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Drugs and weaning: a brief
overview of pain, sedation,
and agitation management
Lisa Burry, PharmD
Mount Sinai Hospital
University of Toronto
Disclaimer
No financial disclosures
This is my interpretation of the literature
Personal mission: to stop polypharmacy
Weaning
Definition: liberation from mechanical
ventilatory support
Process should start with intubation
◦ Readiness for weaning should be monitored daily,
with consideration of both clinical trends and
stability
Boles JM Eur Respir J 2007 29:1033-1056
Estaban A NEJM 1995;332:345-350
Weaning criteria
Resolution of underlying cause of acute
respiratory failure
Haemodynamic stability, defined as no need for
vasoactive/inotropic drugs
Absence of fever (preferable)
Adequate gas exchange
◦ (Pa02:Fi02 > 200 with a PEEP=5)
Adequate neurological status or cooperative
sedationDrive,
Endurance,
Energy consumption,
Psychological wellbeing
G – Get some sleep
H – Home meds & withdrawalwww.iculiberation.org
SAT
SAT
Dale CR Ann Am Thor Soc 2014;11:367-74
PAD Protocol + SATs + SBTs
How can we minimize sedation?
Sedation protocols
Daily sedation interruption
No sedation
Choice of drug or the method of administration (infusion vs. bolus)
Combination(s) of the above
Strategies endorsed by SCCM PAD
Any route: OR 1.04 (per 5 mg midazolam, 1.02-1.05)
Infusions: OR 1.04 (1.03-1.06) vs. bolus 0.97 (0.88-1.05)
In all 4 trials patients who received dexmedetomidine were
significantly more arousable, more co-operative and better able to
communicate their pain than those who received propofol or
midazolam (p ≤ 0.001 in all cases)
Ventilator Free Days – mean diff 3.28 days
Time to extubation - Mean diff 1.85 days favouring dexmedetomidine
Eligibility
Adults who continue to require MV only because their degree of agitation is so severe sedation could not be lessened
Required to meet all 3 criteria during the 4 h prior to randomization:
(1) need for mechanical restraint, antipsychotic or sedative medication, or both
(2) CAM-ICU + for delirium
(3) MAAS score ≥ 5, confirming psychomotor agitation
Primary OutcomeMedian difference 19.5 hours (95% CI 5.3 to 31.1 h, P<0.001)
LimitationsN = 72Stopped earlyBaseline imbalancesNo weaning/extubation protocol
What about Sleep? Now patients
are awake...
Higher night time doses
independently associated with
failure to…
1. Meet SBT screen
2. Pass SBT
3. Be extubated
What about sleep? Now patients
are awake...
Promote sleep: control light, noise, cluster patient-care
activities, reduce nocturnal stimuli
H: Home medication and withdrawal
Consider withdrawal
from home
medications (e.g.
SSRI), nicotine &
alcohol.
Consider withdrawal
of sedatives &
opioids used during
the ICU stay
Summary
• It is very important to consider pain, sedation,
& agitation in the weaning process.
• Use ABCDEFGH to support the weaning
process
• Consider the pharmcokinetics-dynamics of
the drugs you select
– Consider this at minimum daily as requirements
will vary