dsit_gender analysis and gender action plans in transport projects

8/10/2019 DSIT_Gender Analysis and Gender Action Plans in Transport Projects

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Session 14: Gender Analysis and Gender

Action Plans in Transport ProjectsSonomi Tanaka

Lead Gender SpecialistRegional and Sustainable Development Department, ADB

Poverty and Social Analysis Training for the Transport Sector10 12 September 2014 | Auditorium Annex 1 & 2

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the viewsor policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments theyrepresent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts noresponsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply anyview on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB'sterminology.


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Gender EqualityGender Equality -- Key for Inclusive TransportKey for Inclusive Transport

Gender differences in travel patterns, access,affordability need to be reflected in designs

Women as a stakeholder group need to beinvolved to raise voice

Assess project impact channels through agender lens

Gender integral in PSA ADBs numerical target for gender

mainstreaming 45% of ADB and 55% of ADF


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A tool to translate gender analysis findings into actions

Mirrors project outputs

Includes gender targets and design features Key gender targets/indicators in project DMF (>50% of

outputs)

Inclusion of GAP in ADB project appraisal document

(RRP) Gender specialists and other institutional mechanisms

and resources specified

Legal covenant of GAP implementation

Project Gender Action Plan (GAP)Project Gender Action Plan (GAP) --

ADB gender mainstreaming toolADB gender mainstreaming tool


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Composition of Transport Projects, 2009Composition of Transport Projects, 2009--20132013

16%

19%

23%

17%

100%

31%

39%

50%

52%

69%

61%

50%

48%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Project Count

Gender Mainstreamed Urban Transport Projects Gender Mainstreamed Transport Projects

Rest of Transport Projects


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Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges

Templatish gender designs

Gender targets set without baseline or proxy

Weak gender actions (e.g., x% womenparticipating in consultation meetings)

Unrealistic expectations (e.g., x% women in

construction work in Afghanistan)

Gender targets not supported by facilitatingmechanisms

Designs not guided by solid gender analysis


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What does this tell you?What does this tell you?


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if existing gender inequalities areaddressed simultaneously

Transport services and infrastructure

can positively contribute to reducinggender gaps and womens

empowerment.


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Gender Analysis:Gender Analysis:

Key Issues for TransportKey Issues for Transport Gender differences in travel patterns

Gender differences in use of modes

Gender differences in time use & time poverty

Gender differences in access to resources for travel Gendered use & access to public space

Gender differences in mobility and safety

Gender differences in access to economic opportunities

Gender differences in voicing transport needs


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Womens Travel Patterns and MobilityWomens Travel Patterns and Mobility

Constraints in Developing CountriesConstraints in Developing Countries


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Barriers to gender-equal access to services

Roads not enough, need transport services

and intermediary means of transport Lack of intermediate means of transport

Affordability

Reliability linked to time poverty

Quality of services

Typical Gender Barriers (2)Typical Gender Barriers (2)


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Barriers to economicopportunities

Lack of capacity to fully capture

economic opportunity(e.g., skills, credit, property)

Limited access to motoredvehicles

Womens goods/produce vs.mens

Photo from AIT



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Barriers to employment in transport sector

Women cannot travel far to construction sites

Limited job information & skills Different approaches to pay vs. contribution

Work harassment and lack of child care facilities

Modern urban transport is male dominated sector



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Barriers to safety and security

Road safety ignores gender

Sexual harassment on publictransport

Physical designs and services insupport of womens transportsecurity & safety e.g. lighting,womens spaces, location

Typical Gender Barriers (Typical Gender Barriers (55))


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Sexual Harassment in Urban Transport

Studies in PAK, AZE, GEO Case of Baku (AZE)

79% of female metro users experienceharassment

Almost all did not react, or only

frowned fear of escalation or violence

80% of harassed were 18-30 years old

26% experienced help from bystanders

most helpers were older women

82% experienced harassment on the

train itself

35% on the platform

Not time specific, but more physical

types are experienced when the metrois crowded

Feelings: angry, annoyed, disgusted

30% have decreased metro use

Possible links with metro management?

