ gvqksq;zadmP,muj[qf]tvPf,kc-joE,aorkik2uo XoE1k0hkg-Nv? @ ;aoF 9kdoAo gvqk,k8v’xtlq,da[oElt[6 ! [j;’cd’S

{ 8nj,oE]q’.shwfh !W ]yf c]h;gvqkwxluf.shmqj;grnjvw]j c]t 0hkc,’w,hD

0D dkogIafoE1kle]a[w]jc,’w,hxtgrfxkdf6f lj;oxtlq, lj;oxtlq,0v’oE1krNog,nv’le]a[w]jc,’ s^n de9afc,’w,hxtgrfxkdf6f g-ajoG grhpcxh’ s^n \af]kp ,ulj;oxtlq,faj’oUG { cdjodtgfqkS { oED

;ymugIaf { gvqkcdjodtgfqkxt,ko WF& { ! dy3]dik, [qf.sh]tvPfS { cdjodtgfqkmuj[qf]tvPfoAos+zhk0k;[k’ c-joE @W ]yf xtw;h ! 7noS

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37

{ oewxlufrqjornfzadwfhfu3fpltgrktda[[qj’7n[S { 4hkgvqk,kxtlq,da[oExt,ko $WW ]yf lk,kfw]jc,’w,hmuj,k]q[d;o Xluf ! 7A’ lk,kfd5h,wfh !& ;ao?D

7e4k, !D ;ymucpd|+0v’rnf grnjvoewxx6d[+7;o.-h,uf7q,M xkf|+mu8yfda[8Qoc,jrao.sh 0kfvvd9kddao4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D 9qj’9a[76jdkooe.-hv5xtdvo.odkox6dF .lj/j5o c]t c[j’sq;L X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDD?

DDDDDDDDdD v5xtdvo.lj/5jo c]t xhv’daolaf86 !D 9qd DDDDDDDD0D rk-tot.odkox6d @D 75 DDDDDDDD7D v5xtdvo.odkox6d #D ,uf DDDDDDDD’D v5xtdvole]a[c[j’sq; s^n cpd|+ $D -k,

#D dkode9aflaf86rnfzadxtgrf[Q’gIqk7;ogIafco;.fL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD gvqk,n9a[vvd 0D .-hlkog7,u

7D .-h/5jo7vd ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h

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38

[qfmu _

dkogda[d6h c]t 9e|jkprnfzad !D dkogda[d6h

rnfmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+rkps^a’mujrnf,udko0tspkp8q;g8a,muj g\ktcdjdkogda[ d6hc]h; gIqk7;ogvqk.9.lj7n G dD v5xtdvogda[d6h gIqk8hv’dtdP,v5xtdvo c]t rk-tot.odkogda[d6hrnfzad.shIP[Ihvp g-yj’,u faj’oUG ,uf8afF ,ufF dt8jkF rhk c]t lP,D

0D ;ymudkogda[d6h { dkogda[d6hrnfmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ lj;os^kpc,jogda[d6h.og;]k8vog-Qk grkt;jk9t wfhzad’k,S { dkogda[d6hzadlj;os^kpc,jogda[gvqklj;omujgxaopvfvjvo grnjvwxx5’c8j’vkskoF .shxtlj;omujgxao8Qow;h grnjv.shc8dpvf.\jwfhvuds^kpM 7A’S { dkogda[d6hrnfmujgxaosq; s^n gxao|+ grnjvIa[xtmko s^n x6d c,jo.-hlP,05f s^n .-h,uf xkfgvqk lj;omujcdjlk,kfIa[xtmko s^n lk,kfx6dwfFh .shxtlj;omujvjvow;hgrnjv.sh c8dpvf s^n sq;8+wxD

,uf rhk lP,

dkogda[d6hrnfzad

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39

7D sâ’dkogda[d6h

sâ’dkogda[d6hgIqk7;oxt8y[affaj'oUG { gIaf7;k,ltvkfrnfzadG ]hk’rnfzadfh;poEltvkf grnjv]hk’0U/5jo s^n 0Ufyo c]t c,’w,h vkf9t8yf,kda[rnfzadS

{ 8afc8j’gvqk.[F pvfF 8QoF sq; c]t Ikdmuj[+’k,vvdS { 7af0t|kf.sh16j # ]tfa[G .spjF dk’F ohvp c]t 9afxtgrfG ’k,s^kpF xkodk’ c]t r=.-hwfhS

{ [ao95.ljsu[s+ 9af]P’.lj4q’1k’ c]t 9af]P’.sh9q[’k,D @D dko9e|jkp

rnfmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ sâ’9kdzjko0t[;odko,afF [ao95.ljsu[s+c]h;lk,kf lqj’0kp.o8ts^kf grnjv9e|jkpgxao8QoG

{ dko9e|jkp.shz6h[=]y3rd3fpdq’F z6hx6dwx0kp.o8ts^kffh;p8qogv’S { dko9e|jkpzjkor+7hk{c,j7hkc,joz6hx6d[+lk,kfwx0kpfh;p8qogv’wfhg-yj’dko9e

|jkpc[[ouh9twfh]k7k0hvo0hk’8OS { dko9e|jkpzjkod5j,dtlyde s^n zjkolt,k7q,dkozt]yf0v’[hko c,jod5j,dtly

de s^n d5j,zt]yfxt9e[hko gxaoz6h];[];,zqozt]yfgv’ grnjvIa[xtdao75ootrk[ lyo7hk c]t 9twfh7jk8v[cmos^kpS

{ dko9e|jkpc[[laopk]j;’|hkgxaodkolaopkw;hdjvo]j;’|hk]ts;jk’z6hx6dc]t z6h-N .odko9e|jkpc[[oU z6hx6dlk,kf,u8ts^kfIv’Ia[ c]t wfh]k7kfuD

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40

7e4k,

!D dkogda[rnfmujx6dfh;psq; c]t |+ lj;os^kp c,jo[+gda[.og;]k8vog-Qkgrkt;jk 9twfhzad’k, 4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D v5xtdvo.odkogda[d6h,uvao.fcfjL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D

dD ,uf 0D rhk 7D lP, ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h

#D dko9e|jkp.shz6h[=]y3rd3fpdq’c,jo9e|jkpco;.fL

$D rnfzadmujoypq,7af,u0t|kf.fcfjL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D

dD ohvp c]t .spj 0D dk’ c]t .spj 7D ohvp c]t dk’ ’D ohvpF dk’F .spj

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41

[qfmu !W raolafohvpmujoe,k]hP’

!D 7;k,gxao,k lafohvpgxaolafmujxt-k-qo]k;,u7;k,oypq,dao]hP’s^kp.ovtfufzjko,k9qog4y’ xaf95[aoF gxaolafmuj]hP’’jkp.orNomuj9edafF lafohvpmuj,adoypq,]hP’wfhcdjG \6F \kF c,;F cdtF c[h c]t dt8jkpD lafohvpmujlk,kflhk’.sh,u]kpwfh.o7v[7q;d+7nz6h]hP’ ,uG \6F cdtF c[h c]t dt8jkpD \k]hP’w;hg/qhkgInvo s^n -j;p.odko-vd16jskdyo 8k,me,t-kfF le]a[ c,;]hP’w;hgrnjvw]j|6D

@D 7;k,le7ao0v’dko]hP’lafohvp lafohvpgxaolafxtgrfmujr;dgIqk]hP’grnjvgxaovkskoma’lk,kf0kplhk’]kpwfh .shcdj7v[7q; c]t gxaovk-u[glu, s^n gxaovk-u[8Qo8=wfh 3fp[+8hv’dkolt4komuj c]t mboIvos^kpD

#D raolafmujoe,k]hP’ #D!D \6rNog,nv’

\6xtgrfoU,u16jgdnv[m5dmhv’4yjo.oxtgmf]k;gxao\6muj,u0t|kfohvp4hkmP[.lj\6 rao8jk’xtgmf g-yj’\6faj’djk;9tgvUoc8d8jk’daowx.oc8j]tmhv’4yjog-ajoG \69uHfF \6 \kddt3foF \6[q;c8j-nj];,c,jo\6]kf-bj’gxaoraorNog,nv’0v’]k;D

dD \69uHf gxao\6mujoypq,dao]hP’s]kp.og0frkddk’ c]t rkd.8h gxao\6muj,uI6[Ijk’ohvpD

0D \6]kf ,uI6[Ijk’.sjp c]t ,uoE|ads]kpdj;k\6 9uHfD \6xtgrfoU lj;os^kpoypq,]hP’.og0f rkdg|nv c8j.oxt95[ao \6rNog,nv’]k; gIqkwfh,udkoczjdt9kpwxmqj;m5dMmhv’4yjo .o0v[g0fmqj;xtgmfD

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42

#D@D \68jk’xtgmf \6rao8jk’xtgmf mujgryjooypq,oeg0Qk,k]hP’.o]k;le]a[zt]yfgxaolyo7hk lj;o

s^kpc,jorao]kflt;kp XLarge white?F c]ogfIf XLandrace?F f6]Jvdg9u-u XDurocjersey? s^n co;rao]6dxtlq,ma’ # co;raooU lk,kf.sh-Uos^kpD

dD \6rao]kflt;kp \6rao-toyfoU,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmfva’ dyf gxaoraomuj]hP’’jkplk,kfxa[8q;da[lt rk[c;f]hv,[hkogIqk0hvo0hk’wfhfuF ]ad ltot3fpmqj;wxgxao\60t|kf.spjF s68A’F ]e8q;pk;F |a’ c]t 0qolu0k;8ts^vf]e 8q; vkfgxaaolu0k;D ,u-Uos^kp,uoE,ao|hvp le]a[8q;c,jlk,kf.sh]6ds^kpD

