drug trafficking, violence and economic future

4
!"#$ &"’(()*+),$- .)/01,*1 ’,2 314)*/56 7*/,/8)* 9#:#"1 !"#$%&’() + ,-."-/0 123 1455 %. 6.78$()9(:;’-/<7. ;, <#,1 =>?>- ), :@1 2’A6 01’2),$ #B :/ 314)*/56 6:’:1 101*:)/,6- C/2/0(/ &/""1- ’ 01’2),$ $#D1",’:/")’0 *’,2)2’:1 ("/8 :@1 ,/":@1", 6:’:1 /( &’8’#0)B’6- E’6 ’66’66),’:12F G1 @’2 *’8B’)$,12 ’$’),6: 314)*/56 2"#$H"10’:12 I)/01,*1F J@/":0A :@1"1’(:1"- ), <#0A- 2"#$ *")8),’06 #612 ’ *’" D/8D (/" :@1 ()"6: :)81 ), :@1 @)6:/"A /( 314)*/56 2"#$ E’" ’,2 +)0012 (/#" B1/B01 ), K)#2’2 <#L"1MF ;, N#$#6:- :@1 D/2)16 /( O= 8)$"’,:6 E1"1 (/#,2 ), ,/":@1", 314)*/F &@1A @’2 D11, 6@/: ’(:1" "1(#6),$ :/ E/"+ (/" ’ 2"#$ $’,$F !’A6 0’:1"- ’ B"/61*#:/" ’,2 B/0)*1 /(()*1" ),I16:)$’:),$ :@1 *")81 2)6’BB1’"12F G1’20),16 6#*@ ’6 :@161 @’I1 D1*/81 */88/,B0’*1 ), :/2’A56 ,1E6 6:/")16F P1: :@1 "1’6/,6 D1@),2 :@)6 16*’0’:),$ I)/01,*1 ’,2 ):6 D"/’21" )8B’*:6 /, 314)*’, 6/*)1:A ’"1 ,/: (#00A #,21"6://2 D1*’#61 B#D0)* ’::1,:)/, )6 */,6#812 DA :@1 6@/*+),$ ,’:#"1 /( :@1 *")816F J),*1 :@1 6*’01 /( :@1 @#8’, :"’$12A @’6 ’0"1’2A D11, E100H14’8),12- :@)6 ’":)*01 (/*#616 ),6:1’2 /, :@1 6/#"*1 /( ),*"1’6),$ 2"#$H"10’:12 I)/01,*1 ), 314)*/Q ):6 1*/,/8)* )8B’*:- ),*0#2),$ 2)"1*: ’,2 ),2)"1*: */6:6Q ’,2 :@1 "16B/,61 /( :@1 $0/D’0 D#6),166 */88#,):AF 314)*/ B"/2#*16 ’,2 2)6:")D#:16 8’")R#’,’- */*’),1- @1"/),- ’,2 81:@’8B@1:’8),1 :/ 8/6: /( :@1 E/"02F ;:6 0’"$16: 8’"+1:- :@1 SFJF- 6/#"*16 T>U /( ):6 */*’),1 ("/8 314)*/F !"#$ :"’(()*+),$ )6 ’ 0#*"’:)I1 ’*:)I):A (/" :@1 314)*’, *’":106- $1,1"’:),$ 16:)8’:12 ’,,#’0 "1I1,#16 /( SJVWX D)00)/, :/ SJVYX D)00)/, (/" 314)*/- E):@ ’ B"/(): 8’"$), /( ’BB"/4)8’:10A Z>UF 9/" :@)6 "1’6/,- 8’,A *’":106 ’"1 ()$@:),$ (/" :@1 B"/():6 ),I/0I12 ), B"/2#*),$ ’,2 2)6:")D#:),$ 2"#$6F K#""1,:0A- 61I1, B/E1"(#0 2"#$H:"’(()*+),$ /"$’,)M’:)/,6 /**#BA 2)((1"1,: "1$)/,6 /( 314)*/ HH [’ 9’8)0)’ 3)*@/’*L,- :@1 \#0( K’":10- [/6 ]1:’6- :@1 ^10:"L,H[1AI’ _"$’,)M’:)/,- :@1 J),’0/’ K’":10- :@1 &)R#’,’ K’":10- ’,2 :@1 <#L"1M K’":10F 314)*/56 2"#$ :"’21 ’,2 :@161 *’":106 @’I1 14)6:12 (/" 8’,A 21*’216F G/E1I1"- :@1 I)/01,*1 "10’:12 :/ :@1 */#,:"A56 2"#$ :"’21 @’6 ),*"1’612 2"’8’:)*’00A 6),*1 ‘"16)21,: 910)B1 K’021"a, ://+ /(()*1 ), !1*18D1" =>>bF c@)01 B"1I)/#6 ’28),)6:"’:)/,6 2)2 ,/: */,("/,: :@1 2"#$ :"’21 ’$$"166)I10A- K’021"a, 0’#,*@12 ’ :/:’0 E’"- D10)1I),$ :@1 ),*"1’6),$ B/E1" /( 314)*/56 2"#$ *’":106 B/616 ’ 61")/#6 :@"1’: :/ :@1 */#,:"A56 61*#"):AF N08/6: )8812)’:10A ’(:1" :’+),$ /(()*1 ), =>>b- K’021"a, 21B0/A12 Wb->>> ,’:)/,’0 :"//B6 :/ ,),1 6:’:16 :/ 216:"/A *"/B6- */001*: ),:100)$1,*1- ),:1""/$’:1 6#6B1*:6- ’,2 */,()6*’:1 */,:"’D’,2F G1 @’6 ’06/ ),):)’:12 ’ I’")1:A /( B#D0)* 61*#"):A ’,2 R#2)*)’0 "1(/"86F 9/" 14’8B01- :@1 314)*’, $/I1",81,: )6 E/"+),$ :/ )8B"/I1 :@1 1((1*:)I1,166 /( ):6 (121"’0 B/0)*1 (/"*1- B0’,,),$ :/ @)"1 Z->>> ’22):)/,’0 B/0)*1 ),I16:)$’:/"6 2#"),$ =>?>- E@)01 ’: :@1 6’81 :)81 :"A),$ :/ B#"$1 :@1 (/"*1 /( */""#B:)/,F ;, N#$#6: =>?>- ,1’"0A ?>U /( :@1 (121"’0 B/0)*1 E1"1 ()"12 (/" (’)0),$ 0)1 21:1*:/"- 2"#$- /" /:@1" :16:6 :@’: (/"8 :@1 d:"#6: */,:"/0 14’86d 216)$,12 :/ )21,:)(A /(()*1"6 E):@ :)16 :/ /"$’,)M12 *")81F ;, ’22):)/,- !"#$#%&’(# *+,-.&/ ’ "1*1,: "1(/"8 "10’:12 :/ ),(/"8’:)/, 8’,’$181,:- ’)86 :/ *"1’:1 "1’0H:)81 ),:1"*/,,1*:)I):A E):@), 314)*/56 B/0)*1 (/"*1 DA 21I10/B),$ ’ ,’:)/,’0 *")81 2’:’D’61 :/ (’*)0):’:1 :"’*+),$ 2"#$ *")8),’06F J/81 /( :@1 R#2)*)’0 "1(/"86 ),*0#21 :@1 ),:"/2#*:)/, /( /"’0 :")’06- B01’ D’"$’),),$- ’,2 ’0:1",’:)I1 *’61H"16/0#:)/, 81:@/26- ’6 E100 ’6 :@1 B/66)D)0):A /( 1,$’$),$ ’,/,A8/#6 R#2$16 (/" 2"#$H"10’:12 B"/61*#:)/,6 ), /"21" :/ ),*"1’61 :@1 1(()*)1,*A ’,2 6’(1:A /( :@1 R#2)*)’0 B"/*166F 3/"1 )8B/":’,:0A- :@1 $/I1",81,: )6 :’+),$ :@1 B#,)6@81,: /( */,I)*:12 2"#$ *")8),’06 61")/#60A ’,2 @’6 ),*"1’612 14:"’2):)/,6 :/ :@1 SFJF =’%& %& - &%.9$(>?(/&7.-$ "&( @7?0 7A 6.78$()9(:;’-/<7.B C7/ D"$<%?$( @7?%(&3 @"&<7D /(?/%.<&3 (E?/%.<&3 ?7&<(/& 7/ ?$-F"(&3 ?$(-&( @7.<-@< !GHI J.<(/.-<%7.-$+ /(?/%.<&:?-/&%.<$B@7D !B K151L 115EMNMN OP4QB "## $%&’()%#* +,-.()/0& ,1 &0’ 20%(&,3 4+0,,# ,1 &0’ 53)6’(*)&. ,1 7’33*.#6%3)%8 7%/’ 9 ,1 : R/"9 =/-AA%@S%.93 T%7$(.@( -.) U(O%@7V& [email protected]%@ C"<"/(+ 6.78$()9(:;’-/<7. K ’<<?+>>S.78$()9(B8’-/<7.B"?(..B()">-/<%@$(B@ADX-/<%@$(%)Y12MN L

