drones in mineral exploration - min-guide.eu · uav characteristics •terminology: uav, rpas,...
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Drones in Mineral Exploration
Radai Oy
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Radai Oy
• Established in 2013
• Location in Finland
• Personnel, eight people.
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Radai Oy
Provides geophysical surveys –using drones
• Magnetic surveys
• Gas surveys
• Radiometric surveys
• Sonar surveys
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UAV characteristics
• Terminology: UAV, RPAS, Drone
• Frame type: multicopter, fixed-wing
• Payload 0.5 5 kg (typically)
• Flight times; 0.5 2 hour (typically)
Geodrone X4L
Trimble UX5
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Radai UAV system for magnetic surveys
• Custom-made UAV
• Wingspan 2 m, mass 3.5kg
• Autopilot follows waypoints designed for the survey
• Real-time telemetry link & control station with a PC surveillance software
• 3-component flux-gate magnetometer
o ±1 nT resolution, 15 Hz sampling (1-2 samples/m)
• Base station magnetometer
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RadaiPros – magnetic data processing tool
• Raw mag data analysis (orientation, heading, raw vs calibrated…)
• Mag data calibration options
• Basestation corrections
• Exclude UAV turnings
• DEM model of survey area
• Flight altitude related to DEM
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RadaiPath – UAV waypoint generation tool
Copyright 2017 © Radai Oy
GTK airborne data h= 40m (line spacing D200m)
Report available at: Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/73_2015.pdf
• Design survey areas
• Design flight mission
• Integration to DEM
• Background maps
• Custom flight lines
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TerrainScout vs. Albatros NT/VT
• TerrainScout:
o Wingspan 2.1 m
o Mass 2.6 kg
o Payload 1 kg
o Flight time up to 40 min
• Albatros NT/VT:
o Wingspan 2.8 m
o Mass 3 kg
o Payload 2 kg
o Flight time up to 2 h
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CASE STUDY:Ryssänlampi Magnetic Survey 2016
• TEKES project of GTK, University of Lapland, andmining companies
• Survey site is located about 35 km NE from Rovaniemi
• Area 1.5 km2 (c. 31 line-km with 50 m line spacing)
• 56+28 line-km & 40000+20000 points of (edited) data
• Flight time 2 hours, mean speed 12.1 m/s
• Full report: http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/73_2015.pdf
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Surveys 2015/08 vs. 2016/03
50 m line separation, 40 m altitude, 4 flights 30 m line separation, 30 m altitude, 3 flights
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Surveys 2016/03 vs. 2017/10
30 m line separation, 30 m altitude, 3 flights 30 m line separation, 40 m altitude, 2 flights
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Surveys 2015/08 vs. 2016/03
Radai Survey 2016/03 (ELM at 40 m)Radai Survey 2015/08 (ELM at 40 m)
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Surveys 2016/03 vs. 2017/10
Radai Survey 2017/10 (ELM at 40 m)Radai Survey 2016/03 (ELM at 40 m)
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CASE STUDY:Radai gamma radiation system 2016
• Custom-made quadcopter
• Payload 4 kg, flight time 40 min
• Autopilot follows waypoints designed for the survey
• Dual Bismuth Germanate (BGO) detector 106 cm3• High sensitivity performance• Energy response from 25 keV – 3000keV• Weight 3.5 kg
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Radai gamma radiation system 2016
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Gamma radiation surveyTotal intensity
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UAV regulations in Europe
• European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has published a draft version of Commission implementing rules 22.8.2016. “Prototype” Commission Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft
Operations
• European nations has own regulations for UAV legislation.
• Differences between national regulations
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Aviation Regulations in Finland
• TRAFI is the civil aviation regulatory authority in Finland
• OPS M1-32 rule, active since 1.1.2017
• Limitations for UAVs:
o Weight < 25 kg, altitude < 150 m, “distance < 500 m”
• Operation modes:
o VLOS - Visual Line of Sight (always visible)
o E-VLOS - Extended VLOS (co-pilots see)
o B-VLOS - Beyond VLOS (closed airspace)
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Regulations for geophysical surveys
Relevant to check national legislation for geophysical surveys
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Policy challenges for UAV business
• B-VLOS operation permission
• UAV regulations in all European countries.
• UAV pilot certifications
• Legislation for geophysical surveys
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Thank you !