drug chemistry section
TRANSCRIPT
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Drug Chemistry SectionDrug Chemistry Section
Susan GrossSusan Gross
Forensic Science SupervisorForensic Science Supervisor
Minnesota BCAMinnesota BCA
Drug Chemistry SectionDrug Chemistry Section
-- Who we areWho we are
-- What we doWhat we do
-- Goals of sectionGoals of section
-- StatisticsStatistics
-- TrendsTrends
Who we areWho we areMN Bureau of Criminal ApprehensionMN Bureau of Criminal Apprehension
Forensic Science LaboratoryForensic Science Laboratory
•Accredited by ASCLD/LAB•International Standard (ISO/IEC 17025)
•ASCLD/LAB Supplemental
•Quality Systems Manual
•SWGDRUG
•Section Methods/SOPs
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BCA Regional Lab Bemidji
BCA (St. Paul Lab)Amy Granlund
Cori Dahlby
Sarah Pfieffer
Violet Stephens
Paula Reber
Mark Patterson
Eric Grunwald
Rob Lind
Allison Hursh
Myha Le
Becky Willis
Ann Engebretson
Sara Goldstrand
WHO WE WERE
St. Paul City Lab
Anoka Tricounty Lab
St. Cloud City Lab
•• 124 cumulative years of experience124 cumulative years of experience•• Most senior person 28 years in sectionMost senior person 28 years in section
•• Newest person 3 months in section (10 years at BCA)Newest person 3 months in section (10 years at BCA)
•• EducationEducation•• Bachelor’s degreeBachelor’s degree
•• 9 9 -- ChemistryChemistry
•• 3 3 –– Biology/BiochemistryBiology/Biochemistry
•• 1 1 -- Forensic ScienceForensic Science
•• Master’s degreeMaster’s degree•• 3 3 –– ChemistryChemistry
•• 1 1 –– Forensic ScienceForensic Science
•• 1 1 –– Public and Nonprofit AdministrationPublic and Nonprofit Administration
•• TrainingTraining
•• InIn--house training (approximately 9 months)house training (approximately 9 months)
Who we areWho we are
11DrugDrug\\’dreg’dreg\\ n n (3): (3): Substance other than food intended Substance other than food intended
to affect the structure or function of the body.to affect the structure or function of the body.
Controlled Substance: Controlled Substance: Drug, substance or immediate Drug, substance or immediate
precursor in Schedules I through V of Section 152.02. precursor in Schedules I through V of Section 152.02.
What we doWhat we do
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* Schedule I - heroin, LSD, marijuana, psilocyn
* Schedule II- cocaine, methamphetamine, morphine
* Schedule III - anabolic steroids, some barbiturates
* Schedule IV - valium, xanax, codeine w/ Tylenol
* Schedule V - over-the-counter medicine with codeine
MN State Statute Chapter 152
Controlled Substance ActControlled Substance Act
* Narcotics
* Stimulants
* Hallucinogens
* Depressants
* Other drugs
* Narcotics
* Stimulants
* Hallucinogens
* Depressants
* Other drugs
-a drug that dulls the senses, induces sleep, and becomes addictive with prolonged use
-Examples: opium, morphine, oxycodone
-Cocaine and coca leaves are classified in
Controlled Substance Act as narcotics, but technically they are stimulants
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* Narcotics
* Stimulants
* Hallucinogens
* Depressants
* Other drugs
-Referred to as ‘uppers’ and reverse the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks
-Examples: methamphetamine, Khat (cathine and cathinone), cocaine
* Narcotics
* Stimulants
* Hallucinogens
* Depressants
* Other drugs
-Drugs that alter a person’s perception or mood
-Examples: marijuana, psilocyn, LSD, PCP, MDMA, GHB
* Narcotics
* Stimulants
* Hallucinogens
* Depressants
* Other drugs
-Referred to as ‘downers’ and used to induce sleep, relieve stress and anxiety
-Examples: barbiturates (phenobarbital,
secobarbital) and benzodiazepams (alprazolam, diazepam)
4
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* Narcotics
* Stimulants
* Hallucinogens
* Depressants
* Other drugs-Anabolic steroids-Non-controlled substance
Evidence is submitted to Evidence is submitted to Sample(s) areSample(s) are
BCA Drug ChemistryBCA Drug Chemistry weighedweighed
Screening Screening
Peer Peer ConfirmationConfirmation Test(s)Test(s)
reviewreview
Administrative Administrative Report sent out!!Report sent out!!
