dr.s. nayak 1 nutrition related disease dr. shivananda nayak senior lecturer faculty of medical...

Dr.S. NayakDr.S. Nayak 11

Nutrition Related Nutrition Related DiseaseDisease

Dr. Shivananda NayakDr. Shivananda Nayak

Senior LecturerSenior Lecturer

Faculty of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences

Dept of Preclinical SciencesDept of Preclinical Sciences

Biochemistry UnitBiochemistry Unit


Clinical signs of nutritional Clinical signs of nutritional deficiencydeficiency

HairHair

Spare and thinSpare and thin

Easy to pull outEasy to pull out

Corkscrew coiled hair Corkscrew coiled hair

Due to protein or zinc deficiencyDue to protein or zinc deficiency

Protein deficiencyProtein deficiency

Vitamin C and A deficiency Vitamin C and A deficiency

MouthMouth

GlossitisGlossitis

Angular stomatitis cheilosis Angular stomatitis cheilosis &&

fissured tonguefissured tongue

Bleeding & spongy gumsBleeding & spongy gums

LeukoplakiaLeukoplakia

Sore mouth & tongue Sore mouth & tongue

Riboflavin and niacinRiboflavin and niacin

Riboflavin, pyridoxine & niacin Riboflavin, pyridoxine & niacin deficiencydeficiency

Vitamin C or A deficiencyVitamin C or A deficiency

Vitamin A, B12, folic acid & niacin Vitamin A, B12, folic acid & niacin deficiencydeficiency

pyridoxine, niacin & iron deficiency pyridoxine, niacin & iron deficiency


EyesEyes

Night blindness and Night blindness and exophthalmiaexophthalmia

Photophobia, blurring and Photophobia, blurring and conjuctivalconjuctival

inflammationinflammation

Vitamin A deficiencyVitamin A deficiency

Vitamin A deficiencyVitamin A deficiency

NailsNails

Spooning Spooning

Transverse lines Transverse lines Iron deficiencyIron deficiency

Protein deficiencyProtein deficiency SkinSkin

PallorPallor

Follicular hyperkeratosis Follicular hyperkeratosis

Flaking dermatitis Flaking dermatitis

Pigmentation and desquamationPigmentation and desquamation

Bruising purpura Bruising purpura

Folic acid, iron, B12 deficiencyFolic acid, iron, B12 deficiency

Vitamin B and C deficiencyVitamin B and C deficiency

Vitamin B12, A, PEM, zinc & Vitamin B12, A, PEM, zinc & niacin niacin

deficiencydeficiency

Niacin & protein energy Niacin & protein energy malnutritionmalnutrition

Vitamin K, C and folic acid Vitamin K, C and folic acid deficiency deficiency

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

Goiter Goiter Iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency


Bones and JointsRickets Scurvy

Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin C deficiency

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM)PCM is present when sufficient energy and/or protein is not available to meet metabolic demands, leading to impairment in normal physiologic processesKwashiorkorMarasmus

CausesCausesInadequate dietary intakeInadequate dietary intakePoor quality dietary proteinPoor quality dietary proteinIncreased metabolic demandsIncreased metabolic demandsIncreased nutrient lossesIncreased nutrient losses


KWASHIORKARKWASHIORKARis a condition which develops when there is gross protein deficiency and non-protein calorie intake may be

adequate.

It’s a high mortality deficiency disease known as It’s a high mortality deficiency disease known as kwashiorkor kwashiorkor

meaning red boy. The name comes from the odd reddish meaning red boy. The name comes from the odd reddish orange color of the hair, as well as from the skin rash, orange color of the hair, as well as from the skin rash, characteristic of the disease. characteristic of the disease. Moderate to severe growth failure is present Moderate to severe growth failure is present For the 1st few months of life, the breast fed infant in the For the 1st few months of life, the breast fed infant in the developing countries grows at a rate that is comparable developing countries grows at a rate that is comparable

to thatto thatof well fed infants, but thereafter symptoms starts of well fed infants, but thereafter symptoms starts

occurring ofoccurring ofa kwashiorkor child if the nutrition is not adequate a kwashiorkor child if the nutrition is not adequate


SymptomsSymptoms The increase in stature & retarded tissue The increase in stature & retarded tissue

development. development. Poorly developed muscle that lack tone. Poorly developed muscle that lack tone. SevereSevere edema. edema. Potbelly (protruding of the stomach) Potbelly (protruding of the stomach) Swollen legs & face. Swollen legs & face. Anorexia & diarrheaAnorexia & diarrhea are common. are common. WhimperingWhimpering,, but does not cry or scream. but does not cry or scream. The child is not interested in or curiousThe child is not interested in or curious

about his surrounding.about his surrounding.


Pathologic & biochemical changes:Pathologic & biochemical changes:

Fatty infiltration of the liver. Fatty infiltration of the liver. Decreased serum levels of triglycerides, Decreased serum levels of triglycerides,

phospholipids, & cholesterol. phospholipids, & cholesterol. Reduced amylase, lipase and trypsin. Reduced amylase, lipase and trypsin. Serum proteins and albumin fractions are markedly Serum proteins and albumin fractions are markedly

reduced. reduced. Low hemoglobin levels, especially if parasite Low hemoglobin levels, especially if parasite

infestation is also present. infestation is also present. Vitamin A levels are usually reduced. This could be a Vitamin A levels are usually reduced. This could be a

serious complication leading to blindness & death in serious complication leading to blindness & death in some children some children


MARASMUSMARASMUSIt is a protein-caloric malnutrition caused by a diet It is a protein-caloric malnutrition caused by a diet

deficient deficient

in both protein and carbohydrates in both protein and carbohydrates

Severe growth failure and emaciation are the most Severe growth failure and emaciation are the most striking striking

characteristics of the marasmic infant characteristics of the marasmic infant


AnemiaAnemiaVitamin B12 deficiency and folate (folic acid) Vitamin B12 deficiency and folate (folic acid)

deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia

The bone marrow produces large and abnormal The bone marrow produces large and abnormal

red cells (megaloblasts)red cells (megaloblasts)

SymptomsSymptoms People may be weak, short of breath, and People may be weak, short of breath, and

pale.pale. Nerves may also malfunction.Nerves may also malfunction. Blood tests can detect abnormal cells that Blood tests can detect abnormal cells that

indicate vitamin deficiency anemia.indicate vitamin deficiency anemia.


Iron-deficiency anemia, often caused by insufficient iron Iron-deficiency anemia, often caused by insufficient iron intake,intake,

is the major cause of anemia in Childhoodis the major cause of anemia in Childhood

CausesCauses insufficient iron in the diet insufficient iron in the diet poor absorption of iron by the body poor absorption of iron by the body ongoing blood loss, most commonly from ongoing blood loss, most commonly from

menstruation or from gradual blood loss in the menstruation or from gradual blood loss in the intestinal tract intestinal tract

periods of rapid growthperiods of rapid growth

Symptoms Symptoms fatigue and weakness fatigue and weakness pale skin and mucous membranes pale skin and mucous membranes rapid heartbeat or a new heart murmur rapid heartbeat or a new heart murmur irritability irritability decreased appetite decreased appetite dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded

dr.s. nayak 1 nutrition related disease dr. shivananda nayak senior lecturer faculty of medical...

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