0D \6raoc]ogIl

\6rao-toyfoU ,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmf cfo,kd gxao\6muj]hP’wfhfu.o[hkogIqk ,u dkoxa[8q;da[ltrk[c;f]hv,wfhfu ,udko 9tg]uog8u[.spjfuF .spjw;F .sh-Uos^kpD lj;o s^kpoypq,gvqk\6raooU.-hgxaoc,jraogrkt]e 8q;pk;F ,ug8Qkoq,s]kpF g\ktlq,.odko zt]yf]6d\6gxaoluo7hkF ,u|a’ c]t 0qo 0k;ma’\qf]e8q;F s6.sjp c]t 86[F sq; ohvpF lq[pk;F dt3rd.sjp c]t sa’dqj’r= fu’k,D

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43

7D \6raof6iJvdg9u-u \6raooU ,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmfvkg,]y dk gxaoraomuj,udko9tg]uog8u[w; ,u7;k, mqomko8+ltrk[c;f]hv, c8j.sh]6d[+s^kp xko.fD ]adltot3fpmqj;wx,u|a’ c]t 0qo ,ulucf’g0A,mqj;]e8q;F .[s6ohvp c]t 86[ g7yj’|bj’F sq;.spjF lq[lAo c]t dt3rd.sjpD

#D#D c[h

c[h gxaolaf]hP’-toyf|bj’ muj,uxts;afdko ]hP’,kc8jfqookoc]h; lk,kfczj0t spkpgdnv[mqj;m5drkdlj;o0v’3]dD g,njv s^kpraoxu,kc]h; wfh,udko]hP’c[hs^kpmu l5f.oxtgmfvyogfp ]v’]q’,kc,jomt;u[ va2iyddk le]a[mt;u[vk-u8kg;aovvd ljP’.8h c,joxtgmfwmmujwfhoec[hg0Qk,k ]hP’.oxu !_)W c8jxaf95[aooU wfh,udkoczj dt9kpwx.oc8j]tmhv’4yjo8jk’M 0v’3]dD

#D$D dt8jkp

dt8jkp[hko muj]hP’dao.oxt95[aooU,us^kp lkprao 8A’c8j0t|kfohvp9qog4y’0t|kf .sjpF sq; c]t s6d+c8d8jk’daoD ,ulu8jk’M ,u0qolAopk;c8d8jk’daoD faj’oAo dko g]nvd-Ndt8jkpwx]hP’oAo 0Bo16jda[7;k,r= .9 c]t dkooe.-hxt3spf0v’z6h]hP’D

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44

7e4k, !D \6,u7;k,le7ao8+,to5f7nG gxaovkskoF lhk’]kpwfh c]t gxaovk-u[4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D 9qj’9a[76j8Qodegouf0v’\6c8j]txtgrfL X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD \69uHf !D ,k9kdxtgmfcfo,kd DDDDDDDDDD 0D \6rao]kflt;kp @D ,k9kdxtgmfvkg,]ydk DDDDDDDDDD 7D \6raoc]ogf^l #D ,k9kdxtgmf]k; DDDDDDDDDD ’D \6raof6iJvdg9u-u $D ,k9kdxtgmfva’dyf #D 0h=.fc,jo\6,k9kdxtgmf]k;L X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D

dD \69uHfF \6rao]kflt;kpF \6raoc]ogfl 0D \6\kddt3foF \6raof6iJvdg9u-uF \6[q; 7D \69uHfF \6\kddt3foF \6[q;

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45

[qfmu !! lt4komujF 7vd c]t v5xtdvole]a[]hP’lafohvp

!D dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj grnjv1kd]hP’laf.shwfhIa[zqofu z6h]hP’laf7;o,udko7afg]nvdlt4komujg\ktlq,

da[lafc8j]txtgrf c]t w;vkp5D [=]yg;omuj9tx5dlhk’7vd8hv’gxao[jvo3ooF vkdkf]j;’fuF sjk’9kdgInvoF ,u gfujodh;k’F gxao[jvomuj[+g7upgdufrtpkf,kdjvoD

@D c[[0v’7vd dD c[[7vd\kcs’o

7vd\kcs’o gxao7vdlaf0t|kfohvpF dA’[a’]q,F cff c]t /qo[+wfhfuF oypq,.-h.o 7v[7q;8k,mhv’4yjo8jk’MD

0D c[[7vd\kcs’odkp

7vd\kcs’odkp gxao7vdlhk’’jkp lk ,kfdA’[a’]q,F cff c]t /qofudj;kc[[ \kcs’omqj;wxD

7D c[[7vd|hk9qj;-AofP;

7vd|hk9qj;-AofP; gxao7vdmuj]hP’lafwfh s^kp38 lk,kfdA’[a’cff s^n /qowfhfuD gryjooypq,oe.-h]hP’lafgxaoluo7hkD

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46

’D c[[7vd|hk9qj;lv’-Ao 7vd|hk9qj;lv’-Ao c,jo7vdmujpqdsâ’7k 0Bogxaolv’-Ao grkt;jk[jvos;jk’0v’sâ’ 7kgxao-jv’]t[kpvkdkf c]t ]t[kp 7;k,IhvowfhfuD

9D c[[|hk9qj;lv’-Aodkp

7vd|hk9qj;lv’-Aodkp ,u]adltot7hkp7n c[[|hk9qj;lv’-Ao c8j,5’mk’lu|hkvvd 8nj,D dkolhk’7vd,u7nG

rNo7vdG vkf.-hfyo s^n .-hw,hcxhox6F c8j4hk]hP’gxao9eo;os^kp gryjo,ad.-hrNo 7vd-u,a’D ;afltf5muj.-h,5’sâ’7kd+,us]kp-toyfg-ajoG sphk7kF sphkc/dF .[8v’F w,hxjv’F la’dtlu s^n dtg[nhv’D sâ’7k7vdG gryjo[+oypqq,.-hla’dtlugrkt9tgIaf.shlafIhvo gduf7;k,7Pf.og;]kvk

dkfvq[gvqhkD sâ’7kc[[|hk9qj;lv’-Aolk,kf]t[kpvkdkfwfhfud;jkD /kcvh,7vdG gryjo,ad.-hw,hdq,F w,hs^Pj, s^n cxhoD c8j4hkgxao7vd4k;vo lj;o.spj gryjo.-hgsâdm+cxa[ s^n -u,a’D

#D v5xtdvo.shvksko c]t oE dD Ik’oE

v5xtdvo.shvksko c]t oElaf,us^kp1jk’ g-ajoG dHvdvaf383o,afF dHvdc[[oE1vfF vjk’d+gIaffh;p-u,a’F Ijk’gIaffh;pw,h s^n ltc8og]fD

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47

0D Ik’vksko

Ik’vkskolaf,us^kp-toyfg-jaoG Ik’-u,a’F 4a’ltc8og]f c]t Ik’gIaf fh;pw,hD

7e4k, !D 7vd]hP’lafohvp,uc[[.fcfjL

@D 9qj’9a[76j7vd]hP’lafmjug\ktlq,da[dko]hP’laf X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD 7vdc[[\kcs’o !D ]hP’wfhs^kp38 DDDDDDDDDD 0D 7vd|hk9q;-AofP; @D ]hP’gxaoluo7hk DDDDDDDDDD 7D 7vd|hk9q; @ -Aodkp #D ]hP’laf9eo;o|hvp #D dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj]hP’laf 7;o7eob’g4y’xtgrflafF vkp5laf4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

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48

[qfmu !@ dko]hP’lafohvp

!D dko]hP’\6 dko]hP’\63fpmqj;wxc]h;c,jjo0Boda[9eo;o\6mujoe,k]hP’F 4hk]hP’.o9eo;o

ohvp8k,-qoot[qf gryjo,ad9txjvpwx8k,me,t-kf .owIj sn^ l;oF c8j[+7;oxjvp .o\j6[hkoF [k’mhv’4yjo.-hg-nvd,af]jk, s^n ]hP’0a’.lj7vdD dko]hP’\6gxaoluo7hk 8hv’,udkof6c]Iadlk3fpoe.-hg8adoyd;ymtpklkfg0Qk-j;pD

!D!D dko]hP’\6ohvpgduf.\j g,njv\6ohvpvvd,k.\jM 9egxao9t8hv’xt8y[affaj’oUG

{ gvqkoEg,nvdvvd9kdxkd{9kdfa’F g-af 38\6ohvp.shcsh’S { 8aflkp[nsjk’9kdmhv’\6ohvpxt,ko @{# -a’8uc,af gvqkvuvqf9E.lj[jvo8afoAoS { 8afc0h;mujcs^,rQovvd,kgmy’ @ 76j c]t ]5j, @ 7j6S { 8afsk’\6ohvpsjk’9kddQoxt,ko @{# -a’8uc,afS { \kpg[us6S { gvqk\6ohvpf6foq,c,j.shw;D

.o-j;’oUz6h]hP’8hv’wfhgvqk.9.lj.odko[q;]t[afIadlk grktw]ptoU \6ohvpgduf .\j[+lk,kfgvqk8q;]vf9kd7;k,|k;g1ao c]t 7;k,IhvoF 8ts^vfg4y’dkodyo oEF dyooq,c,j c]t vkskofh;p8qogv’D faj’oAoz6h]hP’8hv’,u7;k,rhv,fhko7vdF oE c]t vksko grnjvgIaf.sh\6ohvp9tg]uog8u[.sjpw;0Bo c]t lk,kfgvqk\6ohvp vvd0kpwfhrkp.o ${& vkmyfD

