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DRILLING FLUIDS

Scomi Oiltools – Realising Potential in Oilfield Drilling Solutions

Scomi Oiltools is one of the world’s leading providers of innovative high-performance drilling fluids and state-of-the-art waste management solutions. The organisation features a highly qualified team of over 2,500 engineers and professionals, with combined experience of over 60 years, spread over 54 locations in 26 countries, plus 24-hour, round-the-clock technical support worldwide.

Scomi Oiltools is fully equipped to provide integrated packaged services comprising drilling fluids and engineering services, solids control and drilling waste management equipment and services to serve the oil and gas industry. Our drilling solutions are engineered to achieve optimal results while strictly complying with international environmental standards. Our services include:

• Drilling Fluids & Engineering Services

• Drilling Waste Management Equipment & Services

• Operations & Maintenance, Project Management.

At Scomi Oiltools, it is our ultimate goal to help our clients recognise and realise their vast potential. Thereby optimising their productivity and catalysing their businesses to new levels of performance.

Scomi Oiltools – Realising Potential.

DRILLING FLUIDS & ENGINEERING SERVICES

Scomi Oiltools is a global provider of Drilling & Completion Fluids and Drilling Waste Management solutions. With the reach of our international infrastructure, and the expertise of our experienced personnel, Scomi Oiltools is able to offer customers the benefits of truly integrated and engineered solutions.

Our fluids operations are supported by the Global Research & Technology Centre headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This centre, led by international experts in their field, provides the technical support to all Scomi Oiltools operations and manages extensive dedicated laboratory facilities with a keen focus on research and development. The centre employs a process-driven framework to ensure consistent best practice in product development, technical troubleshooting, training, procurement and product quality assurance and control.

The dedication to service quality has created an increase in the company’s business, establishing operations across Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, Europe and the USA.

Scomi Oiltools is a progressive global service company, moving into new territories, offering performance-driven Drilling & Completion Fluids and Drilling Waste Management solutions.

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

HYdro-Foil Classic KCl / PHPA system

HYdro-Foil Gen 1 Inhibitive, engineered cloud point glycol system

HyPr-Drill High Performance Water-Based Mud

HYdro-Foil S8 Silicate system

HyPr-Foil S8 High-performance silicate system

HYdro-Therm High-temperature, high-pressure system

oPta-Flo Reservoir drill-in fluid

rHeo-PleX MMO system for superior hole cleaning

NON-AQUEOUS INVERT EMULSION FLUIDS

ConFI-Drill Premium invert emulsion system

ConFI-DeNSe High-temperature, high-pressure, oil-based fluid

ConFI-DeeP Flat rheology OBM for use in deep water

oPta-VerT Reservoir drill-in fluid

eXtra-VerT Non-toxic, biodegradable ester chemistry

ENGINEERING SUPPORT SOFTWARE

HyPr-Form Daily reporting

HyPr-CAlC Hydraulics modeling software

DRILLING FLUIDS WATER-BASEDSYSTEMS

Our water-based drilling fluid systems deliver cost-effective performance with minimal environmental impact. We are a pioneer in developing high-performance systems specially formulated for a myriad of applications even in environmentally sensitive drilling areas.

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

is the original KCI / PHPA low solids, non-dispersedfluid system that is primarily used to drill moderately reactive shales.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Moderately inhibitive water-based fluids.

• Environmentally acceptable and dischargeable in most areas.

• Relatively low lubricity coefficients.

• Easy to mix.

• Simple and fast to upgrade the inhibition of the system.

• Cost-effective.

The two primary shale inhibitors in the system are potassium ions for cation exchange with the clays, to reduce hydration and swelling, and partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide to encapsulate drilled cuttings for more effective solids removal efficiency on surface. In recent times environmental restrictions onshore have restricted the discharge of chloride-based fluids, which has resulted in the use of alternative aqueous-based fluids, including:

• Potassium sulphate

• Potassium carbonate

• Potassium acetate

• Potassium formate

Developed in the late 1970s, salt / PHPA systems have been used extensively throughout the world and still have applications in the field today.

HYDRO-Foil

RELATIVE INHIBITION OF REACTIVE SHALES IN KCI SOLUTION

KCI (%)

INH

IBIT

ION

(%)

80

60

40

20

0

0 2 4 6 8

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYdro-Foil SYSTEM

PRODUCT KCI / PHPA K2S04 / PHPA

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) 0.85 0.85

KCI (lb/bbl) 30 –

Caustic Soda to pH 8.5 to pH 9.0

HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) 0.75 - 1.0 0.75 - 1.0

HYDRO-STARCH (lb/bbl) – 2.0 - 3.0

HYDRO-PAC LV (lb/bbl) 3.0 –

HYDRO-CAP (lb/bbl) 2.0 2.0

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) 71 71

Drilled Solids (lb/bbl) 30 30

PROPERTIES

Density (lb/gal) 10.5 10.5

Plastic Viscosity (cP) +/- 20 +/- 25

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) +/- 30 +/- 20

Gels (lb/100 ft2) 7 / 10 / 12 10 / 12 / 16

API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) < 5 < 6

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

As the temperature of the fluid increases, the polyol starts to come out of solution and an otherwise clear liquid starts to become opaque and “cloudy”. The temperature at which this occurs is usually very precise and is particular to each polyol type.

VISUALISATION OF POLYOL BEHAVIOUR AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE

Polyol and water together at ambient temperature; the polyol is 100% water soluble.

Solution is heated until the polyol reaches “cloud point” and becomes insoluble. A thermally activated micro emulsion forms.

The graph overleaf, illustrates the effect of KCI concentration on polyol cloud point, which is also dependent on the total salinity of the solution, type of electrolyte, molecular weight and type and concentration of polyol.

Given the range of cloud points the polyol is selected based upon its cloud point, at a specified salinity and the cloud point can be adjusted by altering the salinity of the liquid phase.

Research concludes that the polyol is absorbed by the clay. During the absorption process, water is displaced from the clay surface and ordered structures of polyol are formed. A weak attachment is postulated because of the observation that there is no rapid depletion of the polyol in the drilling fluid system.

is an established inhibitive water-based fluid designed to meet difficult drilling targets with minimal environmental impact.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS

HYdro-Foil Gen 1 represents a significant advance on the basic HYdro-Foil system. The key enhancement of the Gen 1 system is the addition of low molecular weight polyols, the generic name for a wide range of chemicals which includes glycerol, polyglycerol, polyethylene, glycols, polypropylene glycol, polyalkylene glycols and alcohol ethoxylates. These chemicals are water soluble and non-toxic, passing existing environmental protocols worldwide.

APPLICATION

The principle application of the HYdro-Foil Gen 1 system is in the drilling of reactive shales. Cuttings and wellbore stability are significantly improved through the improvement in inhibition which is seen over a wide range of temperatures related to the cloud point of the glycol. Polyol muds are effective in most shale types but are particularly so in young or relatively uncompacted shales with high clay contents.

Compared with, for example, a HYdro-Foil (KCI/PHPA) fluid, polyol systems exhibit improved wellbore conditions and produce firmer cuttings that do not readily disperse into the mud leading to reduced dilution rates which offset the higher make up cost of the fluid.

Other wellbore problems, including bit balling, stuck pipe and stuck loggings tools are also generally reduced. These attributes frequently combine to give faster drilling rates, fewer or less severe drilling problems and reduced mud volumes that translate into reduced drilling and fluid costs.