Upload: angela-guerrero

Post on 09-Mar-2015

33 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Drug Trafficking, Violence and Economic Future

!"#$%&"'(()*+),$-%.)/01,*1%',2%314)*/56%7*/,/8)*%9#:#"1!"#$%&'()*+*,-."-/0*123*1455*%.*6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.*

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

314)*/56%2"#$%:"'21%',2%:@161%*'":106%@'I1%14)6:12%(/"%8',A%21*'216F%G/E1I1"-%:@1%I)/01,*1%"10':12%:/%:@1*/#,:"A56%2"#$%:"'21%@'6%),*"1'612%2"'8':)*'00A%6),*1%`"16)21,:%910)B1%K'021"a,%://+%/(()*1%),%!1*18D1"=>>bF%c@)01%B"1I)/#6%'28),)6:"':)/,6%2)2%,/:%*/,("/,:%:@1%2"#$%:"'21%'$$"166)I10A-%K'021"a,%0'#,*@12%':/:'0%E'"-%D10)1I),$%:@1%),*"1'6),$%B/E1"%/(%314)*/56%2"#$%*'":106%B/616%'%61")/#6%:@"1':%:/%:@1%*/#,:"A5661*#"):AF

N08/6:%)8812)':10A%'(:1"%:'+),$%/(()*1%),%=>>b-%K'021"a,%21B0/A12%Wb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d:"#6:%*/,:"/014'86d%216)$,12%:/%)21,:)(A%/(()*1"6%E):@%:)16%:/%/"$',)M12%*")81F%

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

='%&*%&*-*&%.9$(>?(/&7.-$*"&(*@7?0*7A6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.B*C7/*D"$<%?$(*@7?%(&3@"&<7D*/(?/%.<&3*(E?/%.<&3*?7&<(/&*7/*?$-F"(&3?$(-&(*@7.<-@<*!GHI*J.<(/.-<%7.-$+/(?/%.<&:?-/&%.<$B@7D*!B*K151L*115EMNMNOP4QB*

%!!"##!$%&'()%#*!+,-.()/0&!,1!&0'!20%(&,3!4+0,,#!,1!&0'!53)6'(*)&.!,1!7'33*.#6%3)%8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7%/'!9!,1!:!

R/"9*=/-AA%@S%.93*T%7$(.@(*-.)*U(O%@7V&*[email protected]%@*C"<"/(+*6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.K'<<?+>>S.78$()9(B8'-/<7.B"?(..B()">-/<%@$(B@ADX-/<%@$(%)Y12MNL*

Page 2: Drug Trafficking, Violence and Economic Future

C1*/$,)M),$%:@':%:@1%2"#$%:"'21%)6%,/:%/,0A%314)*/56%B"/D018-%:@1%SFJF%@'6%'06/%B012$12%:/%@10B%:@1*/#,:"A%:@"/#$@%:@1%3e")2'%;,):)':)I1-%',%'$"1181,:%#,21"%E@)*@%:@1%SFJF%E)00%B"/I)21%6#BB/":%:/%314)*/',2%/:@1"%K1,:"'0%N81")*',%*/#,:")16%),%:@1)"%()$@:%'$'),6:%2"#$6F%JB1*)()*'00A-%:@1%SFJF%@'6%'00/*':12SJV?FX%D)00)/,%/I1"%'%:@"11HA1'"%B1")/2%:/%10)8),':1%*/""#B:)/,%E):@),%:@161%*/#,:")165%$/I1",81,:),6:):#:)/,6%DA%(#,2),$%:"'),),$%(/"%B/0)*1%(/"*16-%61*#"):AH21I10/B81,:%B"/$"'86-%',2%B#"*@'616%(/"1f#)B81,:%#612%),%:@1%E'"%'$'),6:%2"#$6F

!"#$%&&'()*"+,$-./"$0'.&")*"

!16B):1%:@1%1((/":6%/(%K'021"a,56%'28),)6:"':)/,%',2%:@1%),*"1'612%*//B1"':)/,%D1:E11,%314)*/%',2%:@1SFJF-%2"#$H"10':12%I)/01,*1%),%314)*/%*/,:),#16%:/%")61F%N,%16:)8':12%O->>>%B1/B01%2)12%),%314)*/%),=>>T%'6%'%"16#0:%/(%:@1%2"#$%E'"%HH%6)$,)()*',:0A%8/"1%:@',%:@1%?-W>>%B1/B01%E@/%'"1%D10)1I12%:/%@'I1%2)12),%=>>X%D1(/"1%:@1%E'"%D1$',F%&@1"1%E1"1%'06/%',%16:)8':12%?-=>>%+)2,'BB),$6%),%=>>TF%`'"'2/4)*'00A-314)*/56%6:"/,$%6:',*1%'$'),6:%:@1%*'":106%61186%:/%D1%*/,:")D#:),$%:/%),*"1'612%2"#$H"10':12%I)/01,*1Fc@)01%:@1%1((/":6%/(%K'021"a,56%'28),)6:"':)/,%@'I1-%),2112-%E1'+1,12%:@1%*'":106-%:@1%*'B:#"1%/(%+1A01'21"6%@'6%#B61:%:@1)"%2A,'8)*6%'6%818D1"6%()$@:%(/"%B/E1"(#0%',2%B"/():'D01%01'21"6@)B%B/6):)/,6F%

&@1%314)*',%$/I1",81,:56%E'"%'$'),6:%2"#$6%@'6%'06/%'((1*:12%:@1%2)6:")D#:)/,%/(%B/E1"%#(&01%:@1*'":106%'6%:@1A%()$@:%:/%$'),%:@1%")$@:6%:/%:@1)"%,/EHE1'+1"%*/8B1:):/"65%2"#$%"/#:16F%&@)6%()$@:),$%)6%6/14:"181%:@':%):%@'6%"16#0:12%),%'00)',*16%D1:E11,%*1":'),%*'":106%),%/"21"%:/%21(1':%/:@1"6F%9/"%),6:',*1-%2#0345#)%464'#.-70%)6%',%'00)',*1%:@':%E'6%(/"812%"1*1,:0A%D1:E11,%['%9'8)0)'%3)*@/'*L,-%:@1%\#0(%K'":10-',2%:@1%J),'0/'%K'":10F