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49

!D@D dko]hP’\6]5o \6]5ogxao\6mujgIqk]hP’grnjv9e|jkp3fpwfh,k9kd\6ohvpmuj1jkoq,c]h;D dko]hP’ \6]5o,u @ c[[7n G

dD dko]hP’.omqj’sphk dko]hP’.omqj’sphkc,jodko,af s^n 0a’\6 8k,mqj’sphkle]a[]hP’.o9eo;oohvp8k,[hkogInvo g-yj’xt1afdko.-h9jkp7jkvk skoD c8j[+4nds^addkogrkt9tlhk’7;k, gxugxNvo.orNomujoAofh;pD

0D dko]hP’c[[0a’

dko]hP’c[[0a’ c,jo;ymudkomuj4nd8hv’ 8k,s^addko 3fpz6h]hP’lk,kf7;[75,wfh s^kp1jk’g-ajoG [jvo.shoE c]t vkskoD rhv,fP;daooAod+lk,kfde9aflyj’glfgs^nv9kdlafwfh’jkpD laf9tg]uog8u[.spjfuF vtok w,wfh’jkp c]t pa’s^5fzjvodkogdufrt pkfvudfh;pD

!D#D dko]hP’\6r+c,jrao grnjv.shwfhr+c,jrao muj,ul50trk[c0’cI’F ]hP’]6dfuF .sh]6ds^kpF ]6dgduf,k,u7;k, c0’cI’ 7;o.shvksko c]t oE4nd8k, 7;k,8hv’dkoF ,u7vdwfh,kf8t4koD le ]a[r+rao.sh]hP’fjP;F lj;oc,jrao.sh.-h7vd ];,.og;]k[+4nrk c8jg,njv4nrkc]h; .sh cpdvvd0a’fjP;D

r+rao

c,jrao

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50

@D dko]hP’c[h dko]hP’c[h lj;os^kpc]h;c,jo]hP’8k,mqj’sphkme,t-kfF 4hk]hP’c[h.o9e o;oohvp38F gryjooypq,]jk,8k,mqj’sphkD dko7afg]nvdc[h,k]hP’oAod+vk.lc8jdkola’gdfI6[Ijk’rkpovd [+I6hxts;af 0v’c[h]tvPfF gonjv’9kd;jkg9Qk0v’laf[+,udko9qfc8h,F zqozt]yfmujwfhIa[d+8je faj’oAo grnjv1kd.shdko]hP’wfhIa[dkorafmtok 9egxao8hv’,udko7afg]nvdc[h,k ]hP’ 3fpvk.ldkola’gdf9kd]adltotrkpovdF lv[4k,oy.lF dko.sh]6d c]t 7;o7afg]nvdfaj’oUG

{ g]nvdc[hvkp5 & { * gfnvoS { ]adltot0v’Ijk’dkplq,lj;oF ’k,F ,uvtw;pt;t8jk’M 7q[4h;oS { ,u7;k,c0’cI’lq,[6oS { dyovkskogdaj’S { 7;og]nvd9kdc,jmuj.sh]6ds^kpF ]hP’]6dfuF oy.lfuS { 7;ocpd8q;z6h c]t 8q;c,jvvd9kddaoc8jvkp5pa’ohvpS g,njvc[h,udko9tg]uog8u[38g8a,mujc]h;9bj’oeg0Qk,k]hP’Ij;,dao 3fpmqj;wxc]h;

7;o]hP’Ij;,dao g,njvvkp5wfh !W gfnvo s^n s^kpdj;koAo 8k,7;k,lq,[6omk’fhko oE|ad0v’Ijk’dkpD

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51

#D dko]hP’dt8jkp ;ymu]hP’dt8jkp 3fpmqj;wxc]h; gryjooypq, ]hP’c[[0a’.lj7vdohvpF 16jgfujosphkmuj,uIQ; s^n 8k|jk’vhv, grnjvltf;d.odko8yf 8k,d;fdk c]t dko[q;]t[afIadlkD le ]a[dko]hP’dt8jkp .oxaf95[aooU c,jopa’ [+maod;hk’0;k’ lj;o.spj gryjo]hP’grnjv 7;k,l;p’k, c]t ]hP’grnjvgvqk-UoD .o ;Pd’kodkocrf gryjowfhoe.-hdt8jkpx6d g-Nvrtpkfgrkt;jkdt8jkpgxaolafmqf]v’ -toyf|bj’muj-j;p.shcrfr;dgIqklk,kfzt ]yf1kxvh’daortpkfwfhs^kp-toyfvudf;hpD

7e4k, !D 0=h7;oxt8y[af8+\6ohvpgduf.\j gvqkoEg,nvdvvd9kdxkd{fa’F g-af38.shccsh’F 8aflkp[nF 8afc0h;F 8afsk’F \kpg[us6F gvqk\6ohvpf6foq,c,j4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D dkog]nvdr+c,jraolafmuj[+fu,ul50trk[c0’cI’F ]hP’]6dfuF ,u]6ds^kpF

]6dgduf,kc0’cI’4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf

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52

[qfmu !#

vksko c]t dko.shvkskolafohvp !D vksko c]t cs^j’muj,k0v’vksko dD vksko

vkskoc,jolyj’muj9egxao.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’laf c]t 0kf[+wfhF g,njvlaf dyog0Qkc]h; gxaoxt3spf8+Ijk’dkpgIaf.shc0’cI’F 9tg]uog8u[.sjp c]t lk,kf .shzqozt]yffuF ,u7;k,8hkomko8+rtpkfwfhvudfh;pD

0D csj^’muj,k0v’vksko vksko9er;dg,af

vksko9er;dg,af,u7nG g0QkF lk]uF g0Qk /hk’F g0Qk[kg]F g,af4qj;gs]nv’F 4qj;0P;F \kd’kDDD

vksko9er;ddkd

vksko9er;ddkd,u7nG IeF g0QkxPoF 0U g[pF 0Ugs^QkF dkd4qj;gs^nv’F dkd4qj;0P;F dkd,ao8QoF dkd\kdrhk;F dkd4qj;fyoF dkd\kd’kF dkdg,af/hkpDDD

vksko9er;dsq;

vksko9er;dsq;,u7nG sq;,ao8QoF sq;,ao fhk’F sq;zaddkfF sq;dk]qfDDD

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53

vksko9er;dsphk vksko9er;dsphk,u7nG sphklqfF [voF 8Qodh;pF .[dt4yoF zad8q[DDD

vkskomuj9kd9er;dlaf vksko9er;dlaf,u7nG xkxqjoF dtf6dxqjoF -UoxqjoF g]nvfxqjoF svpxqjoF oq,zq’DDD

7D vkskoleg]afI6[

vkskoleg]afI6[ c,jowfh9kddkoxtlq, s^kp1jk’,uma’rnfF laf c]t cIjmkf8jk’MD

’D vkskole]a[]hP’\6F c[h c]t dt8jkp

\6F c[h c]t dt8jkp c,jolafohvpmujdyovksko8jk’daoD c[h c]t dt 8jkp3fpme,t-kf9tdyosphkgxaovkskoF c8jxaf95[aogrnjv.shzqozt]yyf8v[lt|v’ 8+z6h[=]y3rd8k,g;]k c]t ,uxt]y,korP’r=F gryjo9bj’]hP’laf9er;doUfh;pvksko leg]afI6[D

@D dko.shvksko

lafc8j]t-toyfF c8j]t-Ovkp5F c8j]t38,u7;k,8hv’dkovkskoc8d8jk’dao [+;jkmk’fhkoxt]y,kod+7n75ootrk[ g-yj’laf[k’-Ovkp5,u7;k,8hv’dkovksko 8ts^vf grnjvdko9tg]uog8u[.spjF dkoln[rao c]t dko.-hcI’’koD

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54

;ymuxt8y[af.odko.shvksko { dko.shvksko8hv’4nd8k,g;]kltg\uS

{ .shvksko1jk’mqj;g4y’ grktlaf,adpkf-y’daodyovkskoF 8hv’cpdvvdgxao95F cpdvvdc8j]t-Ovkp5F cpdvvdc8j]t0t|kfF cpdvvdc8j]t-toyf s^n vkf,u dkocpdfjP;pyj’gxaodkofuS

{ Ik’vksko8hv’[ao951jk’rP’r=F .shcmfg\ktda[9eo;olafF vkp5lafF xtgrflaf { xt]y,kovksko.shrP’r=da[7;k,8hv’dko c]t vksko8hv’,u75ork[S

{ .shvksko1jk’4nd8hv’8k,95fxtlq’g-ajoG grnjvfe]q’-u;yfF grnjvdko9tg]uog8u[ .sjpF dkoln[raoF grnjvgIaf.sh85hp c]t grnjv.-hcI’’koS

{ Ik’vksko 8hv’;k’.shsjk’ grnjv[+.shlafpkfdaog;]kdyovkskoS { [+7;o]hP’laffqogduowxgrkt9t,udkolYogxnv’vkskoD

7e4k, !D vksko9er;dg,af,uspa’cfjL

@D 9qj’9a[7j6rnfmujc,jo-toyffP;daoL X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD g0Qk !D dkd4qj; DDDDDDDDDD 0D lk]u @D dkd’k DDDDDDDDDD 7D g,af4qj; #D Ie DDDDDDDDDD ’D g,af’k $D dkdlk]u