MECHANISM OF SHALE STABILISATION

The cloud point of polyol is the temperature at which it starts to change from being soluble to becoming insoluble in water.

• Highly inhibitive water-based fluid.

• Excellent wellbore stability and cuttings integrity.

• Low environmental impact.

• Low lubricity coefficients.

• Ease of mixing and maintenance.

• Non-damaging to sensitive reservoirs.

• Low dilution and maintenance cost.

• Increased protection against stuck pipe.

HYDRO-Foil Gen 1

RECOVERY

INHIBITION STUDIES WITH REACTIVE CLAYSTONES

HYDRATION HARDNESS

HYdro-FoilHYdro-Foil Gen 1

%

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

For this to be the case, there must be some mechanism of association and disassociation of the polyol in the circulating system. The nature of these structures and their stability in aqueous fluids is strongly controlled by the presence of potassium cations with certain polyols.

It can be concluded that shale inhibition and formation protection will be achieved from one or both of these mechanisms by:

• The polyol displacing water from adsorption sites on clay minerals present in shales.

• Blocking the formation pores from further ingress of invasive fluids by “clouding out”.

CLOUD POINTS FOR VARIOUS POLYOLS IN KCI SOLUTIONS

TEM

PERA

TURE

(ºC

)

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KCI) WT%

CIRRUS STRATUS CUMULUS NIMBUS

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 5 10 15 20 25

TYPICAL DILUTION RATES vs. HOLE SIZE

CLAYSTONE HOLE SIZE UNITS

Type 171/2” 121/2” 81/2” inches

Low reactivity 0.2 - 0.5 0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.2 bbl/ft

Intermediate 0.4 - 0.7 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 bbl/ft

Highly reactive 0.5 - 1.0 0.4 - 0.8 0.3 - 0.6 bbl/ft

tYPICaL ForMULatIon and ProPertIeS oF a HYdro-FoIL Gen 1 SYSteM

PRODUCT FUNCTION HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 BHCT= 40 ºC BHCT= 90 ºC

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.85 0.75

KCI (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange 30 30

Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control to pH 8.5 - 9.5 to pH 8.5 - 9.5

HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 0.75 - 1.25 0.75 - 1.25

HYDRO-PAC LV (lb/bbl) Fluid-loss control 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 2.0

HYDRO-CAP (lb/bbl) Cutting encapsulator 2.0 2.0

CIRRUS CPG (v/v%) Shale stabilisation 3.0 –

STRATUS CPG (v/v%) Shale stabilisation – 3.0

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 68 206

Drilled Solids (lb/bbl) Drilled solids 30 30

PROPERTIES

Density (lb/gal) 10.5 13

Plastic Viscosity (cP) 15 - 25 25 - 35

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 15 - 25 20 - 30

Gels (lb/100 ft2) +/- 6/10 +/- 8/14


WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

HyPR-Drill is a new generation High Performance Water-Based Mud (HPWBM), which provides wellbore stability, enhanced inhibition and rapid penetration rates.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Excellent shale inhibition over other inhibitive WBM.

• Enhanced wellbore stability.

• Reduced drilling cost.

• Reduced waste handling costs.

• Excellent penetration rates.

• Prevention of bit balling and shale accretion on drill string.

• Easily formulated for applications ranging from land to deepwater drilling.

Environmental awareness and the application of stricter regulations are, in many areas, restricting the discharge of cuttings contaminated with synthetic or mineral oil-based fluids. These restrictions present logistical and waste management costs, impact on installation design and may present significant health and safety concerns as large quantities of cuttings have to be handled and moved by crane and vessel.

Drawing on a wide ranging review of HPWBM development and performance coupled with extensive testing and development of alternative products in the R&D labs of Scomi Oiltools’ Global Research & Technology Centre, GRTC, HyPr-Drill has been developed to match and exceed the performance of other water-based systems currently being used and deliver performance as close as possible to that on an invert emulsion system.

The use of HyPr-Drill is particularly indicated where the use of non-aqueous fluids will require very high costs for waste management and disposal due to environmental restrictions or facility limitations which prevent the installation of waste handling equipment.

Utilising a blend of proprietary ammonium salts in combination with a low molecular weight, acrylic-based, encapsulating polymer and a newly developed clay accretion inhibitior, HyPr-Drill delivers benefits normally associated only with non-aqueous fluids.

LINEAR EXPANSION OF SHALE – HyPr-Drill (6% KCI)

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 1000 2000 3000

TIME (MINUTES)

PERC

ENT

EXPA

NSI

ON

(%)

BENTONITESBM

PHPA / GLYCOLHyPr-Drill

HyPr-Drill systems are readily formulated in the field at the wellsite or in a liquid mud plant for delivery to offshore locations. This highly inhibitive fluid exhibits low dilution rates which ensures that maintenance of the system is cost-effective and minimises the logistics requirements for additional chemicals.

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF HyPr-Drill SYSTEMS

PRODUCT FUNCTION HyPr-Drill HyPr-Drill HyPr-Drill FRESHWATER 6% KCl 20% NaCl

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.83 0.81 0.77

KCl (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange NA 18 NA

NaCl (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange NA NA 70

pH Alkalinity 8.5 – 9.5 8.5 – 9.5 8.5 – 9.5

HyPR-CAP (lb/bbl) Encapsulating polymer 3 3 3

HyPR-HIB (%) Shale and clay inhibitor 3 3 3

HyPR-DRL (%) Anti-accretion additive 2 – 3 2 – 3 2 – 3

CUMULUS CPG (%) Cloud point glycol 3 3 3

HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 1 – 2 1 – 2 1 – 2

HYDRO-STAR NF (lb/bbl) Filtration control 3 – 5 3 – 5 3 – 5

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 91 79 41

PROPERTIES

Density (lb/gal) 10 10 10

Plastic Viscosity (cP) 16 – 24 15 – 20 15 – 20

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 20 – 25 18 – 24 20 – 25

API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) < 4 < 4 < 3

The HyPr-Drill system which can be utilised in a range of fluids varying from freshwater to saturated sodium chloride consists of the following key products in combination with a range of standard drilling fluid additives:

CORE HyPr-Drill SYSTEM COMPONENTS

HyPR-HIB Quaternery Ammonium Salt HyPR-HIB restricts the ability of reactive formations, clays and – shale and clay hydration and shales, to absorb water from the drilling fluid. dispersant suppressant.

HyPR-CAP Encapsulation polymer HyPR-CAP is a low molecular weight anionic polymer which can – minimises shale dispersion. be used in high concentrations to provide a polymer coating on

the clay and cuttings preventing water absorption and subsequent dispersion. Cuttings remain intact and are readily removed by solids control equipment with minimal dispersion into the circulating system.

HyPR-DRL ROP Enhancer and bit / drill collar HyPR-DRL is a proprietary product designed to minimise balling accretion minimisation. of the bit and drill string and deliver enhanced penetration rates.

The blend of lubricants and other products coat the drill-string and bit to reduce and prevent the accretion of water wet, hydrated cuttings.

HyPR-STAR API fluid loss controlling agent HyPR-STAR is a proprietary starch product; designed specifically for the HyPR-DRILL system to control fluid loss without affecting any other properties.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION FUNCTION

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

FLUID INGRESS

FLUID INGRESS

Non-inhibitive Fluid

HYDRO-FOIL S8 Fluid

Silicate Gel / Precipitate

Fracture Propagation

Mp = Fp = Mechanical Failure

Mp = Fp = Mechanical Stability

Mp

Mp

Mp

Mp > Fp

Mp > Fp

HYDRO-Foil S8 is essentially a HYdro-Foil system which utilises 5 – 15% v/v sodium or potassium silicate solution to enhance inhibition and mechanical wellbore stability, particularly in highly fractured or unconsolidated formations.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Excellent shale inhibition, exceeding that of any other type of

water-based fluids.