N,/:@1"%0)+10A%14B0',':)/,%(/"%:@1%),*"1'61%),%2"#$H"10':12%I)/01,*1%)6%:@':%:@1%2"#$%*'":106%'"1%'::18B:),$:/%(/"*1%:@1%$/I1",81,:%:/%D'*+%2/E,%DA%:1""/")M),$%:@1%B#D0)*F%N6%'%"16#0:-%I)/01,*1%@'6%,/E%6B)0012D1A/,2%:@1%*'":106-%18D"/)0),$%314)*/56%B#D0)*%',2%*"1':),$%',%),61*#"1%1,I)"/,81,:%E):@),%314)*/-16B1*)'00A%(/"%D#6),16616F%&@1%*'":106%,/E%#61%I'")/#6%(/"86%/(%I)/01,*1%'$'),6:%*/"B/"':)/,6%HH%("/8+)2,'BB),$6%:/%:@1(:%:/%14:/":)/,%HH%'6%'%81',6%/(%$'),),$%B/E1"%',2%B"/():F%`1814-%:@1%6:':1H/E,12B1:"/01#8%*/8B',A-%@'6%D11,%'%"1B1':12%:'"$1:%/(%:@1%*'":106F%;,%=>?>-%:@1%*/8B',A%14B1")1,*12%8#0:)B01+)2,'BB),$6%',2%:@1(:%DA%:@1%*'":106%',2%*/""#B:%18B0/A116F%C1#:1"6%16:)8':16%:@':%`1814%0/616%dSJVOX>8)00)/,%/(%(#10%',2%/)0%("/8%):6%B)B10),16%1'*@%A1'"d%'0/,$%E):@%dI'0#'D01%6B'"1%B'":6%',2%1f#)B81,:Fd%

&@1%2"#$%*'":106%*@'001,$1%:@1%I)'D)0):A%/(%6'(1%',2%61*#"1%D#6),166%1,I)"/,81,:6%,/:%/,0A%(/"%0'"$1*/8B',)16%6#*@%'6%`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

;,%N#$#6:%=>?>-%:@1%('"H"1'*@),$%)8B'*:%/(%314)*/56%2"#$H"10':12%I)/01,*1%B"/8B:12%K'021"a,%:/%/B1,21D':1%/,%01$'0)M),$%2"#$6F%c@)01%:@1"1%'"1%2)((1"),$%/B),)/,6%'8/,$%314)*',%B/0):)*)',6-%8',A),(0#1,:)'0%()$#"16%HH%),*0#2),$%*#""1,:%`'":)2/%21%0'%C1I/0#*)a,%!18/*"L:)*'%01'21"%<16g6%_":1$'%',2(/"81"%B"16)21,:6%7",16:/%]12)00/%',2%.)*1,:1%9/4%HH%D10)1I1%:@1%$/I1",81,:56%6:"/,$%6:',*1%'$'),6:2"#$6%)6%,/:%E/"+),$%',2%:@':%01$'0)M':)/,%8#6:%D1%14B0/"12F%&@1)"%8'),%'"$#81,:%)6%:@':%DA%10)8),':),$:@1%D0'*+%8'"+1:%(/"%2"#$6%),%314)*/-%:@1%B")*1%/(%2"#$6%E)00%21*"1'61-%'0/,$%E):@%:@1%B"/():6%',2%B/E1"/(%:@1%*'":106F%K'021"a,%@'6%D11,%f#)*+%:/%"16B/,2%:@':%:@1%B")*1%/(%2"#$6%)6%,/:%21:1"8),12%DA%:@1%8'"+1:),%314)*/-%D#:%DA%:@1%8'"+1:%),%:@1%SFJF-%E@1"1%:@1%314)*',%*'":106%6100%:@1%8'R/"):A%/(%:@1)"%2"#$6F%&@#6-#,0166%:@1%SFJF%'06/%01$'0)M16%2"#$6-%K'021"a,%@'6%6')2%d):%E/#02%D1%'D6#"2d%(/"%314)*/%:/%2/%6/F%G1%)66:"/,$0A%/BB/612%:/%*"1':),$%',%1,I)"/,81,:%:@':%('*)0):':16%2"#$%#61%',2%'22)*:)/,F%

;,%'22):)/,-%@1%',2%6/81%818D1"6%/(%@)6%'28),)6:"':)/,%/BB/61%01$'0)M':)/,%2#1%:/%:@1%*'":1065%B1"I'6)I1),(0#1,*1%),%314)*',%6/*)1:AF%7I1,%)(%2"#$%B"/2#*:)/,-%2)6:")D#:)/,-%',2%#61%E1"1%01$'0)M12-%:@1%*'":106E/#02%0)+10A%),*"1'61%/:@1"%*")8),'0%'*:)I):)16-%6#*@%'6%14:/":)/,%',2%+)2,'BB),$-%'6%'%81',6%/(8'),:'),),$%/"%D//6:),$%:@1)"%1'",),$6F%&@1"1(/"1-%):%)6%#,0)+10A%:@':%01$'0)M':)/,%E/#02%'((1*:%:@1%*#""1,:01I106%/(%I)/01,*1%',2%*/""#B:)/,%),%:@1%,1'"%(#:#"1F