#D vkskoleg]afI6[xtdv[fh;pspa’cfjL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD g0QkF cIjmkf 0D lafF cIjmkf 7D rnfF cIjmkf ’D rnfF lafF cIjmkfF g0Qk

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55

rkdmu III dko-jk’

[qfmu !$ dkooe.-hg7njv’,nle]a[;Pd’ko-jk’w,h

djvomuj9t]q’,nxt8y[af;Pd’ko.f|bj’ zh6oe.-h9t8hv’I6hg7njv’,n8jk’M gxao8Qo c,jov5xtdvoF g7njv’,n c]t g7njv’;afcmd g-yj’9egxao9t8hv’I6h9ad]adltotdko oe.-h c]t dkoIadlkg7njv’,ndjvogrnjv9t.-hwfh4nd8hv’ [+gdufdkoglpskpcdj g7njv’,n c]t [+gdufvao8t ]kpcdjzh6.-hD

!D g7njv’,n;afcmd !D!D c,af

c,afgxaog7njv’,nmevyfmuj-jk’w,h9t8hv’.-hle]a[;afcmdw]pt sn^ 0t|kf7;k, dh;k’F 7;k,pk; c]t 7;k,l6’0v’;af45 .ow,hc,af9t,u0uf\kp0t|kfD 4hk gxao-toyfw,hc,afc[[ra[wfh9t,u0uf\kp0t|kfgxaooU;1j6fhko\bj’ c]t vudfhko |bj’[vdgxao0t|kfg,8iydgxao0uf\kp,yo]uc,afF -a’8uc,af c]t c,af .-hltgrkt ;afcmd0t|kf];’|kF ];’dh;k’ c]t ];’pk;D dD ]adltot0v’c,af

0D dkooe.- h

dko.-hc,afd=h gryjo.-hcmd95f.f\bj’muj8hv’ dkoF 3fpgvqk95fxkp0v’c,afgdktmuj95f 8hv’dko c]h;;afcmdwxsk[jvomuj9t8af sn^ -vpD

c,afd=h c,af,h;o

dko;afcmd

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56

!D@D w,hlkd

dD ]adltot0v’w,hlkd w,hlkd c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,h mujgIaff;hpw,h s^n 3]stxtdv[fh;plv’rkd lj;o7nG fhk, c]t .[D

0D dkooe.- h .-h;afcmd0t\kfF d;flv[7;k,rP’ 0v’w,hF .og;]kdq[ c]t .-hd;flv[,5, lkd8jk’MD

!D#D 0=]kd

dD ]adltot0=]kd 0=]kd c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,hmuj gIaff;hpw,h s^n x]kl8ydF xtdv[fh;p lk,rkdlj;o7nG cxhoF ]eF w]0af c]t gs^admuj,uxkpcs^,D

0D dkooe.-h .-hw;h0ufw,h.shgxao7v’grnjv8af-vpF g9ktI6 s^n g]njvp[a’.[D

!D d;flkd,5,.o

@D d;flv[7;k,rP’ #D d;flkd $D 0uf,5, $& º

.[

fhk,

w]0af

]ecxhogs^adcs^,

;afcmdgvqk0t|kf

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57

!D$D oEmjP’ dD ]adltot0v’oEmjP’

oEmjP’ c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,hmujgIaff;hpw,hF vk]6,yoP, s^n x]kl8ydF xtdv[fh;plk,rkdlj;o 7nG ]eF s^vfoEmjP’mk’ovo c]t mk’8A’D

0D dkooe.- h

.-h9a[]tfa[7;k,Ik[rP’ c]t wfh lkd

!D&D ]6dfyj’ dD ]adltot0v’]6dfyj’

]6dfyj’ c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,hmujgIaff;hp3]stF xtdv[ fh;plv’rkdlj;o7nG 3]st c]t g-nvdD

0D dkooe.-h

.-h9a[]tfa[7;k,mjP’8q’mk’8A’D

s^vfoEmjP’mk’ovo

s^vfoEmjP’mk’8A’ ]e

@D 9a[]tfa[mk’8A’!D 9a[]tfa[mk’ovo

g-nvd

3]st

@ ;afcmdmk’]5j,

!D ;afcmdmk’gmy’

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58

@D g7njv’,nxtgrfg]njvp @D!D g]njvpsk’xk

dD ]adltotg]njvpsk’xk g]njvpsk’xk c,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’ 0v’-jk’w,h mujgIaffh;p3]st xtdv[ fh;plv’rkdlj;o7nG .[ c]t fhk,muj gIaffh;pw,h s^n x]kl8ydD

0D dkooe.-h

.-hw;h8af c]t -vpw,hD

@D@D g]njvp7ao dD ]adltot0v’g]njvp7ao

g]njvp7aoc,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’ w,hmujgIaff;hp3]st xtdv[fh;plk,rkd lj;o7nG .[F 7aoF fhk, c]t glAog7aj’muj gIaffh;pw,hF g-nvd c]t ];fgs^adD

0D dkooe.-h

.-hw;h-vp8k,glAo 8af8k,glAoF .-hxt3spfwfh7ndaoda[g]njvplt]5g-ajoG dko g]njvplj;o37h’gxao;q’,qoF rkpovd.[g]njvpgxao]adltot.[-vpF 4vfxjPo0t|kf .sjpohvpwfh8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD

.[ fhk,

!D dko-vpw,h @D dko8afw,h

glAog7aj’

fhk, X,n9a[? .[g]njvp

7aog]njvp

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59

@D#D g]njvplt]5 dD ]adltot0v’g]njvplt]5

g]njvplt]5 c,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,h mujgIaff;hp3]stxtdv[fh;plk, rkdlj;o7nG .[F 7ao c]t fhk,D

0D dkooe.-h

.-hw;hg]njvp8k,glAo37h’gxao];f]kp8jk’MD

@D$D g]njvpsk’|6 dD ]adltot0v’g]njvpsk’|6

g]njvpsk’|6 c,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,h mujgIaff;hp3]st xtdv[lv’rkd lj;o7nG .[F c]t fhk,D

0D dkooe.-h

.-hg]njvp[jvomujg]njvp7aog]njvp[+wfhD

dkog]njvp8k,c[[

dkog]njvpI6

.[g]njvp fhk,

.[g]njvp

fhk,

7ao

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60

#D g7njv’,nxtgrfg9kt #D!D lyj;gx

dD ]adltot0v’lyj;gx lyj;gx c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,hmuj gIaff;hp3]st xtdv[fh;plk,rkdlj;o7nG fhk,F xvd c]t .[D

0D dkooe.-h

.-h[kdF 8q[c8j’I6 c]t gfnvp.o|hkw,hD

#D@D lyj;|k dD ]adltot0v’luj;|k

luj;|k c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,hmuj gIaff;hp3]st xtdv[fh;plk,rkdlj;o7nG fhk,F xvd c]t .[D

0D dkooe.-h .-hle]a[g9ktI68k,0t|kfmju8hv’dkoD

dkogIafgfnjvp

dkog9ktI6

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61

$D g7njv’g-kt s^n dq[ $D!D dq[]k’lAo

dD ]adltot0v’dq[]k’lAo

0D dkooe.-h .-hdq[w,hgmnjvmevyfgrnjvfafcx’|hkw,h.sh Ik[rP’D

$D@D dq[]k’pk; dD ]adltot0v’dq[]k’pk;

0D dkooe.-h .-hdq[w,hgmnjvmulv’ s^a’9kddq[lAodq[,kc]h;.-hdq[.sh]tvPf c]t wfh\hkIk[ rP’fuD

&D g7njv’8vd g7njv’8vdmujoypq,.-hdao3fpmqj;wxda[;Pd’ko-jk’w,h c]t -jk’d=jlhk’wfhcdj7hvo

8ugsa^d c]t 7hvow,hD &D!D 7hvow,h

dD ]adltot0v’7hvow,h

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62

0D dkooe.-h .-hle]a[8vdlyj;

&D@D 7hvo8ugsa^d dD ]adltot0v’7hvo8ugsâd 0D dkooe.-h

lj;o.spj-jk’w,h c]t -jk’d+lhk’oypq,.-h 7hvo8ugsâd8vd c]t 4vo8tx6D 7hvo8ugsâd ,u1j6lv’c[[7nG 7hvoc’j, c]t 7hvo[+,u c’j,D

7e4k, !D 7hvo8uc’j,.-hw;hh8vdlyj;4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D g]njvplt]5.-hw;hg]njvp.shgxao;q’,qo4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf

#D 9qj’9a[76jg7njv’,n-jk’w,h c]t dkooe.-h.sh4nd8hv’L X.sh0Po8q;g]d.l[jvo DDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDD dD c,af !D 8vd8tx6 DDDDDDDDD 0D g]njvp @D g9kt DDDDDDDDD 7D oEmjP’ #D .-hcmd DDDDDDDDD ’D luj; $D 8vdluj;w,h DDDDDDDDD 9D 7hvo8vdluj; &D .-h8af DDDDDDDDD lD 7hvo8u *D 9a[]tfa[

$D gryjooe.-hw,hlkdw;hgIafspa’cfjL

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63

[qfIPomu !& ;afltf5d+lhk’

!D ;afltf5d+lhk’9kdme,t-kf dD suo suomujoe,k.-h.o;Pd’kodkod+lhk’ 8hv’,u7;k,ltvkf xaflt9kdlyj’g9nvxqo g-ajoG fyo8q,F glfw,h8jk’MD suo0q[ c,josuo9kdme,t-kf Xsuor6 s^n suoc,joEg,af