• Cheaper than glycol systems although maintenance additions are expected to be higher so this cost advantage can be eroded if the rig has poor solids control.

• Good environmental properties for offshore applications.

• Potential to seal micro-fractured shales.

• Low corrosion rates.

The main application for silicate fluids is the replacement of oil and synthetic fluids in difficult drilling applications, e.g. wells containing reactive claystones. Silicate fluids exhibit a very high degree of shale inhibition exceeding that of glycol fluids, however, they have a number of limitations which must be considered in fluid selection.

MECHANISM OF SHALE STABILISATION

When HYdro-Foil S8 mud filtrate and pore water mix, the alkalinity of the fluid filtrate is lowered from pH 12 resulting in the spontaneous precipitation of a silica gel at the near wellbore. Coupled with this, dissolved divalent cations in the pore fluid will precipitate silicate salts, e.g. calcium silicate. These precipitates, or gels, form a semi permeable membrane which prevents further fluid filtrate invasion and retards pore pressure transmission of the hydrostatic mud column to rock matrix. The wellbore and shale are thus “pressure isolated”. This latter phenomenon is critical in tectonically stressed and fractured shales, which require sufficient overbalance mud pressure to support the borehole from collapsing. The presence of solutes such as NaCl and KCl is synergistic, as solutes will balance the mud and shale activities to reduce the net flow of ions into the shale. The presence of K+ is useful as it will exchange for Ca++ and Mg++ at the clay

SEALING OF MICRO-FRACTURED SHALES BY SILICATES

surface, making these ions available to form precipitates. It should be noted that non-aqueous fluids cannot stabilise such fractured shales, as they are restricted from entering or invading the shales due to capillary threshold pressures, which are significant for intact shales with small pores but are negligible for shales with open fractures. Soluble silicates, however, have the ability to fill small cracks and pressure seal them.

TABLE 4: TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYDRO-FOIL S8 SYSTEM

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.74 0.65

KCl (lb/bbl) Water activity 30 25 and cation exchange

Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control to pH 12 – 12.5 to pH 12 – 12.5

Soda Ash Hardness control to < 400 mg/L to < 400 mg/L

HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 0.75 – 1.0 0.75 – 1.25

HYDRO-PAC UL (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 2.5 2.5

HYDRO-STAR CMS (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 2.0 2.0

HYDRO-SIL S (v/v%) Shale stabilisation 11.0 9.0

OX-SCAV (lb/bbl) Oxygen scavenger 1.0 – 1.5 1.0 – 1.5

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 155 340

PRODUCT FUNCTION HYdro-Foil S8 HYdro-Foil S8

Density (lb/gal) 12 15

Plastic Viscosity (cP) 20 – 30 25 – 35

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 15 – 25 20 – 30

Gels (lb/100 ft2) +/- 6/10 +/- 8/14


pH 12 – 12.5 12 – 12.5

PROPERTIES

Note: HYDRO-SIL S liquor has an sg of 1.5 and contains 28.1% by weight of SiO2.

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

LINEAR EXPANSION OF SHALE COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SALT IN SILICATE MUD SYSTEM

TIME (MINUTES)

PERC

ENT

EXPA

NSI

ON

(%)

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

-20 1000 2000 3000

- SHOWS THAT ALL SILICATE SYSTEMS EXHIBIT EXCELLENT SHALE INHIBITION WITH < 10% SWELLING

HyPR-Foil S8 is a high-performance silicate system engineered and patented, to provide a sodium chloride free drilling fluid for sensitive environments and cuttings treatment, providing a recycling route for the cuttings thus minimising environmental impact.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Chloride-free, highly inhibitive fluid for environmentally sensitive land

operations.

• Potential to seal micro-fractured shales.

• Treated cuttings with potential to be used as fertiliser.

• Lubricant offers significant improvement in lubricity of silicate fluids.

• Low corrosion rates.

The disposal of drilled cuttings, particularly in sensitive areas on land, poses significant environmental burdens and very high costs for disposal and site remediation. A low-cost method of treating cuttings and waste fluids producing a reusable material offers potentially significant savings, both financial and environmental.

HyPR-FOIL S8 is a high-performance silicate system wherein sodium and chloride ions have been replaced with potassium cations from carbonates, sulphates, acetates, nitrates and/or hydroxides. Potentially harmful leachates are ultimately removed by precipitation as insoluble calcium salts.

Intensive development has identitifed high-performing polymers to be used in the system to deliver excellent low end rheology and fluid loss.

The treated cuttings and waste mud should yield soil material rich in potassium and nitrates which enhance plant growth without the introduction of potentially harmful contaminants. Sodium and chloride are excluded from the drilling fluids formation minimising their concentration in the drill cuttings. The fertiliser rich “soil” can be sold or given away to farmers or used for beneficial fill. Operators are presented with an opportunity for the reuse of drilling cuttings or disposed mud which essentially eliminates long term disposal liability and cost.

SOD. SILICATE & KCI CONTROLPOT. SILICATE & POT. CARBONATEPOT. SILICATE & POT. SULPHATEPOT. SILICATE & POT. ACETATE

SHALE RECOVERY COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SILICATE DRILLING FLUID

SHA

LE R

ECO

VER

Y (%

)

SILICATE SYSTEM

HYDRO FOIL S8

K2CO3 CH3CO2K K2SO4

100.00

99.00

98.00

97.00

96.00

95.00

94.00

93.00

92.00

91.00

90.00

98.9298.76

98.9999.26

MU

D L

UBR

ICIT

Y CO

EFIC

IEN

T

DISTILLED WATER

BASE BASE + 3% HYDRO -LUBE SL

BASE + 5% HYDRO -LUBE SL

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

0.353

0.413

0.262

0.207

MUD LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT OF HYPr-Foil S8 SYSTEM WITH HYDRO-LUBE SL

Lubricity of the system, a traditional drawback with silicate systems, is readily improved with the addition of HYDRO- LUBE SL.

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF HYPr-Foil S8 WITH POTASSIUM SULPHATE

PRODUCT CONCENTRATION

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) 0.82

HYDRO-SIL K (lb/bbl) 38

Potassium Sulphate (lb/bbl) 35

Potassium Carbonate (lb/bbl) 2

HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) 1.5

HYDRO-PAC LV (lb/bbl) 2.5

OPTA-STAR PLUS (lb/bbl) 6

OX-SCAV (lb/bbl) 1

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) 42

Potassium Hydroxide (lb/bbl) 2

TYPICAL PROPERTIES AHR 16 HRS, 194 ºF

Mud Weight (lb/gal) 10.0

Rheology -

600 RPM 75

300 RPM 54

200 RPM 44

100 RPM 29

6 RPM 12

3 RPM 10

PV (cP) 21

YP (lb/100 ft2) 33

Gel 10 sec (lb/100 ft2) 9

Gel 10 min (lb/100 ft2) 11

pH Mud 12.1

API Filtrate (cc/30 min) 4.0

pH Filtrate 12.3

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

HYDRO-Therm systems have proven effectiveness in high-temperature conditions and in the presence of contaminants, both in the field and in the laboratory.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Thermal stability.