&@1%'::):#216%/(%D#6),166%01'21"6%E):@%/B1"':)/,6%),%314)*/%"1(01*:%:@1%21:1")/"':),$%*/,2):)/,6%',26#$$16:%:@':%),61*#"):A%@'6%6)$,)()*',:%1*/,/8)*%*/,61f#1,*16F%9/"%:@1%B'6:%:E/%A1'"6-%N81")*',

%!!"##!$%&'()%#*!+,-.()/0&!,1!&0'!20%(&,3!4+0,,#!,1!&0'!53)6'(*)&.!,1!7'33*.#6%3)%8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7%/'!;!,1!:!

R/"9*=/-AA%@S%.93*T%7$(.@(*-.)*U(O%@7V&*[email protected]%@*C"<"/(+*6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.K'<<?+>>S.78$()9(B8'-/<7.B"?(..B()">-/<%@$(B@ADX-/<%@$(%)Y12MNL*

Page 3: Drug Trafficking, Violence and Economic Future

K@'8D1"%314)*/%hN8K@'8i%@'6%*/,2#*:12%'%6#"I1A%/(%):6%818D1"6%HH%(/"1)$,%',2%,':)/,'0%8','$1"6%HH:/%$'#$1%:@1)"%61,:)81,:%"1$'"2),$%*/"B/"':1%',2%B1"6/,'0%61*#"):Aj%OXU%6'A%:@1)"%D#6),16616%@'I1%D11,'((1*:12%DA%:@1%*/#,:"A56%),61*#"):AF%c@)01%:@1)"%B"),*)B'0%*/,*1",6%@'I1%*/,6)6:1,:0A%D11,%18B0/A1161*#"):A%',2%141*#:)I1%B"/:1*:)/,-%/:@1"%"16#0:6%6@/E%2)I1"$1,:%B1"*1B:)/,6%/(%+1A%)66#16F%k1'"0A%b>U%/(:@1%"16B/,21,:6%(10:%0166%61*#"1%/,%'%B1"6/,'0%01I10%),%=>>T%:@',%),%=>>ZQ%D#:%:@1%6'81%"16B/,21,:6%E1"11f#'00A%2)I)212%'6%:/%E@1:@1"%:@1)"%"16B1*:)I1%*/8B',)16%E1"1%8/"1-%0166-%/"%1f#'00A%61*#"1%'*"/66%:@16'81%B1")/2F

_(%:@1%:@)"2%/(%:@1%"16B/,21,:6%E@/%I)1E12%:@1)"%*/8B',)16%'6%D1),$%0166%61*#"1%:@',%:@1%A1'"%D1(/"1-%:@18/6:%*/88/,0A%,/:12%*/,:")D#:),$%('*:/"6%E1"1%:@1%6:"1,$:@1,),$%/(%/"$',)M12%*")81%'*:)I):A-%)8B#,):A%),:@1%R#2)*)'0%B"/*166-%',2%'*:)I):)16%'66/*)':12%E):@%2"#$%:"'(()*+),$F%N8/,$%:@/61%E@/%(10:%:@1)"%*/8B',)16E1"1%8/"1%61*#"1-%=XU%*"12):12%:@1%E/"+%/(%:@1%314)*',%'#:@/"):)16-%E@)01%OXU%'::")D#:12%:@1)8B"/I181,:%:/%:@1%"16#0:6%/(%1((/":6%E):@),%:@1)"%/E,%*/8B',)16F%c@1:@1"%"16B/,21,:6%(10:%:@1)"*/8B',)16%E1"1%D1::1"%/"%E/"61%/((%),%=>>T%:@',%),%=>>Z-%:@1"1%'BB1'"6%:/%D1%'%*/,61,6#6%:@':%:@1$/I1",81,:%)6%,/:%6#**112),$%),%):6%1((/":6%:/%B"/I)21%'%8/"1%61*#"1%1,I)"/,81,:F

12"$3.&"$.4$52"$6/'7(5"$8"*5./

N6%:@161%6#"I1A%"16#0:6%6#$$16:-%D1*'#61%:@1%$/I1",81,:%)6%,/:%*'B'D01%/(%B"/I)2),$%'21f#':1%61*#"):A-:@1%B")I':1%61*:/"%@'6%D11,%B0'A),$%'%8/"1%B"/8),1,:%"/01%),%:@)6%'"1,'F%&@1%8'"+1:%(/"%B")I':1%61*#"):A%),314)*/%1f#'06%?U%/(%\!`-%/"%VZ%D)00)/,F%;,%"16B/,61%:/%:@)6%6)$,)()*',:%8'"+1:%/BB/":#,):A-%:@1"1%'"1%,/E/I1"%?>->>>%B")I':1%61*#"):A%()"86%*/8B'"12%:/%b->>>%?X%A1'"6%'$/F%_,0A%?>U%/(%:@161%()"86%'"1B"/(166)/,'0)M12-%81',),$%:@1A%),I16:%),%:"'),),$-%),("'6:"#*:#"1-%:1*@,/0/$A-%',2%','0A6)6F%`")I':1%61*#"):A18B0/A6%'%E/"+(/"*1%/(%X>>->>>-%1f#'0%:/%,1'"0A%ZXU%/(%:@1%B#D0)*%61*#"):A%61*:/"%14*0#2),$%:@1%8)0):'"AF

