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Drug Delivery System Using Magnetic Materials

A drug delivery system (DDS) to deliver a drug when and where required is a powerful

tool for reducing the doses of drugs administered and the side effects. Isolation

of candidate materials and development of a new DDS using the materials should provide

a more powerful tool in the medical field. Therefore, we are developing a new DDS

using a combination of candidate magnetic materials and a magnetic field.

Surgical therapeutic, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches alone or in

combination have been used for treatment of cancer1). However, each approach has

side effects such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, alopecia and hepatic

dysfunction2)-5). Many studies aimed at the development of a DDS to solve the problems

of side effects of cancer therapies have been carried out over past three decades6),7).

We have isolated novel magnetic materials to solve the problems of side effects of

cancer chemotherapy and have studied a DDS using a novel magnetic material. Here,

we introduce our study and other target-selective DDSs.

DDSs have been developed to enable drugs to safely elicit effects in target organs,

tissues or cells. DDSs can be classified into 1) target-selective drug delivery

systems6)-11), 2) controlled-release drug delivery systems12)-14), 3) systems for drug

delivery by absorption15),16). Target-selective drug delivery systems for delivering

drugs to target organs, tissues and cells are expected to greatly reduce side effects

in normal cells. Much interest has been shown in the use of liposomes for

target-selective DDSs.

Since lisopomes are composed of lipid bilayer membranes, they can contain both

aqueous and lipophilic drugs, and the surfaces of liposomes can also be modified by

the addition of a specific antibody, a certain ligand, polymers, and so on10),11)

(Scheme). A controlled-release DDS and a system for drug delivery by absorption have

been developed and produced as an implantable infusion pump and a skin patch,

respectively by Johnson and Johnson Company (Alza Corporation) 11), 17), 18)

Furthermore, the use of magnetic materials in the development of DDSs has been

reported in the 1970s and accumulation of albumin microspheres containing doxorubicin

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and magnetite (Fe3O4,) in a sarcoma by a permanent magnet led to regression and

disappearance of the sarcoma6).

In the 1980s, liposomes containing magnetite (magnetic liposome) were developed,and accumulation of these liposomes by the use of an electronic magnet was tested

in an animal study 7). Magnetic liposomes have been improved and their anticancer

effects under an alternative current magnetic field have been demonstrated in animal

studies 19). We have been attempting to isolate novel magnetic materials that also

have biological properties such as cytotoxicity. Magnetic materials that also have

biological properties will be useful for improving DDSs, which should lead to

reduction in side effects in the near future.

Schematic illustration of liposome for a DDS. A liposome can contain probes (DNA

plasmid, siRNA, virus vector) and magnetic particles.

This work was supported by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and New Energy

and Industrial Technology Department Organization (NEDO) of Japan and the Magnetic

Health Science Foundation.

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