• Flexibility that extends conventional systems beyond their normal limits.

• Shale stability.

• Excellent return permeability.

• Reduce corrosion rates.

• Lubricity.

• Environmentally acceptable.

• Economical.

HYdro-Therm is an extremely flexible, water-based drilling fluid system used when temperature, contaminants, and / or borehole instability make conventional systems impractical or uneconomical.

HYdro-Therm is primarily a synthetic polymer-based system that is stable to > 204 °C (400 °F). The use of the HYdro-Therm products allow for the conversion of conventional mud systems e.g. HYdro-Foil systems, to a HYdro-Therm HTHP drilling fluid without the need for complete displacement.

The HYdro-Therm system is successful because it minimises the reliance on the use of commercial bentonite for the control of the suspension and filtration.

The system is composed of combinations of the products shown overleaf, and if required, on combination with third party specialist products dependent on pH, temperature and total hardness of the drilling fluid.

CORE HYdro-Therm PRODUCTS

HYDRO THERM I AMPS / AM Copolymer HTHP Filtration Control

HYDRO THERM II AMPS / AM Copolymer HTHP Filtration Control

HYDRO THIN HT Deflocculant & rheology stabiliser for Thermal Stability high-temperature environments

HYDRO LIG Lignite HTHP Filtration Control

HYDRO SPERSE HT Sulphonated Copolymer – HTHP Filtration Control deflocculant & rheology stabiliser Deflocculant for high-temperature environments

OX SCAV Oxygen scavenger Polymer Extender

HYDRO POL Synthetic Copolymer HTHP Filtration Control

HYDRO REZ Synthetic Resin HTHP Filtration Control & Rheology Stabiliser

HYDRO THIN HT II Deflocculant & rheology stabiliser for Thermal Stability high-temperature environments

HYDRO SPERSE RS Sulphonated Copolymer HTHP Deflocculant & Rheology Stabiliser

HYDRO CHECK Sulphonated Copolymer HTHP Deflocculant & Rheology Stabiliser

HYDRAMINE HT Amine-based Corrosion Inhibitor HTHP Corrosion Inhibitor


Density (lb/gal) 17.5

Plastic Viscosity (cP) 48

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 18

API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) 4

HTHP Fluid Loss 20 300 ºF / 500 (cc/30 min)

PROPERTIES

TABLE 1: TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE HYdro-Therm SYSTEM

Freshwater Base fluid 0.44

KCI (lb/bbl) Water activity 8 & cation exchange

Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control 0.3

DRILL GEL (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 5

HYDRO-THERM II (lb/bbl) HTHP fluid loss 4

HYDRO-SPERSE HT (lb/bbl) Rheology stabiliser 2 & deflocculant

OX-SCAV (lb/bbl) Oxygen scavenger 0.5

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 492

PRODUCT FUNCTION HYdro-Therm BHT= 176 ºC

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

OPTA-Flo drill-in fluids are custom designed to provide minimal reservoir damage over a wide range of porosites and permeabilities, whilst at the same time providing an easily removable filtercake on drawdown that typically does not require breakers or acid clean-ups.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Non-damaging – low skin values, high-return permeability.

• Negligible lift-off pressures required – for rapid cleanup.

• Ultra low-permeability filtercake – low leak off and stuck pipe mitigation.

• Low friction factors.

• Environmentally compliant.

• Reduces remediation costs.

• Works with any completion assembly.

The system is custom designed for each individual reservoir and uses a range of high-quality components and design tools to facilitate the design process. One such tool is the “HyPr-SiZer” software programme that allows the fluids engineer to optimise the concentration and particle size distribution of the bridging agent to ensure solids are deposited across the pore throats with minimum invasion yet seal off the reservoir with a thin, compact and resilient filtercake.

The result – a system that provides strong benefits as a high-performance, non-damaging drill-in fluid that optimises production rates across a wide range of completion methods:

• Open-hole gravel-pack or non-gravel-pack completions

• Expandable slotted screen completions

• Slotted and perforated liner completions

• Cased-hole completions where hole cleaning or minimising fluid invasion is critical

The oPta-Flo system has all the characteristics required of a high-performance drilling fluid. The system is shear thinning providing good hole-cleaning properties which can be adjusted, as needed, to meet specific wellbore requirements. oPta-Flo formulations can be effectively designed in both low-density and high-density brines to achieve desired rheological properties.

Performance can be enhanced with the addition of RE-VERT, a surfactant to aid in preventing emulsion formation.

The use of an enzyme, OPTA-ZYME S, has proven highly beneficial, in post-drilling treatment to aid in filtercake removal and deliver enhanced production rates.

The oPta-Flo system is naturally lubricious, with the filtercake’s polymer coating imparting surface lubricity thus minimising torque and drag. This feature is especially critical in horizontal wells. The oPta-Flo system’s non-damaging properties are evident both in the laboratory and when initial production field figures are compared to a reservoir’s anticipated production.

EFFECTIVE BRIDGING OFF AT WELLBORE

Pore Throat

Rock – Filtercake Interface

External Filtercake

Formation Matrix

COMPARATIVE RETURN PERMEABILITY DATA–MEDIUM PERM CORES (200-500 mD)

Mud 1: oPta-Flo

Mud 2: oPta-Flo

Mud 3: COMPETITOR A

Mud 4: COMPETITOR B

mD

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

INITIAL PERMEABILITY TO OILRETURN PERMEABILITY @ 100 PSI% RETURN PERM

THE KEY PRODUCTS IN THE oPta-Flo SYSTEM ARE;

OPTA-VIS High clarity viscosifier Viscosity control

OPTA-ZAN High clarity viscosifier Viscosity control

OPTA-STAR PLUS Modified starch derivative Fluid loss control

OPTA-CARB Custom sized calcium carbonate Bridging agent

OPTA-ZYME S Enzyme Filtercake breaker

RE-VERT Surfactant Emulsion prevention


TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN oPta-Flo SYSTEM

Density (Ib/gal) 9.4

Plastic Viscosity (cP) 12 - 18

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 12 - 20

6 RPM Reading > 10

Brookfield Viscosity (cP) > 40,000

API Fluid Loss (cc/30 mins) < 4.0

PROPERTIES

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.92

KCl (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange 22.0

Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control to pH 8.5 - 9.0

OPTA-VIS (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 1.0 - 2.0

OPTA-STAR PLUS (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 3.0 - 5.0

OPTA-CARB (lb/bbl) Bridging agent 30.0 - 50.0

Glutaraldehyde (gal/100 bbl) Biocide 3.0 - 5.0

PRODUCT FUNCTION OPTA-FLO

WATER-BASED SYSTEMS

PRESSURE DROP ALONG PIPE FOR A CONVENTIONAL GEL FLUID VS. rHeo-PleX

Yiel

d po

int (

lbm

/100

ft2 )

Pres

sure

(psi

)

GEL MUD rHeo-PleX SYSTEM

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

YP = 45

YP = 658.75 psi

3.5 psi

rHeo-PleX is a mixed metal oxide system that delivers a highly thixotropic (shear thinning) water-based fluid in an environmentally and cost-effective package.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Exceptional hole cleaning.

• Low torque and drag.

• Low ECD’s.

• Excellent solids removal efficiency.

• Proactive lost circulation remedy whilst drilling.

• Excellent HSE profile.

• Cost effective.