&@1%8/6:%*/88/,%$//26%',2%61"I)*16%B"/I)212%DA%314)*',%B")I':1%61*#"):A%()"86%'"1%D/2A$#'"26-101*:"/,)*%21I)*16-%',2%'"8/"12%*'"6F%&@1%NB")0%=>?>%314)*/%J1*#"):A%74B/-%'%*/,(1"1,*1%:@':%6@/E*'616'%E)21%"',$1%/(%:@1%),2#6:"A56%B"/2#*:6%',2%61"I)*16-%E'6%=>U%0'"$1"%:@',%:@1%B"1I)/#6%A1'"56F%N*/,(1"1,*1%6B/+16E/8',%)00#6:"':12%:@1%$"/E),$%,112%(/"%61*#"):A%61"I)*16j%dJ'20A-%:@1%I)/01,*1$1,1"':12%DA%/"$',)M12%*")81%@'6%8'21%314)*/%/,1%/(%:@1%D16:%8'"+1:6%(/"%8#0:),':)/,'06%6B1*)'0)M),$%),61*#"):AFd%;,%'%8/I1%:@':%"1(01*:6%:@)6%61,:)81,:-%:@1%JB',)6@%61*#"):A%()"8%`"/61$#"%'#$81,:12%):6B"161,*1%),%314)*/%E):@%):6%'*f#)6):)/,%/(%'%0/*'0%61*#"):A%()"8%),%=>>TF%`"/61$#"%@'6%611,%):6%"1I1,#16:@1"1%$"/E%("/8%SJV?%8)00)/,%),%=>>O%:/%',%14B1*:12%SJV?O%8)00)/,%),%=>?>F

N6%B"1I)/#60A%,/:12-%I1@)*01%'"8/"),$%)6%'%B"),*)B'0%/((1"),$%/(%:@1%61*#"):A%),2#6:"A-%',2%):%)6%,/:6#"B")6),$%:@':%:@1%$"/E:@%/(%:@1%8'"+1:%)6%8/6:%I)6)D01%),%:@)6%6#D61*:/"F%;,%[':),%N81")*'-%:@1%'"8/"),$8'"+1:%@'6%),*"1'612%DA%ZX>U%),%:@1%0'6:%1)$@:%A1'"6-%',2%314)*/%)6%,/E%:@1%61*/,2%0'"$16:%8'"+1:%'(:1"^"'M)0F%J),*1%=>>Z-%:@1%,#8D1"%/(%'"8/"12%*'"6%@'6%),*"1'612%DA%=XU%),%314)*/%K):A%',2%DA%b>U%),%:@1"16:%/(%:@1%*/#,:"AF%&@)6%8'"+1:%)6%14B1*:12%:/%$"/E%DA%=>U%),%=>??F%^#6),16616%@'I1%"16B/,212%:/%:@)6,112j%&@1"1%'"1%,/E%O>%"1$)6:1"12%B"/I)21"6%/(%'"8/"),$-%*/8B'"12%:/%/,0A%:@"11%?X%A1'"6%'$/F%

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j%dl&@161%*'"6m%'"1%8'21%:/%D01,2),FFFF%&@1A%'"1%,/%0/,$1"%/,0A%(/"%@1'26%/(%6:':1F%_#"%*#6:/81"6%':%:@1%D/"21"6%'"1%,/"8'0%141*#:)I16%E@/'"1%*/,*1",12%(/"%:@1)"%6'(1:AFd%7I1,%8/"1%:100),$0A-%:@1%Y>U%$"/E:@%/(%:@1%8'"+1:%(/"%#612%'"8/"12I1@)*016%',2%:@1%),:"/2#*:)/,%/(%'"8/"12%I1"6)/,6%/(%8'),6:"1'8-%'((/"2'D01%D"',26%6#*@%'6%K@"A601"%',2./0+6E'$1,%6#$$16:%:@':%:@1%,112%(/"%:@)6%B"/:1*:)/,%@'6%6B"1'2%D1A/,2%:@1%10):1F