.spj? g-yj’oe,k0q[grnjv.shwfh0t|kf8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD suoxtgrf0q[lk,kf8yf

9vfda[g[8q’wfhfud;jksuo[+0q[D suo[+0q[ c,josuocIj9kdsh;poE]eg- g-yj’,ug,af0t

|kfohvpmuj[+9egxao9t8hv’oe,k0q[D 0t|kf0v’suomujoe,k.-hle]a[gIafg[8q’9t

,u0t|kf.spjl5f @W sk @& mmD

djvo9toesuo,k.-hle]a[dkoxtlq,g[8q’ mk’mujfucmh7;o]hk’.shltvkfdjvoF dkogda[Iadlk9t8hv’s^udg;Ao[+.shfyoxtxqo1j6da[suoD g;]k8adsuo7;o.-hzhkvafxkd c]t fa’ grnjvxhv’dao0U/5joxy;g0Qkxkd s^n fa’D

0D fyo-kp

fyo-kpmujoe,k.-h.o;Pd’kodkod+lhk’9t8hv’ltvkfF fyo-kpmujoe,kxtlq, gIafg[8q’ c]t dkod+/k9t8hv’gxaofyo-kpg,af.spjD le]a[dko3[d/k9t8hv’,u lk,0t|kf7nG g,af.spjF g,afdk’ c]t g,afohvpD lj;ofyo-kp4q,rNo 7;ogvqk-t oyfg,afohvpgrkt]k7k9t4ndd;jkD

I6[suo0q[ I6[suo[+0q[ ສ.ວ.ສ


64

{ dkomqflv[7;k,ltvkf0v’fyo-kp oefyo-kp xt,kog7yj’9vd9kdlv’dv’fyo -kp 4vd]q’.lj9vdcdh;lv’|j;p muj[ao95 oEwlltvkfF .-hw,h7qoxtlq,.shmqj;g0QkdaoF 9vd mu ! 9tdkpgxaooEmuj05jod;jk9vdmu @F ltcf’;jk fyo-kpdv’mu ! gxNvod;jkfyo -kp dv’mu @D faj’oAo 7;ooe-kpdv’mu ! wx]hk’djvooe,k.-hg0Qk.odkod+lhk’8jk’MD

dkogda[Iadlk9t8hv’s^udg;Ao[+.shfyo8q, -kd.[w,h8jk’M xtxqo1j6da[fyo-kpF 8vdw,hcxhovhv,w;h grnjv[+.shfyo-kp-t]q’da[rNo s^n ws^|uF .od=]tou/qo8qdD g;]k8adfyo-kp7;o.-hzhkvafxkd c]t vaffa’ grnjvxhv’dao0U/5joxy;g0Qkxkd c]t fa’D

7D oE grnjvgIaf.shgdufxt8ydy]yypkmk’g7,u]ts;jk’oE c]t -u,a’wfhIa[zqofu9t8hv’oe .-hoEltvkfD

@D ;afltf5d+lhk’zt]yf9kd3I’’ko dD -u,a’ -u,a’gxao;af45d+lhk’mujzt]yf9kd3I’’koF g,njv-u,a’4ndxtlq,da[oEd=9tgdufxt8y dy]ypkmk’g7,u c]t 7jvpc0’8q;F s^a’9kdoAo $& okmu dkoc0’8q;0v’-u,a’ .ow]ptmevyfc,jo\qfwxD ltoAo8hv’oe.-h-u,a’mujxtlq,c]h;.sh\qf8k,g;]kD

-u,a’ mujoe.-hgIafg[8q’ le]a[37’lhk’0v’vk7kowfhcdj-u,a’l6f ASTM C-150 (American Standard Testing Materials).

gryjooe.-h-u,a’ltgrktle]a[8q[c8j’F d+ c]t 3[dvk7ko[hkogInvo grkt,u 7;k,vjvo|P; c]t c0’8q;-hkF ma’x5’c8j’’jkp c]t grU,7;k,l;p’k,.shcdj [hkogInvo8nj,vudD

oE16j.o9vd05jodv’muj !

dv’muj @ oE.o9vd.l

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65

rkpsâ’dkoxtdv[37’lhk’vk7ko s^n d+{3[d 8q[c8j’vk7koc]h; pa’,u 7;k,9egxao9t8hv’.-hhoEsqfg-Qk c]t c]’ rkp.o @) ;ao .od=]touvkdkfvq[ gvQk c]t csh’c]h’gonjv’9kd;jk-u,a’8hv’dko7;k,-5j,gdnv[ _W: c]t lk,kf c0’8q;wfhg4y’ (W: 0v’7;k,mqomkomuj8hv’dkoD 7;ooe.-h-u,a’fh;p7;k,]t,af]t;a’ grkt-u,a’lk,kfxy;g0Qks6F 8kF xkd c]t fa’ gIaf.sh7qogIqkg9a[xj;pwfhD 7;o.-hzhkvafxkd c]t fa’ g,njvg0Qkwx.olk’ gda[,hPo c]t g;]kxtlq,-u,a’D dkogda[Iadlkmujfu8hv’sûdg;Ao9kdzqodtmq[0v’ fyo2hkvkdkf gxao8Qoc,jo[+.sh4nd7;k,-5j,grkt9tgIaf.sh-u,a’c0’8q; c]t glp 75ootrk[djvooewx.-hD

0D gsâdglu, dkod+lhk’8jk’M 7;ooegvqkgsâdglu,mujwfh,kf8t4ko,k.-hhD gsâdglu,muj[ao95.lj

37’lhk’vk7ko[hkogInvo,uglAozjkl6odk’s^kp0t|kfD gsâdxhv’vhvp,u0t|kf glAozjkl6odk’9kd !W{$W ,, Xø !W{ $W vjko;jk 2u !W sk $W?D lj;ogsâddq,dhP’ 9t,u0t|kfc8j #{$W ,,D gsâddq,dhP’muj,uglAozjkl6odk’c8j *{) ,, 9toe.-hgIaf gsâdxvd7ko c]t xvdglqkF lj;omuj.spjd;jkoAo9toe.-hgIafcdo37’gsâdglu,D gsâddq,dhP’muj,uglAozjkl6odk’ #, $ c]t & ,, oe.-hgIafgsâd8k|jk’muj,u37’lhk’ g[8q’glu,gsâd0t|kfohvpD -toyf0v’gsâdglu,,ufaj’oUG

dkooe.-hgsâdglu,7;o]t,af]t;a’1jk’l6’ grktgsâd,u7;k,c0’F lQo 0v’

gsâdmuj8afvvdoAodkpgxao7q,F 7;o,hPo.shfugrktgsâdlk,kfgduf\hP’wfh’jkp 9kd 7;k,-j5, c]t oED

!

@

I6[ gsâdglu,dq,dhP’

I6[ gsadglu,xhv’vhvp

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66

7D fyo9uj fyo9uj mujzt]yf1j6[hkogIqk,u-toyfgxaoI6 c]t -toyfdhvo8aoD -toyfgxaoI69t,u0t

|kf.spjd;jk g\ktlq,da[dkod+/kgInvofhkoovd c]t fhko.oS ,u0t|kf )F&W V )F&W V @WFWW cmF )F&W V !@F&W V !)F&W cmD lj;o-toyfdhvo8ao9t,u0t|kf ohvpd;jk g-yj’,u0t|kf $F&W V (F&W V !)FWW cmF &FWW V )F&W V!_FWW cmD g\kt lq,da[dkod+/kmuj1j68yffyog-ajoG /kvjk’gda[vk9q,F /kdhv’7ko-Ao]5j, c]t vnjoMD

dkooe.-hfyo9uj 7;o,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’F rtpkpk,[+.shfyo9uj8qd]q’,k9kdmuj l6’F 8qd4nd7qo vkfgduf7;k,g9a[x;f s^n glp-u;yfwfh c]t g,njv8qd4ndlyj’0v’d=gduf 7;k,glpskpwfhD

’D fyo[]Hvd fyo[]Hvdgxao;af45d+lhk’muj.-hle]a[d+/kmujgIaffh;pdkoxtlq,9kd-u,a’F fyo-kp

c]t suog,afohvpD fyo[]Hvdgxao;af45mujgxaodhvo c8jskd;jk,ulj;o3do1j6g[Nv’.oF grktltoAo9bj’,uoE|adg[qk]q’8nj,F ,uzqofu8+dkoIa[oE|ad0v’37’lhk’vk7koD fyo []Hvdg\ktlq,da[dkod+/kfhkoovd c]t fhko.oF [+-Yogxnv’xtmkpd+F lk,kfd+ wfh1jk’w;;k grkt;jk fyo[]Hvdgxaodhvo.spjd;jkfyo9ujD fyo[]Hvd,u0t|kf 6,50 x 19 x 39 cm; 8,50 x 19 x 390 cm; 10 x 20 x 40 cm; 15 x 20 x 40 cm; 20 x 20 x 40 cm.