The system exhibits a unique rheological profile that makes it ideal for a wide variety of applicatons, such as:

• Milling operations

• Drilling fractured and vugular lost-circulation zones

• Stabilising unconsolidated formations

• Coiled tubing drilling

• High-angle and horizontal wells

This unique rheological profile also exhibits extremely high and flat gels. These gels are very fragile, easily broken on start up of circulation, but are sufficient to suspend cuttings under static conditions. The system provides unsurpassed hole cleaning, even at very low circulating rates.

The figure on the right shows the results of a test using a capillary viscometer to measure the pressure drop along a pipe at constant flow rate. The rHeo-PleX system gave a lower pressure drop than the gel fluid, despite having a higher yield point. These correlates with reduced pump pressures seen in the field.

Evidence for this flow profile comes from observations made on surface flowlines and from the occurrence of “negative” lag times (cuttings appear to reach the surface faster than they should).

rHeo-PleX is a third generation of Mixed-Metal Oxide (MMO) products engineered to provide the cost-effective performance of the mixed-metal hydroxides used in past years. Unlike its predecessors, however, the rHeo-PleX system delivers an enhanced rheological profile and stability in a package that is easy to design, mix and maintain.

The ability of rHeo-PleX to proactively control severe losses in fractured and vugular formations has been demonstrated time and again. rHeo-PleX is capable of achieving this as its unique thixotropic rheology profile results in the fluid forming a gel in the fractures due to the low shear regime present.

Annotation of the flow profile of rHeo-PleX in the wellbore. Stationary, gelled layer of mud.

• Zero shear-stress at wall

• Minimal dynamic fluid loss

• Protects poorly consolidated or fractured formations

• Helps prevent seepage losses

• No erosion of wellbore

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A rHeo-PleX SYSTEM

Density (lb/gal) 12

Plastic Viscosity (cP) 15 – 20

Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 35 – 40

6 RPM Reading 20 – 30

Gels (lb/100 ft2) 20 / 30

API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) < 8

PROPERTIES

Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.85

Soda Ash Alkalinity control to < 400 mg/l hardness

DRILL GEL UA (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 8.0 – 12.0

RHEO-PLEX (lb/bbl) Complexing agent 0.8 – 1.2

HYDRO-STAR CMS (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 3.0 – 5.0

Caustic Soda pH control to pH 10.5

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 192

PRODUCT FUNCTION RHEO-PleX

DRILLING FLUIDS NON-AQUEOUSSYSTEMS

Our non-aqueous drilling fluid systems are designed for demanding applications, including those requiring a high degree of inhibition and thermal stability. Our range has solutions specially designed for technically challenging, yet cost-conscious applications to deliver optimum performance in conventional and unconventional drilling applications.

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

TYPICAL WELL COST COMPARISON USING ConFI-Drill VS. INHIBITIVE WBM

ConFI-Drill WBM

$

5 MILLION

10.5 MILLION

ConFI-Drill Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids systems have long been the preferred system of many operators for providing excellent borehole stability under extreme drilling conditions.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Increased rate of penetration, reducing overall well cost.

• Provides excellent wellbore stability while drilling through reactive shales.

• Maximise lubricity for drilling high-angle, extended reach and horizontal wells.

• Provides low fluid loss as well as the best available filtercake to reduce the potential for differential sticking.

• Prevents formation related problems such as bit balling, heaving gumbo and blinding of shale shaker screens.

• The ability to choose low base fluid to water ratios to reduce formulation cost and environmental impact.

• Excellent temperature and contamination stability.

• Flexible choice of base fluid allows compliance with Environmental Regulations worldwide.

• Superior return permeability results, ensuring minimal formation damage.

• Provides excellent hole cleaning characteristics.

• Wide range of drilling fluid properties and densities to suit various drilling requirements.

• Generates less waste than water-based fluid systems.

The ConFI-Drill invert emulsion system consists of three phases: non-aqueous, brine and solids phase. The most important parts of the system, however, are the emulsifying chemicals designed to create and maintain the invert emulsion. The system can be formulated using various base fluids, including Low Toxicity Mineral Oil (LTMO), Linear Paraffin (LP), Linear Alpha Olefin (LAO) and Internal Olefin (IO).

ConFI-Drill is an invert emulsion system, the composition of which can be tailored to meet environmental regulations and performance criteria.

ConFI-Drill is a very stable invert emulsion synthetic drilling fluid, selected because of its great flexibility in meeting changing drilling conditions.

This system has excellent rheological and filtration characteristics which are easily modified to meet changing temperature and pressure conditions.

TYPICAL BASE FLUID PROPERTIES

LTMO 0.80 +/- 2.0 > 85 < -10

LP 0.78 +/- 2.5 > 110 4 -10

LAO 0.78 +/- 2.5 > 110 < -10

IO 0.79 +/- 3.6 > 125 < -10

BASE FLUID DENSITY (SG) KV @ 40 ºC CST FLASH POINT ºC POUR POINT ºC

CORE CoNFi-Drill SYSTEM COMPONENTS

CONFI-GEL Viscosifier Organophilic bentonite

CONFI-GEL HT Viscosifier Organophilic hectorite

CONFI-MUL P Primary emulsifier Primary emulsifier

CONFI-MUL S Secondary emulsifier Secondary emulsifier

CONFI-TROL Fluid loss controller Gilsonite

CONFI-SEAL Fluid loss controller Organophilic lignite

CONFI-MOD Low end rheology modifier Dimer / Trimer acid

CONFI-COAT Wetting agent Surfactant

DRILL-BAR Weighting agent Barite

PRODUCT FUNCTION GENERIC CHEMISTRY

TYPICAL FORMULATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF A ConFI-Drill SYSTEM WITH A LINEAR PARAFFIN

Linear Paraffin (bbl/bbl) 0.60

Drillwater (lb/bbl) 0.21

Calcium Chloride (lb/bbl) 24

CONFI-MUL P (lb/bbl) 5 – 7

CONFI-MUL S (lb/bbl) 3 – 5

CONFI-GEL (lb/bbl) 8 – 10

CONFI-TROL (lb/bbl) 6 – 8

Lime (lb/bbl) 6 – 8


PRODUCT ConFI-Drill

Density (lb/gal) 10

PV (cP) 30

YP (lb/100 ft2) 19

6 RPM 11

ES (Volts) 978

OWR 75:25

Excess Lime (lb/bbl) 2

HTHP (500 psi, 250 ºF) < 4.0

PROPERTIES DYNAMIC AGING 16 HOURS @ 250 ºF

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE COMPARISON OF MICROMAX VS. API BARITE

Micromax Barite

20 microns

CONFI-DeNSe is designed to provide emulsion and rheology stability beyond the temperature limits of standard ConFI-Drill emulsion systems.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Highly inhibitive.

• Stable to temperatures above 400 ºF (204 ºC).

• Exhibits minimal density differentiation (syneresis) under dynamic and static conditions (barite sag).

• Can be weighted to densities above 18.5 lb/gal using barite or alternative weight materials such as ilmenite, haematite or micromax.

• Superior HT filtration control.

• Thin filtercake to reduce differential sticking tendency.

Increasing demand for drilling deviated HTHP wells has resulted in the development of an HTHP non-aqueous drilling fluid with unique suspension properties to avoid commonly observed density differentiations under extreme conditions.

The ConFI-DeNSe system is stable to temperatures above 400 °F and exhibits minimal density differentiation under dynamic and static conditions. The system can be weighted to densities above 18.5 lb/gal (SG 2.20) using API barite, or alternative weight materials including HyPR-BAR (fine grind barite), NANO-BAR a proprietary, non sag, alternative weight material with a minimum SG of 4.35, Haematite or Micromax.