reviewreview
What we doWhat we do
Level of charge Possession Sale
1st Degree 25 g 10 g
2nd Degree 6 g 3 g
3rd Degree 3 g any
4th Degree Phencyclidine or Any amt sch I,II or III
Hallucinogen
5th Degree Any amt sch I,II, III or IV MJ or THC except
small amount
Common thresholds
(cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine)
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Level of charge Possession Sale
1st Degree 100 kg 50 kg
2nd Degree 50 kg 25 kg
3rd Degree 10 kg 5 kg
4th Degree Any amount in school zone/housing
zone/drug treatment facility
5th Degree > 42.5 grams > 42.5 grams
Marijuana thresholds
Evidence is submitted to Evidence is submitted to Sample(s) areSample(s) are
BCA Drug ChemistryBCA Drug Chemistry weighedweighed
Screening Screening
Peer Peer ConfirmationConfirmation Test(s)Test(s)
reviewreview
Administrative Administrative Report sent out!!Report sent out!!
reviewreview
What we doWhat we do
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
3.4
6
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33.3
cm-1
%T
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40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 3000
50000
100000
150000
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250000
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m/z-->
Abundance
Scan 514 (5.981 min): STG44.D82
182
9442
303
19827212255 68 108
166152244138
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.000
10000
20000
30000
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60000
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90000
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Time-->
Abundance
TIC: AKE06.D
3.19
3.45
Evidence is submitted to Evidence is submitted to Sample(s) areSample(s) are
BCA Drug ChemistryBCA Drug Chemistry weighedweighed
Screening Screening
Peer Peer ConfirmationConfirmation Test(s)Test(s)
reviewreview
Administrative Administrative Report sent out!!Report sent out!!
reviewreview
What we doWhat we do
Goal Goal –– 30 day turnaround time30 day turnaround time
Past
- Policy changes
- Section ideas (time savers, semantics, testimony via teleconferencing)
- Grant money for overtime, hire retired scientists
- Pilot project
- MAPPING
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StatisticsStatistics
0
30
60
90
120
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Average Turnaround Time
Goal Goal –– maintain 30 day TOTmaintain 30 day TOT
Present
- continue to work on MAPPING ideas
- Raman project through Grant
- going paperless
StatisticsStatistics
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Submitted Drug cases
Drug cases
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Total # of Quant/YearTotal # of Quant/Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Methamphetamine / Amphetamine
55.0%
Cocaine18.0%
Heroin0.7%
Marijuana5.5%
Designer Drugs1.3%
Pharmaceuticals5.4%
Other14.1%
Controlled Substances Reported by MN-BCA Drug
Chemistry Section
in 2004
Methamphetamine / Amphetamine
35.3%
Cocaine21.6%
Heroin2.1%
Marijuana9.7%
Designer Drugs3.1%
Pharmaceuticals17.6%
Other10.6%
Controlled Substances Reported by MN-BCA Drug
Chemistry Section from January 1, 2010 - Present
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Meth / Amphet55.0%Cocaine
18.0%
Heroin0.7%
MJ5.5%
Designer Drugs1.3%
Pharm.5.4%
Other14.1%
2004
Meth / Amphet35.3%
Cocaine21.6%
Heroin2.1%
MJ9.7%
Designer Drugs3.1%
Pharm.17.6% Other
10.6%
January 1, 2010 - Present
Salvia Divinorum (salvinorin-A)
Plant material with active drug known as salvinorin-A
Recently controlled in MN
Subd. 5. (a) A person who unlawfully sells any amount of salvia
divinorum or salvinorin A is guilty of a gross misdemeanor.(b) A person who unlawfully possesses any amount of salvia divinorum or salvinorin A is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Commonly smoked or chewed
Causes hallucinations similar to LSD or PCP
Synthetic Cannabis: K2 and Spice
• Herbal product that contains synthetic cannabis
• Hallucinogenic effects
• Different drugs include:
• JWH-018(1-naphthalenly(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone
• JWH-073(1-naphthalenly(1-butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone
• City of Duluth has banned the sale, purchase or possession of synthetic mj
• North Dakota and 6 other states have controlled it
• MN Board of Pharmacy is looking into it
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KHAT; Catha Edulis F.
Plant Material “KHAT” is grown in the Middle East and South America and imported into the US
Eastern cultures chew the shoots to increase alertness
Cathinone (I) degrades to Cathine (IV) in ambient conditions.
Dried leaves referred to as“Graba”.
MephedroneMephedrone• 4-Methylmethcathinone
• Synthetic stimulant based on compounds found in Khat
• Illegal in North Dakota
• Not scheduled in the US though may be prosecuted under Federal Analog Act due to its similarity to Methcathinone (Schedule 1 stimulant)
Federal Analog LawFederal Analog Law- allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for
human consumption. The banned substances are often called designer drugs.
MDMA (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
Schedule I Hallucinogen
Methylone
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MethyloneMethylone• N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone
• Methylone is not a scheduled substance in the
United States.
• Has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
Others…Others…•BZP – Benzylpiperazine
- recently scheduled in MN (Schedule 1)
- stimulant- often found with MDMA
•TFMPP – 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
•- not controlled•- often occurs with BZP
•- believed to give an extra kickBZP, TFMPP, Meth, MDMA
• Analogs of amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties•DOI – 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine
•DOC – 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine•DOB – 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine
651-793-2874
651-793-2862