K/,("/,:),$%:@)6%:"/#D012%61*#"):A%6):#':)/,%)6%#,2/#D:120A%*/6:0A%:/%:@1%314)*',%$/I1",81,:%',2%6/*)1:AFn"/00%16:)8':16%:@1%2)"1*:%*/6:%/(%),61*#"):A%:/%:@1%$/I1",81,:-%D#6),16616-%',2%*):)M1,6%:/%D1%SJVbXD)00)/,-%/"%ZU%/(%\!`F%c@)01%:@1%8'$,):#21%/(%:@)6%()$#"1%)6%,/:'D01%/,%):6%/E,-%E@1,%B#:%),%:@1%*/,:14:/(%/:@1"%+1A%1*/,/8)*%2':'-%):%)6%1I1,%8/"1%6:")+),$F%N06/-%'**/"2),$%:/%n"/0056%()$#"16-%:@)6%'8/#,:"1B"161,:6%OXU%/(%:@1%:/:'0%),*/81%',2%6'016%:'416%*/001*:12%DA%:@1%314)*',%$/I1",81,:-%=FX%:)816%:@1),(0/E%/(%"18)::',*16%:/%:@1%*/#,:"A-%',2%WFX%:)816%:@1%'8/#,:%/(%(/"1)$,%2)"1*:%),I16:81,:6F%;:%)6%:E)*1:@1%6)M1%/(%314)*/56%/)0%14B/":6F

%!!"##!$%&'()%#*!+,-.()/0&!,1!&0'!20%(&,3!4+0,,#!,1!&0'!53)6'(*)&.!,1!7'33*.#6%3)%8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7%/'!<!,1!:!

R/"9*=/-AA%@S%.93*T%7$(.@(*-.)*U(O%@7V&*[email protected]%@*C"<"/(+*6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.K'<<?+>>S.78$()9(B8'-/<7.B"?(..B()">-/<%@$(B@ADX-/<%@$(%)Y12MNL*

Page 4: Drug Trafficking, Violence and Economic Future

.)/01,*1%',2%),61*#"):A%*01'"0A%*/81%E):@%,1$':)I1%1*/,/8)*%*/,61f#1,*16-%1I1,%D1A/,2%:@1%6:'$$1"),$2)"1*:%*/6:6F%N6%(/"81"%B"16)21,:%.)*1,:1%9/4%h=>>>H=>>bi%*/881,:12%"1*1,:0A%/,%@)6%E1D6):1-%d:@18'$,):#21%/(%:@1%2'8'$1%l/(%:@1%I)/01,*1%'66/*)':12%E):@%:@1%()$@:%'$'),6:%/"$',)M12%*")81m%@'6%'06/14:1,212%:/%:@1%B1"*1B:)/,%',2%)8'$1%/(%:@1%*/#,:"A-%1*/,/8)*%'*:)I):A-%B'":)*#0'"0A%),%:/#")68%',2(/"1)$,%2)"1*:%),I16:81,:-%'6%E100%'6%:@1%(/"8)2'D01%/BB/":#,):A%*/6:%:@':%E1%'"1%B'A),$%),%"16/#"*16-B1/B01-%',2%:)81%:@':%@'I1%:/%D1%6'*")()*12%':%:@1%14B1,61%/(%/:@1"%6:"':1$)*%'"1'6Fd%`"16)21,:%K'021"a,%@'6I/)*12%'%6)8)0'"%61,:)81,:-%6:':),$-%d:@1%),61*#"):A-%),%$1,1"'0-%',2%:@1%),(/"8':)/,%:@':%21")I16%("/8%):61,2-%,/:%/,0A%:/%314)*/%D#:%:/%:@1%E/"02-%'%6)$,%/(%I)/01,*1%:@':%E/"61,6%:@1%)8'$1%/(%/#"%*/#,:"AFd

^1A/,2%:@1%B1"*1B:)/,-%:@/#$@-%):%)6%2)(()*#0:%:/%f#',:)(A%:@1%1*/,/8)*%)8B'*:F%;,:1",':)/,'0%:/#")68"1I1,#1-%:@1%:@)"2%0'"$16:%6/#"*1%/(%2/00'"%),(0/E6-%(100%?XU%),%=>>T-%:@1%()"6:%21*0),1%),%'%21*'21F%&@)6*',,/:%D1%'::")D#:12%6/010A%:/%'%(1'"%/(%I)/01,*1-%@/E1I1"-%'6%:@':%A1'"%6'E%:@1%$0/D'0%1*/,/8)*%*")6)6%'6E100%'6%:@1%6E),1%(0#%/#:D"1'+%),%314)*/-%D/:@%/(%E@)*@%2)6*/#"'$12%:/#")68F%c@)01%'#:@/"):)16%8'),:'),:@':%:/#")6:%'"1'6%"18'),%6'(1%(/"%I)6):/"6-%:@1"1%@'I1%D11,%),*)21,:6%/(%I)/01,*1%),%(/"81"0A%B/B#0'"216:),':)/,6%6#*@%'6%N*'B#0*/-%`#1":/%.'00'":'-%',2%&'4*/F