ConFI-DeNSe is typically maintained with an O/W range of 85/15 - 90/10 and is specifically designed for use with commonly available synthetic base fluids.

Static barite sag tests with ConFI-DeNSe show excellent results that fall well within the sag factor criteria specified by major oil companies. ConFI-DeNSe also exhibits very low amounts of supernatant oil (syneresis) in samples aged both static and dynamically. Field tests demonstrate that the laboratory formulation properties further improve during drilling conditions as drill solids are incorporated into the system combined with the shear from the drilling operation.

The potential for barite sag can be a major concern issue with non-aqueous fluids particularly in directional wells with inclinations > 30° and mud weights > 12.0 lb/gal, a potential which, if not addressed, can lead to critical well control issues especially in HTHP wells. This potential is exacerbated at the highest inclinations, 60° – 75° in long tangent ERD wells and where thinning of the fluid occurs due to high temperatures and pressures.

CORE ConFI-DeNSe SYSTEM COMPONENTS

CONFI GEL HT Organophilic hectorite Viscosifier

CONFI GEL XHT Organophilic attapulgite Viscosifier

CONFI MUL HT Primary emulsifier HT emulsifier

CONFI TROL F Proprietary blend HT fluid loss controller

CONFI TROL HT HT softening point gilsonite HT fluid loss controller

CONFI TROL XHT Synthetic polymer HT fluid loss controller

CONFI SEAL Organophilic lignite Fluid loss controller

CONFI RM Dimer / Trimer acid Low end rheology modifier

DRILL BAR Barite Weighting agent

DRILL BAR XP 4.4 SG Barite Weighting agent

CONFI MUL XHT Primary emulsifier XHT emulsifier

CONFI TEC HT Secondary emulsifier HT emulsifier

CONFI TEC XHT Secondary emulsifier XHT emulsifier

CONFI MOD HT Polymeric viscosifier HT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier

CONFI RM HT Polymeric viscosifier HT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier

CONFI MOD XHT Polymeric viscosifier XHT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier

CONFI RM XHT Polymeric viscosifier XHT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier

CONFI TROL FHT Organophilic lignite HT fluid loss controller

CONFI TROL L Proprietary blend HT fluid loss controller

CONFI TROL EHT Proprietary blend XHT fluid loss controller


A simple sag factor measurement has been developed to conveniently express the degree of settling, with ConFI- DeNSe results being well within the acceptable range of 0.50 – 0.53.

Calculated as follows:

Sag factor = p bot (p bot + p top)

Where: p top = Maximum density (top), g/cc p bot = Maximum density (bottom), g/cc

Recent developments include the use of alternative different particle size weighting materials such as fine grind barite, HyPR-BAR, NANO-BAR, an alternative 4.35 SG weight material, fine grind Haematite and Micromax, shown on previous page, to deliver reduced sag potential and ECD values.

ConFI-DeNSe is field proven in areas including Malaysia and Thailand giving our customers exceptional HTHP drilling performance.

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A ConFI-DeNSe SYSTEM

Iso-Paraffin (bbl/bbl) 0.48



CONFI-MUL HT (lb/bbl) 4 – 6

CONFI-TROL F (lb/bbl) 5 – 6

CONFI-GEL HT (lb/bbl) 2 – 4

CONFI-TROL HT (lb/bbl) 4 – 8

Lime (lb/bbl) 10

Calcium Carbonate (lb/bbl) 20

Rev Dust (lb/bbl) 30


PRODUCT ConFI-DeNSe


PV (cP) 49

YP (lb/100 ft2) 18

6 RPM 8

ES (Volts) 1655

OWR 90:10


HTHP (500 psi, 350 ºF) < 2.0


NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

CONFI-DeeP is an engineered synthetic-based fluid which, unlike the conventional invert emulsion drilling fluid systems, has a stable flat rheology for deepwater drilling environments. The system, which utilises low pour point base fluids, represents a new generation in non-aqueous drilling fluids technology by providing rheology properties, yield point, low shear rates and gel strengths, that are consistent over a wide range of temperatures.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Highly inhibitive.

• Flat rheological behaviour to provide efficient hole cleaning under the temperature and pressures experienced in deep water applications.

• Contributes to reduced losses as inefficient ECD peaks due to poor hole cleaning are eliminated.

• Reduced clay content allows optimised viscosity profiles with alternative liquid viscosifiers from our product portfolio.

Conventional invert drilling fluids address cold water issues by lowering the viscosity at surface temperature in order to achieve a decreased overall rheological profile to counter the increased rheological profile under cold temperature conditions, i.e. at the seafloor. This approach will give lower ECD when encountering cold temperatures, however as a consequence, what often results is poor hole cleaning, barite sag and other downhole drilling problems related to a greatly reduced low rheological profile under bottom hole static and circulating temperatures. Conversely, adjusting the rheology upwards to compensate for higher BHT will lead to high ECD and excessive gel strengths producing pressure spikes that can break down the formation and promote lost circulation.

Drilling fluids formulated with the ConFI-DeeP technology are designed to minimise the downhole losses normally associated with deepwater drilling. ConFI-DeeP achieves this with the use of an enhanced rheological modifier thus minimising the use of organophilic clay in the formulation. The result is a fluid system which has exceptional low end rheological characteristics over a wide temperature range, thereby promoting hole cleaning, whilst minimising ECD, surge and swab pressures.

With our extensive involvement in deepwater drilling operations, to 1500m water depth, Scomi Oiltools is able to formulate customised deepwater drilling fluid systems to meet customer-specific well requirements.

Scomi Oiltools uses a state-of-the-art temperature and pressure simulator, PRESMOD, for deepwater and HTHP hydraulics prediction.

• Static and dynamic temperature profiles.

• Dynamic down hole rheological profiling.

• ECD, ESD projections over time and temperature.

• Prediction of pit volume changes with time due to changes in temperature, pressure and wellbore ballooning.

PRESMOD can be utilised both in the office for planning and monitoring and on the rig for real time application and decision making.

PRESMOD is capable of providing a full suite of hydraulics simulations including:

ConFI-DeeP SYSTEM STABILITY

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES CHARACTERISTICS

TEMP (DEG ºF)

yp (l

b/10

0 ft

2 ) / 6

rpm

read

ing

40 ºF 70 ºF 120 ºF 150 ºF

AFTER HOT ROLL @ 200 ºF for 16 hours 40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

AFTER HOT ROLL @ 200 ºF for 16 hours

40 ºF 70 ºF 120 ºF 150 ºFTEMP (DEG ºF)

yp (l

b/10

0 ft

2 )

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

CORE ConFI-DeeP SYSTEM COMPONENTS

cDEEP-MUL Primary emulsifier

cDEEP-MOD Flat rheology modifier

cDEEP-RM Secondary viscosifier

cDEEP-TROL Fluid loss control additive

cDEEP-THIN Thinner for flat rheology system

CONFI-MUL SA Rheology modifier for newly mixed fluids in LMP

PRODUCT NAME FUNCTION

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A ConFI-DeeP SYSTEM

BASE FLUID (bbl/bbl) 0.61

CONFI-MUL SA (lb/bbl) 1 – 3

cDEEP-MUL (lb/bbl) 7 – 11

cDEEP-RM (lb/bbl) 0.5 – 2

cDEEP-TROL (lb/bbl) 2 – 5

cDEEP-MOD (lb/bbl) 1 – 4

Lime (lb/bbl) 8.0

Fresh Water (bbl/bbl) 0.2

Calcium Chloride (lb/bbl) 27.0

DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) 153.0

PRODUCT NAME FUNCTION


PV (cP) 22

YP (lb/100 ft2) 25

6 RPM 18

ES (Volts) 1055

OWR 75:25


HTHP (500 psi, 225 ºF) < 2.0


ConFI-DeeP = 40 ppb rev dust + 20% (v/v) seawaterConFI-DeeP + 25 ppb rev dust + 5 lb/bbc cemetConFI-DeeP + 40 ppb rev dust

#01-SBM 6 RPM ConFI-DeeP 6 RPM

#01-SBM YP ConFI-DeeP YP

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

EMULSION BLOCKING IN A RESERVOIR

oPta-VerT drill-in fluids are custom designed to provide minimal reservoir damage over a wide range of porosities and permeabilities, whilst at the same time providing an easily removable filtercake on drawdown.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Non-damaging – low skin values, high return permeability.