I6[fyo9ujdhvogxaoI6

I6[fyo9ujdhvo8ao

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67

dkooe.-hfyo[]Hvd 7;o,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’F rtpkpk,[+.shfyo[]Hvd8qd]q’ ,k9kdmujl6’ grktlk,kf8qd4nd7qo vkfgduf7;k,g9a[x;f s^n glp-u;yfwfh c]t g,njv8qd4ndlyj’0v’d=9tgduf7;k,glpskpF 7;ooe.-h4q’,ng;]k9a[fyo[]Hvd grnjv xhv’dao[+.sh,ao[kf,nD

9D ;q’dq[xt86 c]t ;q’dq[xjv’1hP,

dkod+lhk’vk7kolt4komuj8jk’M ,u7;k, 9egxao9t8hv’oe.-h;q’dq[F xt86 c]t xjv’ 1hP, grnjvIa[cl’lts;kj’ c]t vkdkfzjko g0Qk,krkp.ovk7ko[hkogInvowfhD

dkooe.-h;afltf5d+lhk’m5d-toyf 7;ooe.-hfh;p7;k,]t,af]t;a’8hv’wfhIPo I6hdjP;da[75oxt3spfF vao8t]kp c]t ;ymuxhv’daoD

I6[ ]adltot c]t 0t|kf0v’fyo[]Hvd

I6[ ;q’dq[xt86I6[ ;q’dq[xjv’1hP,

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68

7e4k, !D fyo-kpmujltvkf g,njv4vd]q’9vdoEltvkfF oE1j6.o9vd9t0j5o4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D fyo-kpg,af.spjoe.-hxtlq,gIafg[8q’4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

#D 9qj’9a[76j;afltf5d+lhk’ c]t dkooe.-h.sh4nd8hv’L X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD suo0q[oe.-hxtlq,g[8q’c0’d;jk !D zv’;afltf5d+lhk' DDDDDDDDDD 0D oEmujoe.-hg0Qk.o;Pdd+lhk’8hv’ @D d+/k DDDDDDDDDD 7D fyo9ujF fyo[Hvd #D suocIj DDDDDDDDDDD 'D]=h c]t 75d+lhk’ $D .lltvkf $D phvospa’cl’lts;jk’9kdf;’vkmyf lk,kfzjkog0Qkrkp.ogInvowfhL

X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD /kfyo9uj 7D xt86,h;ogs^ad 0D s^a’7k,5’fh;pdtg[Nv’lucf’ ’D ;q’dq[xt86 c]t xjv’1hP,

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69

[qfmu !* g7njv’.-hw22hk

!D g7njv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.sh7;k,g1ao !D!D raf]q,w22hk-toyf8A’rnho c]t 8A’38t

raf]q,w22hk-toyf8A’rnho c]t 8A’38t oy pq,.-h1jk’s^;’s^kp grkt;jk,ao-j;pxt 1afw2wfhs^kpd;jkraf]q,c0;ogrfkoxt ,kog7yj’\bj’D .odkog]nvdraf]q,8A’38t 7;og]nvd0t|kfmujg\ktlq,da[dko.-h ’koD dkooe.-hraf]q,7;oxa[.sh16j.o]t fa[xkodk’ [+.shcI’gduowx rhv,daooAo d=8hv’gxufxjv’1hP,vvd grnjv.sh]q,zjko wfhltf;dfuD

dD raf]q,8yfgrfko raf]q,8yfgrfko 8yf8A’w;hmujl6’d;jk ltoAo9bj'gIaf.shvkdkf.oshv’4jkpgmwfhfu d;jkraf]q,8A’38t c]t 8A’rNoD [=]yg;omujvkdkf4jkpgmdh;k’0;k’ grkt8yf8A’w;h l6’ .shcI’]q,lt\+kltg\uD

0D raf]q,f6fvkdkf

raf]q,f6fvkdkf c,jov5xtdvow22hkmuj8yf8A’16j/k fhkogmy’ c]t grfko0v’vk7ko[hkogInvoF shv’ xa[vkdkf c]t 3I’’ko grnjv]t[kpvkdkf c]t dyjorkp.osav’ s^n f6f/5jo]tvv’8jk’Mvvd9kdshv’D

8tcd’

.[raf

lt;ydxyf{gxuf 7aoraf]q,8uoraf]q,

8uoraf]q,

\j;praf]q, .[raf]q,

8uo8yfraf]q,

7aovHk[raf]q,

dP;9a[8tcd’

8tcd’raf]q, sq;sao.[raf]q,

.[raf]q,

/kvaf

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70

dkooe.-h [=j7;o,u;af45w;w2.dhraf]q,g-ajoG zhkdA’F ,5h’ s^n g9hp8jk’M grktg,njvraf]q,gIaf ;Pd16j9t,u7;k,Ihvo g-yj’4hk,u;af45dufdaho s^n g0Qkwx7af.[raf]q,9t15f\6o c]t 9t gIaf.sh7;k,Ihvol6’0Bo c]h;gdufw2w\hwfhD

dko[q;]t[afIadlk 4hk1kd.shraf]q,,uvkp5dko.-h;Pd’kopk;oko7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG

!D [+7;o,udkodtcmd1jk’cI’S @D .-hda[cI’faomuj4nd8hv’g-ajoG raf]q, @@W V X3;o? 1jk.-hcI’faogduo9tw\hS #D [+7;o.-hraf]q,.olt4komujxPd-j5,S $D djvogIafvtokw,8hv’4vfxadlP[vvd c]h;9bj’.-hzhkcsh’g-af46D

!D@D g7njv’[qfvksko g7njv’[qfvkskow22hkgxaog7njv’.-hxt9e7q; gInvo g-yj’.sh7;k,ltf;d.odko[qflyj’ 0v’muj[+c0’9qogduowx.sh]tvPfwfhg-ajoG oE dhvoF \kdw,h c]t vnjoMD g7njv’[qf\kd w,h,us^kp-toyf c]t gxaog7njv’mujohvp g-yj’ phkpwx,kwfh’jkpfkp grkt;jk,uv5xtdvo [+s^kp dko.-h’koltf;dD

dkooe.-h djvo9t.-hg7njv’[qf 8hv’d;fdkg[yj’ltrk[;jk .-h’kowfh s^n [+D s^a’9kd.-h’ko c]h; 8hv’me7;k,ltvkf34F .[raf c]t g-af46.shcsh’D .odko.-h’ko.shxt8y[af faj’oUG !D [+7;o.-hg7njv’[qfvksko8yf8+daofqoMdj;k #W okmu grkt9tw\h s^n gxgrS @D .odko[qfvkskocs^; [+7;o.ljvksko.o34cdh;s^kpgduowx grkt,ao9t]Qo vvdS #D .og;]kg7njv’gIaf;Pd shk,gvqk[j;’ s^n w,h]q’7qo.o34 grkt9t4nd.[rafS $D g;]k[qfvksko.sh]tvPf 7;og]uj,c8j7;k,w;8+kdjvoD

/kvaf7ao9a[

3,g8uw22hklt;ydxyf{gxuf

34cdh;

ສ.ວ.ສ


71

@D g7njv’.-hxtgrfcl’ltsj;k’ dD fvdw2xhv,

fvdw22hk,u\hkmuj.shcl’lts;jk’ c]t ,us^kp-toyf8k,7;k,g\ktlq, c]t s^vfwlhgxaos^vfmujg]uj,,udko.-h;Pd’ko,kokoF xaf95[aopa’oypq,.-h16j gonjv’9kd,u0=h fumuj.shcl’lts;jk’me,t-kf c]t ]k7k4ndF gxufx5[8yfxa[ oypq,.-h.olt4komuj,u dkogxufxyfg]nhvpM c]t .sh7;k,Ihvol6’D 4hk8yf8A’.oshv’xa[vkdkf g7njv’xa[ vkdkf9tgIaf;Pds^kp0Bo c]t lYogxnv’w22hkD 0t\kf0v’fvdw2deoqfgxao;af Xw?F ,us^kp0t\kfg-ajoG 5, 10, 25, 40, 60

c]t 100 w X;af), 0Q;0v’fvdw29t,u16jlv’c[[7nG c[[sq;gdkt c]t c[[sq; dP;D

0D s^vfw2ouvvo

s^vfw2ouvvomuj8yf8k,[hkogInvoF 3I’IPo c]t 8k,lt4komuj8jk’M 9t,u7;k,c9h’ d;jkfvdxhv,xt,ko $ { & gmqjkF s^vfw2 c8j]t-toyf9tdyow2[+gmqjkdaogonjv’9kd;jk

de]a’w22hkl6oglp.o[ks^kfc8d8jk’daowx8k,75ootrk[0v’z6hzt]yfD s^vfw2oy vvo,u[ks^kf (Ballast) c]t lt8Hkfg8u (Starter) .-hIj;,da[[ks^kfD

dko.-h;Pd’koc,joxt1afdj;kfvdw2xhv, c]t cl’ltsj;k’d+fudj;k c8j]k 7kcr’d;jkfvdw2xhv,D

sq;gdkt

s^vfcdh;

sq;dP;

.lh

ສ.ວ.ສ


72

#D g7njv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.sh7;k,Ihvo dD g8qk]ufw22hk

djvo9t]ufglNvzhkm5dM7ah’ 7;ocpdxtgrf zhk[k’ zhk\kw;h grnjv7;k,ltf;d.o dko]ufF grnjv9t]ufzhk-toyf.fdjvo s^n s^a’D dkozqjooE[+7;ozqjooEs^kp9qogduowxgrkt 9tgIaf.shl6oglp7;k,Ihvo.odko]ufs^kp 0Bo c]t [+7;o]ufgmnjv]t\hvp grkt9t gIaf.shlYogxnv’7jkw2s^kpF gonjv’9kdg,njv lP[xadlP[c]h; 9t8hv’]==.shg8qk]ufIhvo djvo 9qod;jk]tfa[7;k,Ihvo9tg\ktlq, da[-toyf0v’zhkmuj9t]ufD

dko[q;]t[afIadlk { 7;o4vfxadlP[vvdglpdjvog,njv[+8hv’dko.-h c]t shk,;k’g8qk]ufw;hgmy’glNv zhkgrkt9tgIaf.shglNvzhkw\hwfhS { d;flv[ltrk[lkpw22hk 3fpltgrkt95f8+g0Qkg8qk]uf c]t 95f8+g0QkxadlP[ grktgxao95fmujlkpw22hkgduf0kfwfh’jkpD skdrq[lto;o0kf7;oxjPolkpw22hk .\jgrktvkf9tgdufvao8t]kp.o0tot.-h;Pd’kowfhD