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

;:%)6%0)+10A%:@':%,1$':)I1%B#D0)*):A%E/#02%@'I1%',%1I1,%$"1':1"%),(0#1,*1%/,%:@/61%8'+),$%:@1%21*)6)/,E@1:@1"%:/%841-0%),I16:),$%),%314)*/F%G/E1I1"-%*'B):'0%*/,:),#16%:/%(0/E%),:/%:@1%*/#,:"AF%;,%('*:-(/"1)$,%2)"1*:%),I16:81,:%)6%14B1")1,*),$%',%)8B"166)I1%"1*/I1"A%("/8%:@1%1*/,/8)*%*")6)6%',2%)6%14B1*:12:/%"1'*@%=>>b%01I106%/(%SJV=>%D)00)/,%),%=>?>F%N6%:@1%2)"1*:/"%/(%:@1%7*/,/8)*%K/88)66)/,%(/"%[':),N81")*'%',2%:@1%K'")DD1',%hK/8)6)a,%7*/,a8)*'%B'"'%N8e")*'%[':o,'%A%10%K'")D1i%"1*1,:0A%,/:12jdc@':%)6%)8B/":',:%(/"%',%),I16:/"%),%"1$'"26%:/%61*#"):A%@'6%:/%2/%E):@%01$'0%61*#"):A%',2%*/#,:"A%")6+F%;,D/:@%'6B1*:6-%314)*/%@'6%'2I',*12%'%0/:-%',2%:@)6%)6%:@1%:AB1%/(%61*#"):A%:@':%'((1*:6%:@1%),I16:/"Fd

&@)6%B/6):)I1%:"1,2-%@/E1I1"-%6@/#02%,/:%D1%/I1"H18B@'6)M12F%c@)01%6/81%B"/$"166%@'6%D11,%8'21%),K'021"a,56%()$@:%'$'),6:%/"$',)M12%*")81%E):@%:@1%'""16:6%',2%+)00),$6%/(%+1A%:"'(()*+1"6-%(/#"%A1'"6%),:/%:@16:"#$$01%:@1%I)/01,*1%)6%E/"61,),$-%E):@%,/%1,2%),%6)$@:F%N,%),*"1'6),$%B"/B/":)/,%/(%N8K@'8"16B/,21,:6%2/%,/:%14B1*:%:/%611%)8B"/I181,:6%),%:@1%61*#"):A%*/,:14:%E):@),%:@1%,14:%()I1%A1'"6F%c@)01:@1%B")I':1%61*#"):A%),2#6:"A%)6%D1,1():),$%("/8%):6%),*"1'612%"101I',*1-%:@)6%*")6)6%)6%)8B/6),$%6)$,)()*',:(),',*)'0-%6/*)'0-%*#0:#"'0-%',2%B6A*@/0/$)*'0%*/6:6%/,%314)*/F%N22),$%:/%:@1%2)(()*#0:A%/(%$'#$),$%:@161*/6:6-%6B1*)()*'00A%),%1*/,/8)*%:1"86-%)6%:@1%"10#*:',*1%/(%+1A%6:'+1@/021"6%:/%6B1'+%/B1,0A%',2%("',+0A'D/#:%:@1%:/B)*F%

741*#:)I16%'"1%#,21"6:',2'D0A%#,E)00),$%:/%2)6*#66%),%21:')0%:@1%(#00%14:1,:%/(%:@1)"%61*#"):A%*/,*1",6%',2-1I1,%8/"1%6/-%:@1)"%B"1*'#:)/,6-%'6%6#*@%*',2/"%*/#02%8'+1%:@18%0166%1((1*:)I1F%J1*#"):A%*/,6#0:',:6%'"16)8)0'"0A%8#8%/,%6B1*)()*6%D1*'#61%2)6*"1:)/,%)6%+1A%:/%:@1%61"I)*16%:@1A%B"/I)21F%J:'+1@/021"6%E):@6#(()*)1,:%),:1"16:6%),%:@1%*/#,:"A%HH%E@1:@1"%:@1A%'"1%),I16:/"6-%$/I1",81,:%/(()*)'06-%/"%E100H*/,,1*:12*):)M1,6%HH%8'A%D1%@16):',:%:/%*/,:")D#:1%:/%,1$':)I1%B1"*1B:)/,6%/(%314)*/F%

&@)6%"16#0:6%),%6:'"+0A%8)412%8166'$16j%k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

9:-;)#'$-."4)<#;)<'-$$40)8=)>45&0)>3%%)#06)?40)@=1"4'/)(4(84';)&%)$:4)2#364')A"#;;)&%)BCDBE

='%&*%&*-*&%.9$(>?(/&7.-$*"&(*@7?0*7A*6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.B*C7/*D"$<%?$(*@7?%(&3*@"&<7D*/(?/%.<&3*(E?/%.<&3*?7&<(/&*7/*?$-F"(&3*?$(-&(*@7.<-@<!GHI*J.<(/.-<%7.-$+* /(?/%.<&:?-/&%.<$B@7D*!B*K151L*115EMNMN*OP4QB*

%!!"##!$%&'()%#*!+,-.()/0&!,1!&0'!20%(&,3!4+0,,#!,1!&0'!53)6'(*)&.!,1!7'33*.#6%3)%8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7%/'!:!,1!:!

R/"9*=/-AA%@S%.93*T%7$(.@(*-.)*U(O%@7V&*[email protected]%@*C"<"/(+*6.78$()9(:;'-/<7.K'<<?+>>S.78$()9(B8'-/<7.B"?(..B()">-/<%@$(B@ADX-/<%@$(%)Y12MNL*