• Negligible lift-off pressures required – for rapid cleanup.

• Ultra-low-permeability filtercake – low leak off and stuck pipe mitigation.

• Highly inhibitive.

• Low friction factors.

• Reduced remediation costs.

The system is custom designed for each individual reservoir and uses a range of high-quality components and design tools to facilitate the design process. One such tool is the HyPr-SiZer software programme that allows the fluids engineer to optimise the concentration and particle size distribution of the bridging agent to ensure solids are deposited across the pore throats with minimum invasion, while sealing off the reservoir with a thin, compact and resilient filtercake.

oPta-VerT is recommended for reservoir drill-in and coring applications with a raised potential for problems, e.g. emulsion blocking, associated with water-based drill-in fluids. Problems minimised by oPta-VerT include:

• Wellbore instability caused by hydratable shales above or interbedded with reservoir sands

• Fluid instability related to high bottom hole temperatures

• Excessive torque and drag related to high-angle and extended reach drilling

The result – a system that provides strong benefits as a high-performance, non-damaging drill-in fluid that optimises production rates across a wide range of completion methods:

• Open-hole gravel-pack or non-gravel-pack completions

• Expandable slotted screen completions

• Slotted or perforated liner completions

• Cased-hole completions where hole cleaning or minimising fluid invasion is critical

The oPta-VerT system delivers all of the characteristics required of a drilling fluid being highly inhibitive and ideally suited to drilling interbedded reservoirs with shale.

The oPta-VerT system is naturally lubricious making it an ideal choice for horizontal wells.

The oPta-VerT system’s non-damaging properties are evident both in the laboratory and in the field when initial production figures are compared to the reservoir’s anticipated production.

CORE oPta-VerT SYSTEM COMPONENTS

CONFI-MUL P Primary emulsifier Primary emulsifier

CONFI-MUL S Secondary emulsifier Secondary emulsifier

CONFI-GEL / CONFI-GEL HT Viscosifier Organophilic bentonite

CONFI-MOD Low end rheology modifier Dimer / Trimer acid

OPTA-CARB Custom sized bridging agent Calcium carbonate

OPTA-MUL 2 in 1 emulsifier for low mud weighting Primary and secondary emulsifier


RETURN PERMEABILITY FOR THREE oPta-VerT FORMULATIONS AGAINST +/- 1000 md CLASHACH SANDSTONE

11.2 lb/gal 11.657 5.117 935 813 oPta-VerT (0.439 PV) (-13.0%) (Sample A) drilling mud followed by drawdown to dead crude oil

11.2 lb/gal 9.792 4.432 984 935 oPta-VerT (0.453 PV) (-4.98%) (Sample B) drilling mud followed by drawdown to dead crude oil

11.2 lb/gal 11.568 3.923 947 900 oPta-VerT (0.339 PV) (-4.96%) (Sample C) drilling mud followed by drawdown to dead crude oil

OPERATIONAL PORE VOLUME FILTRATE LOSS BASE OIL OIL PERMEABILITY SEQUENCE (cc) ON APPLYING PERM (md) AFTER DRAWDOWN THE DRILLING AT 800 PSI (md) MUD (ml) (% CHANGE ON BASE PERM)

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN oPta-VerT SYSTEM

FLUID 0.65






CONFI-GEL HT (lb/bbl) 2 – 4

CONFI-TROL HT (lb/bbl) 6 – 8

Lime (lb/bbl) 10

OPTA-CARB (Ib/bbl) 10 – 55 (As required)

PRODUCT BASE oPta-VerT


PV (cP) 26

YP (lb/100 ft2) 21

6 RPM 13

ES (Volts) 1040

OWR 85:15


HTHP (500 psi, 275 ºF) < 4


NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

eXtra-VerT is a synthetic invert emulsion drilling fluid based on non-toxic, biodegradable ester chemistry.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Excellent wellbore stability and cuttings integrity.

• Low environmental impact – suitable for discharge in most offshore waters.

• Formulated with high-quality products specifically selected for an ester-base fluid.

• Promotes high rates of penetration and reduced drilling days.

• The system is intrinsically lubricious.

• Non-damaging to sensitive reservoirs.

• Increased protection against stuck pipe.

This base fluid is produced specifically for synthetic drilling fluid applications as an environmentally safe alternative to both traditional and synthetic oil-based drilling fluid systems. eXtra-VerT is formulated with emulsifiers, rheology modifiers and surfactants which exhibit low toxicity and high biodegradability. The eXtra-VerT system is temperature stable to > 160 ºC (320 ºF) and can be formulated to densities greater than 1.92 sg (16.0 lb/gal).

The eXtra-VerT system conforms to current legislation in the majority of worldwide locations including the Gulf of Mexico (EPA).

eXtra-VerT is a viable alternative where traditional invert emulsion systems are precluded from use by environmental regulations and operators must consider the expense of alternative waste disposal technologies such as cutting re-injection and ship to shore.

eXtra-VerT is inherently lubricious due to the ester-base fluid and provides extremely low torque and drag in deviated and extended reach wells.

eXtra-VerT is readily formulated with non-chloride salts for use in land operations.

COMPARATIVE LUBRICITY COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS

HYdro-Foil Gen 1 Field Mud 0.27

HYdro-Foil Gen 1 & LUBRI-GREEN 0.18

ConFI-Drill (IO) 0.19

ConFI-Drill (LMO) 0.21

eXtra-VerT 0.15

DRILLING FLUID SYSTEM LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT

TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN eXtra-VerT SYSTEM

Ester OMC 586 (bbl/bbl) 0.53


Sodium Formate (lb/bbl) 25




CONFI-TROL (lb/bbl) 4 – 6

Lime (lb/bbl) 1


PRODUCT eXtra-VerT


PV (cP) 27

YP (lb/100 ft ) 15

6 RPM 7

ES (Volts) 500

OWR 70:30


HTHP (500 psi, 225 ºF) < 4.0


DRILLING FLUIDS ENGINEERING SUPPORTSOFTWARE

Our range of drilling fluids engineering support software are designed to help the upstream oil and gas industry convert information into useful knowledge for improved decision-making while minimising risks. With the combination of our proprietary software HyPr-Form and HyPr-CAlC as well as licensed software including Drillbench Presmod, KMC Crystal Maze, Hydra-FlASh and HyPr-SiZer, we are well-equipped to deliver the necessary tools you need to plan, execute and analyse a variety of well types.