(Courtesy: S. Campbell, CWRD)


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Barriers to influencing decision-making

Lack of critical mass of women in

transport sector Voices of women as road and

transportation users not heard

No incentive for service to respond

to womens needsPeters (2011)



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World Bank/Australia Study on GenderWorld Bank/Australia Study on Gender

and Public Transport in Kathmanduand Public Transport in Kathmandu

(2013)(2013)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTqh1kAM

p-U

(Courtesy of the World Bank)


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Ways to address gender inWays to address gender in

transport projects? (1)transport projects? (1)Policy Enabling gender-responsive sector policy & institutions

Participation of women and men in policy development, project

planning, implementation and monitoringAccessibility Selection criteria for roads sections and urban

transport services; attention to intermediate means of transport

Affordability Tariff policy, cost recovery schemes, flexible tickets

Acceptability Physical designs (universal access in vehicle designs,

women-only spaces, separate waiting spaces, side walks, street

lights); service schedules; security and safety concerns


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Livelihoods & Employment

Labor based technologies & targets for women

Training of community & community mobilization (e.g. roadconstruction groups, savings)

Income generation & market points to enhance women's capacity tocapture opportunities for marketing

Women as drivers, ticketing agents, etc.

Capacity

Gender equal training opportunities for project staff Training for women on skills & participation in decision-making

Mit igat ion of risks

HIV/AIDS, Trafficking, Labor Standards, Resettlement, Road Safety

Ways to address gender inWays to address gender in

transport projects? (2)transport projects? (2)


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Project Output Gender Actions/Designs Proposed

Output 1:

Road

rehabilitation

At least 40% of unskilled laborers will be female with pay equity

Contractors will not employ child labor on civil works contracts

Road shoulders will be sealed surface enabling carts with wheels

Output 2:

Road assetmanagement

Capacity building of local contractors on gender and labor-based appropriate

technologySex disaggregated database to track the use of local labor

Community contracts to women for sustainable road maintenance works

At least 50% women road side maintenance workers

Output 3:

Road safety and

safeguardsprogram

All project roads with speed bumps in villages and road safety signage

A community-based road safety campaign with 50% women facilitators

Inclusion of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention programs duringand after construction

Output 4:

Climate change

adaptation

Emergency warning systems will engage women in the planning stages

Provisions will be included for women in actual operation of the systems

Climate change adaptation will include community-based work programs

involving women in planting and caring for road-side trees and other plants

GAP Example 1: Cambodia RuralGAP Example 1: Cambodia RuralRoad Improvement Project (2010)Road Improvement Project (2010)

http://www.adb.org/themes/gender/videos/222777


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ENGINEERING DESIGNS

Stations

Station, street and corridor lighting,

security systems (CCTV cameras

stations and approaches to stations)

Separate toilets for women in stations

Buses

Access ramps and at-level boarding

Automatic doors

Signage and awareness / education

campaigns within stations and buses (ITS

and Passenger Information System) to

protect womens safety, security and rights

OPERATIONAL DESIGNS

Reserved seats: Reserve 20% of seats for

pregnant women, women with children, elderly

Public consultation with women: to set fares,

service hours, routes, quality of services

Cross-subsidy policies: affordability and higher

usage. Subsidized monthly travel passes for

70% garment workers provided by garmentfactories

Commercial Space: 15% spaces reserved for

women vendors in underpasses and stations

Queuing system: separate male and female

queues

Priority boarding: pregnant women & disabled

Training: of operation staff with emphasis ongender and social aspects

Employment: Percentage of jobs (SPO, bus

drivers, etc.) reserved for women (20%)

Awareness Campaigns: on issues faced by

women e.g. safety, sexual harassment

GAP Example 2: Bangladesh Greater Dhaka Sustainable Transport

Project (2012)


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Share experience of anygender issues in your

project?

What actions were takento address these issues?

Challenges?

Group ExerciseGroup Exercise

Discuss Possible Gender ActionsDiscuss Possible Gender Actions


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Some Tools on Gender and Transport

ADB Gender Tool Kit: Transporthttp://www.adb.org/documents/gender-tool-kit-transport-maximizing-benefits-improved-mobility-all

ADB Tool Kit on Gender Equality Results and Indicators(Chpt 12 Transport) http://www.adb.org/documents/tool-kit-gender-equality-results-and-indicators

ADB Universal Access in ADB Transport Projects:Guidelines on Universal Access

WB Gender and Public Transport, Kathmandu Nepalhttp://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SAR/nepal/Gender-and-Public-Transport-in-Nepal-Report.pdf


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Contact Us

Sonomi Tanaka, Lead Gender Specialist, RSDD,

ADB ([email protected])

Visit http://adb.org/gender Blog http://blogs.adb.org/subjects/gender

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