0D g8qkw22hk g8qkw22hkgxaog7njv’.-hw22hkmuj.sh7;k,Ihvo c]t oewx.-hhxt3spf.odkos5’8Q,D g8qk w22hk,us^kp0t\kf 8A’c8j0t\kfohvp 9qog4y’0t\kf.sjp c]t ,uma’c[[me,t fk c]t c[[vaf8t3o,afD

dko[q;]t[afIadlk { [+.shoEwx4nd];f7;k,IhvoS { 1jkxjvp.shlyj’lqddtxqd8qd1j6.oIjv’dtg[Nv’grkt9tgIaf.sh];f7;k,Ihvo,uvkp5 dko.-h;Pd’ko\hvp]q’D

lt;ydxa[v5ootr6,

czjo]uf

lkpw2

s69a[

\j;pg8qk

.lhg8qk

ສ.ວ.ສ


73

7D dk8Q,oEw22hk dk8Q,oEw22hk gxaov5xtdvomuj.-hw22hk-t oyfmuj.sh7;k,IhvoF ,uv5ootr6,l6’g4y’9qo oE2qf c]t lk,kfoeoEIhvowx.-hxt 3spf8jk’M 8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD

0=h7;o]t;a’ g,njvgIqklP[xadlP[c]h; 7;k,Ihvo9tl6’0Bog]NvpMF 7;k,Ihvomujl6’0BooU9t 4jkp4vfwxskoEmuj.ljw;h.odkoE9qoIhvo c]t 2qfF faj’oAo8hv’]t,af]t;a’[+.shoE csh’ grkt9tgIaf.sh\=hgxgrwfhD

’D \=hs5’g0Qk \=hs5’g0Qkc,jog7njv’.-hw22hk16j.o[hkogInvo g-yj’,u7;k,le7aos^kpD vud1jk’\bj’ ,aopa’ lk,kf.sh7;k,ltf;ds^kp1jk’ c]t [+ 9egxao8hv’wfhg/Qk 7nda[dko.-h\=hs5’g0Qk c[[.-h4jkoD

dko[q;]t[afIadlk { djvo9tme7;k,ltvkf8hv’4vfxadlP[m5d7A’S { me7;k,ltvkfwfhfh;pdko.-hoEg1ao s^n oEv5joxtlq,da[oE1k]hk’9koS { .-hzhkg-af46m5drkdlj;o c]t [+7;o.-hcx’468k,38\=h-Ao.oS { gda[,hPow;h[jvo csh’ c]t xvfwrD

7ao9a[ /kvaf

\j;pdk

lkpw2 sq;lP[

s69a[ /kvaf

lt;ydxyf{gxuf

lkpw2 sq;lP[

ສ.ວ.ສ


74

9D \=hdtmtw22hk

\=hdtmtw22hk gxaog7njv’.-hmuj.sh7;k,Ihvo vudxtgrf|bj’F .-hgxaog7njv’v5xtdvo-j;p .odkox5’c8j’vkskorkp.o7v[7q;.sh,u 7;k,ltf;d c]t xt1afg;]kD \=hdtmt w22hklk,kf.-h.odko0Q;F vq[F 8Q, c]t cd’ wfhgxao1jk’fuD

dko[q;]t[afIadlk { shk,c-j]q’oEgrnjv]hk’S { djvo9tlP[lkpg0Qk8hv’g-af.shcsh’S { 8hv’d;flkpw22hkmuj8+g0Qk\=h.sh1j6.olt rk[fultg\uD

7e4k, !D raf]q,8A’38t c]t 8A’rNo[+7;o.-h.dh/hkdA’F ,5h’ s^n g9hp4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D djvo9t]ufglNvzhk m5dM7A’gIqk7;ocpdzhk[k’ c]t zhk\kw;hgrnjv7;k,lt f;d.odko]uf4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

#D fvdw22hkxhv,,u9adc[[ 7ncc[[.fcfjL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h? dD c[[shvp c]t c[[l5[ 0D c[[de]a’s^kp c]t de]a’\hvp 7D c[[gdkt c]t c[[dP; ’D c[[sq;rP’ c]t sq;,qo

$D \=hdtmtw22hk.-hw;hgIafspa’cfjL

/kvaf \j;p\=h s69a[

lkpw2

lt;ydxyf{gxuf

ສ.ວ.ສ


75

[qfmu !( g7njv’,nlhv,cx’w22hk

g7njv’,n c]t v5xtdvow22hkgxaolyj’mujveo;p7;k,ltf;ds^kp1jk’D 4hkz6h.-h g7njv’,n1jk’4nd;ymud=9tgIaf.shg7jnv’,noAo.-h;Pd1jk’mqomko c]t lk,kf.-h;Pd ’kowfhfqoD 4hkz6h.-h0kf7;k,]t,af]t;a’d+9tgIaf.shg7njv’,nglpskpwfhD

!D g7njv’,nxtgrf7u, dD 7u,8afw22hk

.-hw;h8aflkpw22hk c]t xvdlkpw22hk 16jmujxkd9t,u-jv’le]a[xvdD ;ymug]nvd7u, -toyfoU 8hv’g]nvd-toyf,ulto;os5h,fhk, ma'ouh grnjv7;k,xvfwr c]t xhv’dao[+ .shdtclw22hkws^g0Qkl6jIjk’dkp.o0tot 8aflkpw2D

0D 7u,xkdgx s^n 7u,];,

gxao7u,0t\kf.sjpd;jk7u,8afF 7u,xkdgx ouh.-hw;h8aflkpw2F gxao7u,];,g-ajoG .-h9a[ ,h;olkpF 9a[8jvo’kodq, s^n 8af];fgs^adD

7D 7u,xkdpk; s^n 7u,xkdoqd gxao7u,muj.-h8aflkpw20t\kfohvpD vaomuj .-hxt3spfwfhfumujl5f7n.-h9a[lkpw22hk c]t [yflkpw22hk.sh8+g0Qkfh;pdaoD 7u,xtgrf oU7;og]nvd-toyf,ulto;os5h,fhk,grnjvIa[ xtdao7;k,xvfwrcdjz6h.-hD

ສ.ວ.ສ


76

’D 7u,xvdlkpw22hk gxao7u,muj.-hle]a[xvdlto;o mujs5h,lkpw2 2hk3fpltgrktD xkd7u,9t,uIjv’s^kp0t \kf g;]k.-h7u,xvdlkpw22hkd+8hv’ g]nvd.-hIjv’mujg\ktda[lkpw22hkD 7u, xvdlkpw22hk9t,uc[[me,tfk c]t c[[g7yj’vaf8t3o,afF ]adltot7u,xvdlkp c]t dko.-h;Pd’koD

@D g7njv’,nxtgrfw07;’F g]njvpF 7hvoF c,af c]t gsâd-u dD w07;’cx c]t w07;’95h,

.-hle]a[,kp s^n sao8tx6dP;F w07;’9t,u ma’xkdcx c]t xkd95h,S w07;’,u0t \kfohvp c]t 0kf\kf.sjpF 8hv’g]nvd .shg\ktlq,da[dko.-h;Pd’koD

0D g]njvp .-hle]a[8afw,h c]t 3]stF g]njvpmuj.-hhh.o -jk’w22hk,us^kpc[[7nG { g]njvp,n0t\kfohvp.-hw;h8afdtfkow,hS { g]njvp8afgsâd.-hle]a[8afgsâd c]t 3]st vnjoMD

7D 7hvo8u 7hvo8u c,jo.-hle]a[8vddy[ c]t vnjoMD 7hvo8ule]a[-kj’w22hk,u16jlk,c[[7nG

@ 7hvo8usq;c’j,

!D w07;’cx

@D w07;’95h,

!D g]njvp8afw,h

@D g]njvp8afgsâd

#D 7hvo8usq;,qo !D 7hvo8usq;cx

!D 7u,c[[me,tfk

@D 7u,c[[g7yj’vaf8t3o,af

ສ.ວ.ສ


77

’D c,af c,afmujoypq,.-h,uc,afra[ c]t c,afd=hF .-hw;hcmdw]pt.odko8yf8A’v5xtdvow2 2hkD

9D gsâd-u

gsa^d-u.-hw;hg9ktI6mjudP,w;hdjvo9tsaodP; grnjv1bfv5xtdvo8jk’M .odtfkow22hkD gsâd-u,us^kp0t|kf.shg]nvd.-h8k,0t |kf0v’dP;D

7e4k, !D 4hkgIqk.-hg7njv’,n[+4nd;ymu9tgxaoco;.fL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?

dD 9t.-h’komqomko c]t xvfw2 0D 9tgIaf.shg7njv’,nsad c]t gxgr 7D 9tgIaf.sh75ootrk[]qf]q’ ’D 9tgIaf.shw22hk-Hvfg;]k.-h

@D g]njvp8afw,hlk,kf8afgsâdwfh4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf

#D 7hvo8ule]a[-jk’w22hk,urP’ @ c[[gmqjkoAo7nG c[[sq;,qo c]t sq;c’j, 4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

$D 7u,xkdcx s^n 7u,];,.-hw;hgIafspa’L

! c,afra[ @ c,afd=h

ສ.ວ.ສ


78

[qfmu !) g7njv’;afcmdw22hk

!D g7njv’;afcmdw22hk dD w07;’1k,w22hk

.-hxkpw07;’c8tda[lj;omuj,uw22hk1j6.oxad lP[ c]h;.-hoU;,ndqfgrnjv.sh7q[;q’9voF 4hk fvdw2.ow07;’I5j’ltcf’;jk,uw22hkF 4hk w07;’[+I5j’ltcf’;jk[+,uw22hk Xc8j8hv’ \Ao.9;jkw07;’pa’fu?D

0D g7njv’;afcmd7;k,8hkomko s^n 3v,,yg8u XOhmmeter? 4hk1kdI6h;jkg7njv’;afcmd7;k,8hkomkomuj.-hw;h;afcmd s^n d;fdkfvdw2 s^n g7njv’dyow2vnjoM ;jk,aopa’.-hwfh s^n [+oAo gIqk.-h3v,gxao38;afcmdD g;]kcmdgIqk gvqklkplucf’l5[g0Qk0Q;[;d XT? gvqklkplufel5[g0Qk0Q;]q[ X{? c]h;8A’ s^n xa[.lj X1, X10, X100, X1K, X10K l5fc8j9txa[8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D g,njvg;]kcmd8hv’ gvqklkp[;d XT? c8t.ljlkp]q[ X{? c]h;xa[g0a,.lj16j95fl6o XW? c]h;9bj’cmd 4hkg0a,-uh0Bo95f.f.shvjko8k,oAoD

\hkxaf;afcmd

lt;ydxa[8A’l6o

lt;ydxa[7jk;afcmd

I6lP[lkp]q[ I6lP[lkp[;d

g0a,;afcmd

fhk,w07;’1k,w22hk

ສ.ວ.ສ


79

7D g7njv’;afcmdcI’fao s^n 3;o,yg8u XVoltmeter? dko;afcmdc,jogIaf7hkp7nda[g7njv’;afcmd3v,c8jlyj’le7aog,njvgIqk1kdcmd cI’faow2dtcllt]a[gIqk8hv’xa[95flt;yd.sh16j.omjk AC s^n 1kdcmdcI’faogxao dtcldq’d+.shxa[16j.omjk DCF 4hk1kdcmdcI’fao 220 V 8hv’xa[.lj 250 V. grnjv[+ .shg7njv’;afcmdgr8hv’xa[7jk;afcmd.shs^kpd;jkltg\uF 9kdoAo9bj’vjko8k,7jkmuj wfhD

’D g7njv’;afcmddtcl s^n cv,,yg8u (Ammeter) c,jog7njv’;afcmddtclD dkocmddtcl oUc,joc8d8jk’da[g7njv’;afcmd7;k,faoF grktdkocmddtclc,jo8+vaofa[da[g7njv’dyow2F 7;o]t;a’7nG g7njv’dyow2 & A 8hv’ 8A’7jk;afcmd !W A .shl6’d;jk [+faj’oAo g7njv’;afcmd9tw\h D

@D dkodtmq[0v’dtclw22hk8+Ijk’dkp dD w22hk9a[ g,njvgIqk-6o s^n c8t8hv’rkdlj;o3]st8jk’M muj,uw22hk .o0totoAodtclw22hk 9tws^zjkoIjk’dkpr;dgIqkmaomuD xtdqfdkodtclw22hkws^zjkoIjk’dkp7nco;oAo gvuho;jkw22hk9a[ g-yj’gxaozqodtmq[8+]t[q[xtlkf c]t dhk,-uhoF 3fpltgrkt c,jo gIaf.sh]t[q[skp.9w;0Bophvoco;oAoz6hxtlq[w22hkf6f9bj’,uvkdkoskp.9w;zyfxqd dt8yD

lt;ydxa[7jk;afcmd

I6lP[lkp;afcmd

lt;ydxa[g]nvd cI’fao

\hkxaf;afcmd g0a,;afcmd

cv,,ug8u 7;k,8hkomko xa[7jkwfh

fvdw2

4jkow2lkp ສ.ວ.ສ


80

0D ]tfa[7;k,g0A,0v’dtclw22hkmujgxaovao8t]kp 4hkdtclw2zjkoIjk’dkp,u7;k,g0A,8A’c8j WF* { ! mA g;]koAo9t,u7;k,I6h lbd;jkdhk,-uhog\a’8u’py[pa[ c8j[+gxaovao8t]kpD 0v[g0f7;k,g0A,0v’dtclmuj gxaovao8t]kpoAo,uoa[c8j !WW mA 0Bowx g-yj’gxaovao8t]kpg4y’-u;yf 4hkl6’d;jk # mA 0Bowx9tgIaf.shglp-u;yfmaomuD

7D 7;k,8hkomkow22hk0v’Ijk’dkp7qo g,njv7qogIqk8yfcxtda[;af45muj,uw22hk .o0totoAodtclw22hkd+9tzjkoIjk’dkp maomuD 7qogIqkc8j]t7qo,u7;k,8hkomkow22hk|hvps^kp8jk’dao 4hkIjk’dkpz6h.f,u 7;k,8hkomkow22hkl6’ dtclw22hkd+9tzjko|hvp c]t ]tfa[vao8t]kpd+8je d;jkF 4hkIjk’dkpz6h.f,u7;k,8hkomko8jed;jk w22hkd+9tws^zjkos^kp c]t ]tfa[ vao8t]kpd+l6’D

’D 7;k,faow22hkmujxvfw2 .oltrk[muj\a’0v’7qogIqkltvkf c]t csh’fuoAo g,njvgIqk4nd8yfcxtda[;af45 muj[ao95w22hk,u7;k,fao[+gduo $W VF 7;k,g0A,0v’dtclw22hkzjkoIjk’dkp9t[+ gxaovao8t]kp.fMgduf0BoD faj’oAogryjo9bj’deoqf0v[g0f7;k,xvfwr7nG { 7;k,faow22hkdtcldq’[+gduo &W VS

{ 7;k,faow22hkdtclltsâ[[+gduo @$ VD 7e4k, !D ]tfa[7;k,g0A,0v’dtclw22hkmujgxaovao8t]kp8+7qo,u # mA sk !WW mA

4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf

@D g7njv’;afcmdcI’faolk,kfcmdwfhma’w22hkdtclltsâ[ AC c]t w22hkdtcl dq’ DC 4nd sn^ zyfL

dD 4nd 0D zyf

#D 7;k,faow22hkdtcldq’ DC c]t dtclltsâ[ AC mujxvfwr9t8hv’,u7jk[+gduo 9ad3;o L

ສ.ວ.ສ


81

[qfmu !_

dkooe.-hg7njv’,nle]a[’ko3]st dkooe.-hg7njv’,nle]a[’ko3]st7;o.-h.sh4nd;ymuF grkt;jkg7njv’,nle]a[-jk’ rNo4ko,u16j1jk’s^;’s^kpD

!D g7njv’;afcmd dD c,afd=h

c,afd=h.-h;afcmd7;k,pk;F dhh;k’F l6’F 8jegxao8QoD g;]kcmd gIqkfb’c,af vvd9kdd=hxt,ko @W -,F ,ng[nhv’-hkp9a[lQol5f0v’c,afcxt.lj[jvo9t;afcmd 9kdoAo7jvpfn’c,afvvd7jvpM.shco[wx8k,[jvomuj8hv’dkocmdF 4hk[jvo9tcmd skdpk;gduo ! , 0Bowx.sh.-hxkp0v’c,afoAogdkt.lj;af45[jvocmd c]h;fb’c,af vvd vjko7jk8k,0uf\kp[jq’[vd.oc,afD shk,fb’c,afvvdpk;d;jkdeoqfgrkt 9tgIaf.shltxiy’0v’c,afsad’jkpD

0D gsâd0uf gsâd0uf ,us^kp-toyf c8j]t-toyf.-h’ko 8jk’daoD djvo9t0uf8hv’wfh\kplv’95f 9kdoAo.-h[aomaf s^n gsâdlkdgxao38-j;p9af 0t|kf c]t -j;p7b’grnjv.shglAo-njfuD

ສ.ວ.ສ


82

7D ;q’;Po

;q’;Po .-hlhk’glAolj;o37h’F glAo]aflt\uF I6[;q’,qo.ljczjo3]st8k,muj8hv’dkoD ;q’ ;Po,uxkpcs^, c]t c0’lk,kfgIaf.sh czjo3]stoAogxaoIvpwfhD

’D lkd _Wº

lkd .-hw;hgrnjvxP[mP[7;k,mjP’8q’ c]t 7;k,cojovo0v’8jvo’komuj9tgIaf grnjv .shwfh0t|kf0v’,5,8k,muj8vh’dkoD

@D g7njv’8vd c]t 8u dD gsâd8vd95f

gsâd8vd95f .-hw;h8vd95f[jvo0v[g0f0uf \kp s^n .-hw;h8vd95f[jvo9tmedkog9kt I6F grnjv.sh[jvomuj9tg9ktI6oAo,u7;k,gg,jo 1e c]t mjP’8q’D

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83

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84

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85

0D g7njv’,h;oczjo3]st

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86

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87

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90

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91

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

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100

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