HyPR-Form is a superior software application that brings a dramatic new level of rig site technical excellence to our customers worldwide through comprehensive data management and reporting. It is a fluids reporting software designed to assist drilling fluid engineers in setting up a well, recording mud data, tracking inventory and creating daily and end-of-well reports.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Standardised data gathering and reports.

• Concise, high-quality reports.

• Extensive product database creation.

• Planned and actual data comparison.

• End of well analysis and graphics.

• Well data transfer capabilities.

A technology innovation by the Scomi Oiltools Software Design Team, HyPr-Form has powerful reporting and graphing capabilities. It allows users to create various reports based on daily, interval, whole well or even time-based reports.

Reports available include:

• Cost Summary and Detail Reports – list of products, quantity and cost.

• Fluid Property Report – fluid property targets and test results such as density, temperature, viscosity, PV, YP, etc.

• HSE Report – HSE KPIs, activities and observation cards.

• Hydraulics Report – depth and fluid details, pressure losses, bit and hole hydralics, hole cleanning and ECD.

• Oil on Cutting Report – mud density, sample cutting’s test results such as weight, volume etc.

• Product Concentration Report – list of product and their concentration.

• Product Reconciliation Report – initial, received, returned, used, balance and total product details.

• Volume Report – volume of products used, losses encountered, received, returned, etc.

• Well KPI – cost performance, fluid targets, HSE and other KPIs.

HyPr-Form is used to capture and filter technical data easily. It is very user-friendly, easy to use and contains all the engineering calculations normally used while drilling wells. It allows users to input well data efficiently and effectively through visual daily mud report presentation.

HyPr-Form also paves the way towards the creation of a central data repository system. This will help us identify and implement best practices and allow us to make timely and powerful decisions, to continue to help our customers to the next level.

Well Details

Pit Setup

Hole Geometry

Fluid Properties

Product Concentration

Well Classification

Solid Control Setup

Inventory & Cost Summary

Mud Losses

Rig SetupSet Mud Property Target

Pumps & Bits Calculation

Receive & Backload Products

Inventory & Volume Management


HyPR-CAlC is a comprehensive drilling hydraulics programme to assist the user in all aspects of the circulation system including pressure management and wellbore stability. It incorporates fluid displacement simulation, surge and swab calculations, mud rheology modeling, ECD and HTHP rheological properties and density.

FeatUreS and BeneFItS• Fluid displacement simulation.

• HTHP mud rheological properties and density.

• Constant or sin cycle drillstring eccentricity.

• Pressure, velocity, flow type, and cutting accumulation prediction.

• Surface pressure loss calculation.

• Surge / Swab calculation.

• Tracking in-situ properties of circulating fluid.

• Survey data or well trajectory planning.

• 3D well trajectory plot.

• Formation temperature and pressure by gradient or measured points.

HyPr-CAlC takes into account all the considerations below in its design calculations:

• Corrected bottom hole pressure prediction

• Downhole rheology and density corrected for temperature and pressure

• Pressure surge due to drillstring movement

• Tool joints effects

• Drillstring rotation and eccentricity especially in deviated /horizontal section

• Dynamic fluid temperature profiling

• Fluid displacements

• Hydraulics calculation options using Herschel-Buckley, Bingham Plastic, Newtonian & Power Law model

HyPr-CAlC, a technology innovation by the Scomi Oiltools Software Design Team, has been used for over 5 years in all parts of the world including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

HyPr-CAlC incorporates state-of-the-art visualisation technology that goes beyond mere presentation. The various 2D / 3D graphs and tabular reports allow users to efficiently and accurately perform design calculations through visual and animated schematics.

Circulation Hydraulic

Surge / Swab

Q Design

Hydrostatic Pressure

Fluid Displacement

Sensitivity Analysis

Frictional Pressure Loss

Under Reaming

3D Wellbore View

HYPr-CAlC GraPH and taBULar rePortS

GLOBAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

To meet customer-focused research challenges in drilling fluids and drilling waste management, the team at GRTC integrates business-driven projects with value-added technical consultancy and laboratory services.

The magnitude and complexity of oil and gas exploration and development require us to work closely with our co-researchers to ensure that we meet the exacting industry requirements for high-performance water-based fluids, flat rheology non-aqueous fluids for deepwater drilling and non-damaging reservoir drilling fluids. Furthermore, our collaborative projects with customers and universities extend our ability to resolve a regionally limited problem or develop broad strategic capabilities.

GRTC

GLOBAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

is the Global Research & Technology Centre for Scomi Oiltools. Established in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the centre is ISO 9001 certified, and provides state-of-the-art facilities for R&D, training and QAQC, as well as operational technical support for our global operations. Our cell R&D centres are also in Houston, USA for drilling waste management.

Our activities and services include: • Research & Development

• Training

• QAQC

• Technical Support Services

POWERED BY INNOVATION

The flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions is key to an innovative process, and lends to the interaction which turns ideas into a process, product or service. As an advocate of such holistic solutions, Scomi Oiltools harnesses the power of innovation to generate value for our clients.

At GRTC, we have extensive facilities for research and development, technical services, quality assurance quality control and industrial training. Our laboratories also provide technical support, including troubleshooting services, and training for our global operations.

At GRTC we train our engineers in basic, advanced and intensive courses in drilling fluids. A curriculum for drilling waste management is included to further prepare our engineers to approach the entire drilling process in a more holistic manner. GRTC is also open to our key customers where training may be customised for their technical personnel.

WATER-BASED SYSTEMSGLOBAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

TECHNICAL SERVICES

Our advisory personnel provide technical assistance and specific expertise in the application of drilling fluids technology for wellbore construction and productivity optimisation on location. These include:

• Development of new fluids technologies.

• Design, modification and adaptation of fluid systems.

• Problem-solving and troubleshooting.

• Recommendations of products and solutions.

• Transfers of technology.

• Collection and management of performance data.

• Guidance on technical product line training.

• Communication with the drilling industry, institutions, and professional bodies.

QAQC

To maintain the quality and performance at GRTC, we employ a team of QAQC professionals who use state-of-the-art equipment to regularly perform random checks and product-specific testing to ensure that our products comply with industry-certified standards. The team also manages our ISO certification.

TRAINING CENTRE

Our employees are essential to the company’s future growth and success. Naturally, we are fully committed to developing capable, confident and competent employees, with an emphasis placed on the continuous upgrade and development of skills and competencies.

We also hone and develop the skills of our clients’ personnel worldwide. To date, we have trained over 400 chemists, technologists and engineers from over 20 countries as drilling fluid technologists. In addition, we have conducted advanced seminars, software training and drilling fluids operations management training for hundreds of personnel.

Apart from our customised courses, we also have computer training facilities and a dedicated training laboratory with all the equipment a drilling fluid technologist may encounter offshore or onshore. Trainees are also introduced to advanced analytical and software tools as well as specialised equipment for specialty jobs.

Terms & conditions apply. Please refer to www.scomigroup.com.my/t&c for further information.Copyright® 2013 Scomi Oilfield Limited (Bermuda). All Rights Reserved. BRCDF-Rev0613

Asia T +603 7717 3000 F +603 7728 5202 E [email protected] East T +9714 8838 236 F +9714 8838 920 E [email protected] T +1281 260 6016 F +1281 260 6969 E [email protected] Africa T +234 803 402 8010 F +1832 550 2582 E [email protected]

www.scomioiltools.com.my

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