AFTER THE INITIAL AND SEVERE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS, THERE IS THE SECOND PHASE OF WITHDRAWAL THAT LASTS FOR 1+ MONTHS. ALL SECOND PHASE WITHDRAWALS INCLUDE

DEPRESSION AS A SYMPTOM.

Drug Make-Up Most Common Intake Methods

Effects Duration of Effects

Withdrawal Symptoms

Cigarettes

Tobacco; nicotine

Smoke; ingest (chew tobacco)

Calming, soothing, dizzying, alertness

Duration of cigarette

3-7 days: irritability, insomnia, headaches

PCP Chemicals made to use paint, motor oil, and ammonia, also contains cyanide

Insufflate; smoke (liquid)

Dissociation, euphoria, hallucinations

6 hours Weeks: seizures, irritability, hallucination, acidosis, and muscle breakdown. Months: memory loss

Marijuana

Cannabis Smoke; ingest (edibles)

Relaxation, euphoria, impaired motor skills and short-term memory

2-3 hours 3-7 days: irritability, insomnia, headaches

Drug Make-Up Intake Method

Effects Duration of Effects

Withdrawal Symptoms

Methamphetamine

Ephedrine, lithium, neurotoxins

Inject; snort; smoke

Increased sexual desire, euphoria, energy

2-6 hours

1st day: vomiting, severe flu-like symptoms 3-4 weeks: inactivity, sleepiness, anxiety

LSD fungus Orally (blotter paper, sugar cube)

Hallucination, synesthesia, anxiety, paranoia

6-8 hours

N/A

Alcohol Ethanol Ingest Drowsy, calms, disinhibits. Impairs coordination, reasoning, speech, reaction time

1+ hours after drinking

Few days to few weeks: tremors, seizures, hallucination, irritability

Drug Make-Up

Intake Method

Effects Duration of Effects

Withdrawal Symptoms

MDMA Safrole or camphor oil (both carcinogens)

Ingest; snort

Sense of intimacy and euphoria, reduces anxiety, distorts perception

3-6 hours

1-3 Days: panic attacks, insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosis, paranoid delusions

Cocaine

Coca Insufflate; smoke (crack); inject

euphoria, alertness, restlessness, anxiety, paranoia, tremors

High: 7 seconds

Weeks: irritability, restlessness,anhedonia,vivid and unpleasant dreams

Heroin Opium Inject; smoke; insufflate; suppository

Euphoria, calm, alternately alert and drowsy

2-8 hours

anxiety, insomnia, severe flu-like symptoms, vomiting, spasms, and potentially death

Agonists vs. Antagonists Agonist-a chemical that fully activates

the neuronal receptor that it attaches to to produce a biological response Cocaine

Antagonist-a chemical that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it and blocks, or reverses, an agonist

Agonist-Antagonist-Does both. Opiates

Drugs are….

Agonists: Mimic Reuptake inhibitors

Antagonists: Blocks Reuptake inhibitors

Agonist-Antagonists: Does Both Opioids like Suboxone

(synthetic opiates that are used to help heroin addicts wean off)

Agonists Acetylcholine-Excitatory-Nicotine and black

widow venom Dopamine-Inhibitory-Cocaine and nicotine Endorphins-Inhibitory-Opiates GABA-Inhibitory-Valium, barbiturates, and

sleeping pills Glutamate-Antihistamines Serotonin-Inhibitory-LSD and ecstasy Norepinephrine-Excitatory-Caffeine, cocaine,

and amphetamines

Antagonists Acetylcholine-Pesticides and nerve gas Dopamine-Haloperidol (used to treat cocaine or

meth overdose), Antipsychotics (e.g., Seroquel), anti-anxiety and antidepressants.

Endorphins-Naloxone (used to treat overdose from opiates)

GABA-Antihistamines and drugs used to treat depressant overdose

Glutamate-Alcohol Serotonin-SSRIs (e.g., sertraline, fluoxetine),

antipsychotics, anti-anxiety and antidepressants. Norepinephrine-Lithium and other mood-stabilizers,

antidepressants (e.g., Mirtazapine

Drug Tolerance

Tolerance Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…

Reduction, or neuroadaptation, in the body’s response to a drug

After repeatedexposure, moredrug is needed to produce same effect

Drug dose

Drug effect

Response tofirst exposure

Physical & Psychological Dependence

Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Drug Tolerance: Reduction in

body’s response to a drug

Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug

Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs; develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects.

Caffeine Causes hand tremors,

sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness

Increases risk of breast cysts, bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure.

In pregnant women, increases risk of having a child with birth defects or having a miscarriage.

Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

Depressants Tranquilizers/Benzodiazepines : Lower

anxiety & tension; sedates; prolonged or excessive use impairs memory Valium (Diazepam), Xanax (Alprazolam),

Halcion (Triazolam), Klonopin (Clonazepam)

GHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner

Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions

Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine

Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; Serious sign of alcohol abuse

Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

13

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Alcohol More than 86 billion

dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.

Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.

Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.

Is it worth the cost?

Depressants

Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana Causes precancerous changes in lung cells. Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing

risk of disease. Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than

normal in pot users. Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory

centers. Temporarily lowers sperm count

DepressantsOpiates Heroin and

morphine Oxycodone and

hydrocodone Addition comes

fast and the withdrawal symptoms can be fatal

Cocaine Cocaine achieves its effect through

the chemical messengers dopamine and noradrenaline.

Processed into crack—less pure “cut” or “stepped on”

Meth

Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Detoxification: Withdrawal of the

person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.

Narcotics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering drug addicts; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over drugs usage and wanting to recover.